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    Pulse Code Modulation

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    Wendell Miles De Armas
    Modulation is the process of varying a carrier signal based on a message signal. Pulse code modulation (PCM) converts an analog signal into a digital signal using sampling, quantization, and encoding. In PCM, the analog signal is sampled at regular intervals and each sample is quantized into binary code, resulting in a digital data stream that can be transmitted over long distances. The receiver then decodes and reconstructs the analog signal from the digital data.

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    Pulse Code Modulation

    Uploaded by

    Wendell Miles De Armas
    68 views3 pages
    Modulation is the process of varying a carrier signal based on a message signal. Pulse code modulation (PCM) converts an analog signal into a digital signal using sampling, quantization, and encoding. In PCM, the analog signal is sampled at regular intervals and each sample is quantized into binary code, resulting in a digital data stream that can be transmitted over long distances. The receiver then decodes and reconstructs the analog signal from the digital data.

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    Pulse Code Modulation (1)

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    Modulation is the process of varying a carrier signal based on a message signal. Pulse code modulation (PCM) converts an analog signal into a digital signal using sampling, quantization, and encoding. In PCM, the analog signal is sampled at regular intervals and each sample is quantized into binary code, resulting in a digital data stream that can be transmitted over long distances. The receiver then decodes and reconstructs the analog signal from the digital data.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    68 views3 pages

    Pulse Code Modulation

    Uploaded by

    Wendell Miles De Armas
    Modulation is the process of varying a carrier signal based on a message signal. Pulse code modulation (PCM) converts an analog signal into a digital signal using sampling, quantization, and encoding. In PCM, the analog signal is sampled at regular intervals and each sample is quantized into binary code, resulting in a digital data stream that can be transmitted over long distances. The receiver then decodes and reconstructs the analog signal from the digital data.

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    Modulation is the process of varying one or more parameters of a carrier signal in

    accordance with the instantaneous values of the message signal.


    The message signal is the signal which is being transmitted for communication and the
    carrier signal is a high frequency signal which has no data, but is used for long distance
    transmission.
    There are many modulation techniques, which are classified according to the type of
    modulation employed. Of them all, the digital modulation technique used is Pulse Code
    Modulation PCM.
    A signal is pulse code modulated to convert its analog information into a binary
    sequence, i.e., 1s and 0s. The output of a PCM will resemble a binary sequence. The
    following figure shows an example of PCM output with respect to instantaneous values
    of a given sine wave.

    Instead of a pulse train, PCM produces a series of numbers or digits, and hence this
    process is called as digital. Each one of these digits, though in binary code, represent
    the approximate amplitude of the signal sample at that instant.
    In Pulse Code Modulation, the message signal is represented by a sequence of coded
    pulses. This message signal is achieved by representing the signal in discrete form in
    both time and amplitude.

    The Basics Elements of Pulse Code Modulator (PCM)


    The transmitter section of a Pulse Code Modulator circuit consists of Sampling,
    Quantizing and Encoding, which are performed in the analog-to-digital converter
    section. The low pass filter prior to sampling prevents aliasing of the message signal.
    The basic operations in the receiver section are regeneration of impaired signals,
    decoding, and reconstruction of the quantized pulse train. Following is the block
    diagram of PCM which represents the basic elements of both the transmitter and the
    receiver sections.
    Low Pass Filter
    This filter eliminates the high frequency components present in the input analog signal
    which is greater than the highest frequency of the message signal, to avoid aliasing of
    the message signal.

    Sampler
    This is the technique which helps to collect the sample data at instantaneous values of
    message signal, so as to reconstruct the original signal. The sampling rate must be
    greater than twice the highest frequency component W of the message signal, in
    accordance with the sampling theorem.

    Quantizer
    Quantizing is a process of reducing the excessive bits and confining the data. The
    sampled output when given to Quantizer, reduces the redundant bits and compresses
    the value.

    Encoder
    The digitization of analog signal is done by the encoder. It designates each quantized
    level by a binary code. The sampling done here is the sample-and-hold process. These
    three sections LPF, Sampler, Quantizer LPF, Sampler, and Quantizer will act as an
    analog to digital converter. Encoding minimizes the bandwidth used.
    Regenerative Repeater
    This section increases the signal strength. The output of the channel also has one
    regenerative repeater circuit, to compensate the signal loss and reconstruct the signal,
    and also to increase its strength.

    Decoder
    The decoder circuit decodes the pulse coded waveform to reproduce the original signal.
    This circuit acts as the demodulator.

    Reconstruction Filter
    After the digital-to-analog conversion is done by the regenerative circuit and the decoder,
    a low-pass filter is employed, called as the reconstruction filter to get back the original
    signal.
    Hence, the Pulse Code Modulator circuit digitizes the given analog signal, codes it and
    samples it, and then transmits it in an analog form. This whole process is repeated in a
    reverse pattern to obtain the original signal.

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