Department of Civil Engineering: DR Matthew Scase H22H12

Dr Matthew Scase H22H12
Department of Civil Engineering

Laboratory Project
D EADLINE : 22nd November 2012
Environmental Fluid Mechanics
Objective
To give experience of the organisational procedures and practical investigation techniques involved in
an extended experimental study in fluid mechanics. The experiment is designed to compare some of the
theory of the mechanics of fluids we have covered in lectures with the behaviour of real fluids.
General Organisation
You need to form yourselves into groups of five for the laboratory work. You must still make your
own individual submissions in your own words and with your own analysis of the results.
Outline details of the work to be carried out are given in this document. The overall objectives
are given, but it is for you and your group to decide on the work that is to be carried out.
Your group should book two one-hour periods on the chart in the laboratory in which you will
carry out the investigation.
If during the course of the experiments you want help, contact either Mike Langford, Matthew
Scase or Rick Munro.
Written Report
A full report of the work is to be submitted on or before 22nd November 2012. The report should
contain the following
A list of people in your work group

A full description of the apparatus and experimental procedure
Tabulated results using a suitable package (e.g., Excel)
Any graphs that you think are required
An analysis of errors
A full discussion of the results with reference to published material (books, academic papers etc.)
Short, concise conclusions
The assessment will be based on this report and will take into account the structure and style of the
report, as well as the technical content. Attached to this document is the feedback sheet that will be
given back to you with your marked report. You can use this to get an idea of how you will be assessed.
Your report must be typed-up in Microsoft Word or similar. Hand written reports will be disregarded.
Laboratory Project Description

The Apparatus
The experimental apparatus consists of two tall, vertical cylindrical tanks, which can be kept full of
water by adjusting the tap at the top. In the side of each tank, at various heights, are holes, or orifices,
from which water can escape as a jet. In one of these tanks the orifices are simply drilled holes, whilst in
the other they are smoothly machined brass inserts . These jets of water impinge on a slightly sloping
splash tray at ground level, and the jet velocity at the orifice can be estimated from the distance the jet
travels. The discharge in these jets can be measured by the volume collected in a measuring cylinder
over a period of time.
Theoretical Results
An analysis of this situation is given in Chadwick, Morfett & Borthwick . It is shown there (and has
been shown in lectures) that the ideal flow velocity uI out of an orifice is given by
uI =
2gh
where h is the depth of the orifice below water surface level. The ideal discharge, QI is given by
QI = A o u I
where Ao is the orifice area.
M ASSEY, B. S. Mechanics of Fluids. Van Nostrand Reinhold (UK), pg. 96

C HADWICK , A., M ORFETT, J. & B ORTHWICK , M. 2006 Hydraulics in Civil and Environmental Engineering. Spon
Press
The actual velocity uA can be found by calculating the time taken for the jet to drop vertically from
the orifice to the splash tray and dividing this into the horizontal distance travelled. This is shown
diagrammatically below
Constant head maintained
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In the diagram L is the slope distance from vertically below the orifice to the point where the jet hits
the splash tray, is the angle of inclination of the splash tray and H is the height of the orifice above
the splash tray. You need to derive a formula for uA .
[Hint: Assume that the water leaving the orifice with horizontal velocity u at a given time has the
same trajectory as a projectile leaving the orifice with horizontal velocity u would have (i.e. neglect
air resistance and use the constant acceleration equations). If done correctly your formula for uA , the
actual fluid velocity, will involve L, H, and g, but not h.]
The actual discharge QA can be found by direct measurement of the volume of water collected in any
given time interval. The velocity and discharge coefficients, CV and CD respectively, are then defined
as
CV =
uA
,
uI
CD =
QA
.
QI
Experimental Objectives
The objective of this investigation is to determine, for each of the orifice types, values of the velocity
and discharge coefficients over as wide a range of experimental parameters as possible, and to explain
why these coefficients vary.
Summary
What you have to do is
Form a group of four to five people

Book your two one-hour laboratory periods
Inspect the apparatus
Decide what you will measure and how you will measure it
Derive a formula for finding uA in terms of L, H, and g.
Carefully analyse your results, calculating the velocity and discharge coefficients for both types of
orifice over the range of experimental parameters you have tested. Assess the magnitude of your
errors.
Write your report which should include: a description of the apparatus and procedure you used;
your formula for uA ; tables of your experimentally measured results and any subsequent quantities
that were calculated from these measurements; appropriate supporting graphs; an assessment of
your errors; a discussion of your results with reference to any other research or published material
you feel is important; short concise conclusions.
You should aim to produce a report approximately 5 pages in length.
Student name:
None
Username:
Poor
Satisfactory
Good
Very good
Full description of
Incomplete with many
Almost complete with a
Complete with few
Comprehensive and no
apparatus and
errors
reasonable number of
errors
errors
experimental procedure
errors
Few results, not well
Reasonable results
Accurate results
Good results presented
necessary graphs
presented
demonstrated adequately
with selected graphs
with appropriate and
with some graphs

Partially correct
informative graphs
Correct with little
Correct with
justification
justification
Partially covered with
Correct but not fully
Correct and covers
omissions and errors
covered
most areas
Sketchy and incorrect
Largely correct and
Correct and covers
Correct and full
and reference to
covers most areas,
most areas, good
discussion. Good use of
published materials
contains some references
use of references
references, some of
uA
Error analysis
Discussion of results
Mark
/3
Tabulated results and
Equation for calculating
Comments
/5
Correct with justification

/2
Full and comprehensive
/2
which show independent

/5
investigation.
Short, concise
Too little or too
conclusions
verbose
Adequate, but too vague
Concise and covers
Concise and covers all
most areas
areas, including some

evidence of independent
/3
research and analysis
TOTAL

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Dr Matthew Scase H22H12

Department of Civil Engineering

Environmental Fluid Mechanics

A list of people in your work group

Laboratory Project Description

M ASSEY, B. S. Mechanics of Fluids. Van Nostrand Reinhold (UK), pg. 96

Constant head maintained

Form a group of four to five people

You should aim to produce a report approximately 5 pages in length.

Incomplete with many

Almost complete with a

Complete with few

Good results presented

with selected graphs

with appropriate and

with some graphs

Correct with little

Partially covered with

Correct but not fully

Correct and covers

omissions and errors

Sketchy and incorrect

Largely correct and

Correct and covers

Correct and full

covers most areas,

most areas, good

discussion. Good use of

contains some references

Tabulated results and

Equation for calculating

Correct with justification

which show independent

Too little or too

Adequate, but too vague

Concise and covers

Concise and covers all

areas, including some

research and analysis

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