APPLICATORS MANUAL

FOR

PHOSTOXIN TABLETS AND PELLETS

THIS PRODUCT MUST BE ACCOMPANIED BY AN APPROVED LABEL AND
APPLICATORS MANUAL. READ AND UNDERSTAND THE ENTIRE LABELING
AND APPLICATORS MANUAL. ALL PARTS OF THE LABELING AND APPLICATORS MANUAL ARE EQUALLY IMPORTANT FOR SAFE AND EFFECTIVE USE
OF THESE PRODUCTS. CONSULT WITH YOUR STATE LEAD PESTICIDE REGULATORY AGENCY TO DETERMINE REGULATORY STATUS, REQUIREMENTS
AND RESTRICTIONS FOR FUMIGATION USE IN THAT STATE. CALL (540) 2349281 or 1-800-330-2525 IF YOU HAVE ANY QUESTIONS OR DO NOT UNDERSTAND ANY PART OF THIS LABELING.

RESTRICTED USE PESTICIDE

DUE TO HIGH ACUTE INHALATION TOXICITY OF PHOSPHINE GAS

For retail sale to Dealers and Certified Applicators only.

For use by Certified Applicators or persons under their direct supervision,
and only for those uses covered by the Certified Applicators certification.
Refer to the directions in this Applicators Manual for requirements of the
physical presence of a Certified Applicator.
FOR USE AGAINST INSECTS WHICH INFEST STORED
COMMODITIES AND CONTROL OF BURROWING PESTS
Active Ingredient: Aluminum Phosphide ............. 55.0%
Inert Ingredients: ...................................................... 45.0%
Total ..........................................................................100.0%
KEEP OUT OF REACH OF CHILDREN
DANGER - POISON - PELIGRO

PRECAUCION AL USUARIO: Si usted no puede leer ingles, no use este producto

hasta que el marbete le haya sido completamente explicado.
(TO THE USER: If you cannot read English, do not use this product until the label has
been fully explained to you.)

D & D HOLDINGS, INC.

P. O. Box 116
153 Triangle Drive
Weyers Cave, VA 24486 USA
Telephone: (540)234-9281/1-800-330-2525
Fax: (540)234-8225
Internet: www.degeschamerica.com
E-mail: degesch@degeschamerica.com
EPA Establishment No.: 40285-VA-01
EPA Establishment No.: 33982-WG-1
EPA Reg. No.: 72959-4 PHOSTOXIN Tablets
72959-5 PHOSTOXIN Pellets

Form 17828 (R2/09)

WARRANTY
Seller warrants that the product conforms to its chemical description and when
used according to label directions under normal conditions of use, it is reasonably fit for the purposes stated on the label. Seller makes no other warranty,
either express or implied, and Buyer assumes all risks should the product be
used contrary to label instructions.

AS TO FIRE HAZARD ONLY

DEGESCH-PHOSTOXIN
43R7

AS TO FIRE HAZARD ONLY WHEN USED SPECIFICALLY AS DIRECTED IN THE MANUFACTURERS INSTRUCTIONS. DEGESCH-PHOSTOXIN TABLETS-R AND PELLETS ARE
NON-COMBUSTIBLE, BUT, EXPOSURE TO MOIST AIR OR WATER RELEASES FLAMMABLE AND TOXIC PHOSPHINE (HYDROGEN PHOSPHIDE) GAS. SPONTANEOUS IGNITION MAY RESULT IF CONTACTED BY WATER, ACIDS OR CHEMICALS.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
SECTION

DESCRIPTION

PAGE NUMBER

RESTRICTED USE STATEMENT ...........................................Front Cover

WARRANTY ...........................................................................Inside Cover

2
3
4

FIRST AID ..................................................................................................1

Hot Line Number ........................................................................................1

NOTE TO PHYSICIAN ...............................................................................1

INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................2

PRECAUTIONARY STATEMENTS............................................................4
4.1 Hazards to Humans & Domestic Animals.........................................4
4.2 Physical and Chemical Hazards .......................................................4

DIRECTIONS FOR USE ............................................................................5

PESTS CONTROLLED..............................................................................5

COMMODITIES WHICH MAY BE FUMIGATED........................................6

6.1 Raw Agricultural Commodities, Animal Feed....................................6
6.2 Processed Foods ..............................................................................6
6.3 Non-Food Commodities ....................................................................7

7
8

EXPOSURE CONDITIONS ........................................................................7

DOSAGE RATE GUIDELINES ..................................................................9

8.1 Maximum Allowable Dosage Guidelines...........................................9
8.2 Recommended Dosages for Various Types of Fumigations.............9

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING.......................................................................10

10

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION................................................................11
10.1 When Respiratory Protection Must Be Worn ..................................11
10.2 Permissible Gas Concentration Ranges .........................................11
10.3 Requirements for Availability of Respiratory Protection ..................11

11
12

13
14

REQUIREMENTS FOR CERTIFIED APPLICATOR ................................12

TRAINING REQUIREMENTS FOR RECEIPT OF IN-TRANSIT

VEHICLES................................................................................................12
GAS DETECTION EQUIPMENT .............................................................12

NOTIFICATION REQUIREMENTS ..........................................................13

14.1 Authorities and On-Site Workers ....................................................13

SECTION

DESCRIPTION

PAGE NUMBER

14.2 Incident Reporting...........................................................................13

14.3 Theft of Products ............................................................................13
15

APPLICATOR AND WORKER EXPOSURE ...........................................13

15.1 Exposure Limits ..............................................................................13
15.2 Application of Fumigant ..................................................................13
15.3 Leakage from Fumigated Sites.......................................................13
15.4 Aeration and Re-Entry ....................................................................13
15.5 Handling Unaerated Commodities ..................................................14
15.6 Industrial Hygiene Monitoring .........................................................14
15.7 Engineering Controls and Work Practices ......................................14

16

PLACARDING OF FUMIGATED AREAS................................................14

17

SEALING OF STRUCTURE ....................................................................15

18

AERATION OF FUMIGATED COMMODITIES ........................................15

18.1 Foods and Feeds ............................................................................15
18.2 Non-Food Commodities ..................................................................16
18.3 Tobacco...........................................................................................16

19

STORAGE INSTRUCTIONS....................................................................16
19.1 Labeling of Storage.........................................................................16

20

TRANSPORTATION INSTRUCTIONS.....................................................17
20.1 Transport Designations ...................................................................17
20.2 Transportation Exemption ...............................................................17

21

22

FUMIGATION MANAGEMENT PLAN .....................................................17

GUIDANCE FOR PREPARATION OF A FUMIGATION PLAN ...............18
Purpose ....................................................................................................18
A Checklist for a Fumigation Plan ............................................................19
A. Preliminary Planning and Preparation............................................19
B. Personnel .......................................................................................20
C. Monitoring ......................................................................................20
D. Notification .....................................................................................21
E. Sealing Procedures ........................................................................21
F. Application Procedures & Fumigation Period .....................................21
G. Post-Application Operations ..........................................................22

APPLICATION PROCEDURES ...............................................................22

22.1 Farm Bins........................................................................................22
22.2 Flat Storages...................................................................................23
22.3 Vertical Storages.............................................................................24
22.4 Mills, Food Processing Plants and Warehouses ............................25
22.5 Railcars, Containers, Trucks, Vans and Other Vehicles .................26
22.6 Tarpaulin and Bunker Fumigations .................................................27

SECTION

DESCRIPTION ..................................................................PAGE NUMBER

22.7 In-Transit Ship Hold Fumigations....................................................28
22.7.1 General Information..........................................................28
22.7.2 Pre-Voyage 2

1.

FIRST AID
Symptoms of exposure to this product are headaches, dizziness, nausea, difficult
breathing, vomiting, and diarrhea. In all cases of overexposure get medical attention
immediately. Take victim to a doctor or emergency treatment facility.
If inhaled:
Move person to fresh air.
If person is not breathing, call 911 or an ambulance; then give artificial respiration,
preferably by mouth-to-mouth, if possible.
Keep warm and make sure person can breathe freely.
Call a poison control center or doctor for further treatment advice.
If swallowed:
Call a poison control center or doctor immediately for treatment advice.
Have person drink one or two glasses of water and induce vomiting by touching
back of throat with finger, or if available, administer syrup of ipecac.
Do not give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
If on skin or clothing:
Brush or shake material off clothes and shoes in a well-ventilated area. Allow
clothes to aerate in a ventilated area prior to laundering.
Do not leave contaminated clothing in occupied and/or confined areas such as
automobiles, vans, motel rooms, etc.
Wash contaminated skin thoroughly with soap and water.
If in eyes:
Hold eye open and rinse slowly and gently with water for 15-20 minutes.
Remove contact lenses, if present, after the first 5 minutes, then continue rinsing
eye.
Call a poison control center or doctor for further treatment advice.

HOT LINE NUMBER

Have the product container label or Applicators Manual with you when calling a poison
control center, doctor, or when going for treatment. CONTACT 1-800-308-4856 FOR
ASSISTANCE WITH HUMAN OR ANIMAL MEDICAL EMERGENCIES. You may also
contact DEGESCH AMERICA, INC. 540-234-9281/1-800-330-2525 or CHEMTREC
1-800-424-9300 for all other chemical emergencies.
2.

NOTE TO PHYSICIAN
DEGESCH aluminum phosphide fumigants react with moisture from the air, water,
acids and many other liquids to release phosphine gas. Mild inhalation exposure
causes malaise (indefinite feeling of sickness), ringing of ears, fatigue, nausea, and
pressure in the chest which is relieved by removal to fresh air. Moderate poisoning
causes weakness, vomiting, and pain just above the stomach, chest pain, diarrhea
and dyspnea (difficulty in breathing). Symptoms of severe poisoning may occur within a few hours to several days, resulting in pulmonary edema (fluid in lungs) and may
lead to dizziness, cyanosis (blue or purple skin color), unconsciousness and death.
1

In sufficient quantity, phosphine affects the liver, kidneys, lungs, nervous system and circulatory system. Inhalation can cause lung edema (fluid in lungs) and hyperemia (excess of
blood in a body part), small perivascular brain hemorrhages and brain edema (fluid in
brain). Ingestion can cause lung and brain symptoms but damage to the viscera (body
cavity organs) is more common. Phosphine poisoning may result in (1) pulmonary edema,
(2) liver elevated serum GOT, LDH and alkaline phosphatase, reduced prothrombin, hemorrhage and jaundice (yellow skin color) and (3) kidney hematuria (blood in urine) and
anuria (abnormal or lack of urination). Pathology is characteristic of hypoxia (oxygen deficiency in body tissue). Frequent exposure to concentrations above permissible levels over
a period of days or weeks may cause poisoning. Treatment is symptomatic.
The following measures are suggested for use by the physicians in accordance with
their own judgment.
In its milder forms, symptoms of poisoning may take some time (up to 24 hours) to
make their appearance and the following is suggested:
1. Give complete rest for 1-2 days, during which the patient must be kept quiet and
warm.
2. Should the patient suffer from vomiting or increased blood sugar, appropriate solutions should be administered. Treatment with oxygen breathing equipment is recommended, as is the administration of cardiac and circulatory stimulants.
In cases of severe poisoning (intensive care unit recommended):
1. Where pulmonary edema is observed, steroid therapy should be considered and
close medical supervision is recommended. Blood transfusions may be necessary.
2. In case of manifest pulmonary edema, venesection should be performed under
vein pressure control. Heart glycosides (I.V.) (in case of hemocencentration,
ve

and may ignite spontaneously in air at concentrations above its lower flammable
limit of 1.8% v/v. These hazards will be described in greater detail later on in this
Applicators Manual.
PHOSTOXIN also contains ammonium carbamate which liberates ammonia and
carbon dioxide as follows:
NH2C00NH4 ---> 2NH3 + CO2

These gases are essentially nonflammable and act as inerting agents to reduce fire
hazards.
PHOSTOXIN is prepared in two spherical shapes. The rounded tablets weigh
approximately 3 grams and will release 1 gram of phosphine gas. They are about
16mm in diameter. The pellets are about 10mm in diameter, weigh approximately
0.6 gram and release 0.2 gram of phosphine gas.

DEGESCH PHOSTOXIN Tablets are provided in 21kg cases, containing 14

resealable, gas-tight flasks of 500 tablets each or, 70 flasks of 100 tablets each or,
21 flasks of 333 tablets each. Tablets are also available in 15kg covered metal pails,
each containing 10 gas-tight aluminum foil pouches of 500 tablets each. These pails
are constructed to conform to UN and DOT packaging standards.

DEGESCH PHOSTOXIN Pellets are provided in 21kg cases, containing 21 resealable, gas-tight flasks of 1660 pellets each or, 14 flasks of 2490 pellets each or, 21
flasks of 1666 pellets each. Pellets are also available in 15kg covered metal pails,
each containing 10 gas-tight aluminum foil pouches of 2,490 pellets each. These
pails are constructed to conform to UN and DOT packaging standards.

Upon exposure to air, PHOSTOXIN tablets and pellets begin to react with atmospheric
moisture to produce small quantities of phosphine gas. This reaction starts slowly, gradually accelerates and then tapers off again as the aluminum phosphide is spent. PHOSTOXIN pellets react somewhat faster than do the tablets. The rates of decomposition of
the tablets and pellets will vary depending upon moisture and temperature conditions. For
example, when moisture and temperature of the fumigated commodity are high, decomposition of PHOSTOXIN may be complete in less than 3 days. However, at lower ambient temperatures and humidity levels, decomposition of PHOSTOXIN may require 5
days or more. After decomposition, PHOSTOXIN leaves a gray-white powder composed
almost entirely of aluminum hydroxide and other approved inert ingredients. This will cause
no problems if the fumigant has been added directly to a commodity such as grain.
However, the spent powder must usually be retrieved for disposal after space fumigations.
If properly exposed, the spent PHOSTOXIN will normally contain only a small amount of
unreacted aluminum phosphide and may be disposed of without hazard. While spent
PHOSTOXIN is not considered a hazardous waste, partially spent residual dusts from
incompletely exposed PHOSTOXIN will require special care. Precautions and instructions for further deactivation and disposal will be given under Section 28 of this Manual.
PHOSTOXIN tablets and pellets are supplied in gas-tight containers and their shelf
life is unlimited as long as the packaging remains intact. Once opened for fumigation,
the aluminum flasks of tablets or pellets may be tightly resealed and stored for future
use. Storage and handling instructions will be given in detail under Section 19.
3

4.

PRECAUTIONARY STATEMENTS
4.1

Hazards to Humans and Domestic Animals

DANGER: Aluminum phosphide from PHOSTOXIN tablets, pellets or dust
may be fa

etc., should not be exposed. Immediately after addition of tablets and pellets to the
structure, turn off any lights and unessential electric equipment.

PHOSTOXIN tablets and pellets are Restricted Use Pesticides due to the
high acute inhalation toxicity of phosphine gas. Read and follow the label and
the Applicators Manual. The Manual contains complete instructions for the
safe use of the pesticide. Additional copies of this Manual are available from:
DEGESCH AMERICA, INC.
P.O. Box 116
153 Triangle Drive
Weyers Cave, VA 24486 USA
Telephone: (540)234-9281/1-800-330-2525
Fax:(540)234-8225
Internet: www.degeschamerica.com
E-mail: degesch@degeschamerica.com

DIRECTIONS FOR USE

It is a violation of federal law to use this product in a manner inconsistent with its labeling.
5.

PESTS CONTROLLED
PHOSTOXIN has been found effective against vertebrate and the following insects
and their preadult stages that is, eggs, larvae and pupae:

almond moth
Angoumois grain moth
bean weevil
bees
cadelle
cereal leaf beetle
cigarette beetle
confused flour beetle
dermestid beetle
dried fruit beetle
dried fruit moth

European grain moth

flat grain beetle
fruit flies
granary weevil
greater wax moth
hairy fungus beetle
Hessian fly
Indian meal moth
Khapra beetle
lesser grain borer
maize weevil
pea weevil

woodchucks
yellowbelly marmots (rockchucks)
prairie dogs (except Utah prairie dogs, Cynomys Parvidens)
Norway rats
roof rats
mice
ground squirrels
moles
voles
pocket gophers
chipmunks
5

Mediterranean flour moth

pink bollworm
raisin moth
red flour beetle
rice weevil
rusty grain beetle
saw-toothed grain beetle
spider beetles
tobacco moth
yellow mealworm
Africanized bees &
honeybees infested
with tracheal mites

Although it is possible to achieve total control of the listed burrowing and insect
pests, this is frequently not realized in actual practice. Factors contributing to less
than 100% control are leaks, poor gas distribution, unfavorable exposure conditions,
etc. In addition, some insects are less susceptible to phosphine than others. If maximum control is to be attained, extreme care must be taken in sealing, higher
dosages must be used, exposure periods lengthened, proper application procedures followed, and temperature and humidity conditions must be favorable.
6.

COMMODITIES WHICH MAY BE FUMIGATED WITH PHOSTOXIN

PHOSTOXIN may be used for the fumigation of listed raw agricultural commodities, animal feed and feed ingredients, processed foods, tobacco and certain other
nonfood items when their commodity temperature is above 40F(5 C).
6.1

Raw Agricultural Commodities, Animal Feed and Feed Ingredients

PHOSTOXIN tablets and pellets may be added directly to animal feed, feed
ingredients and raw agricultural commodities stored in bulk. For these commodities not stored in bulk, PHOSTOXIN may be placed in moisture permeable envelopes, on trays, etc., and fumigated as with processed foods.

Raw Agricultural Commodities and Animal Feed and Feed Ingredients

Which May Be Fumigated wit

chocolate and chocolate products (such as assorted chocolate, chocolate liquor, cocoa,
cocoa powder, dark chocolate coating and milk chocolate products)
processed coffee
corn grits
cured, dried and processed meat products and dried fish
dates and figs
dried eggs and egg yolk solids
dried milk, dried powdered milk, non-dairy creamers and non-fat dried milk
dried or dehydrated fruits (such as apples, dates, figs, peaches, pears, prunes, raisins, citrus and sultanas)
processed herbs, spices, seasonings and condiments
malt
processed nuts (such as almonds, apricot kernels, brazil nuts, cashews, filberts,
macadamia nuts, peanuts, pecans, pistachio nuts, walnuts and other processed nuts)
processed oats (including oatmeal)
rice (brewers rice, grits, enriched and polished)
soybean flour and milled fractions
processed tea
dried and dehydrated vegetables (such as beans, carrots, lentils, peas, potato flour, potato
products and spinach)
yeast (including primary yeast)
wild rice
other processed foods
6.3

Non-Food Commodities Including Tobacco

The listed non-food items that may be fumigated with PHOSTOXIN tablets,
pellets or residual dust should not contact tobacco and certain other of the
non-food commodities.

Non-Food Commodities Which May Be Fumigated with PHOSTOXIN

processed or unprocessed cotton, wool and other natural fibers or cloth, clothing
straw and hay
feathers
human hair, rubberized hair, vulcanized hair, mohair
leather products, animal hides and furs
tobacco
tires (for mosquito control)
wood, cut trees, wood chips, wood and bamboo products
paper and paper products
dried plants and flowers
seeds (such as grass seed, ornamental herbaceous plant seed and vegetable seed)
other non-food commodities
7.

EXPOSURE CONDITIONS
The following table may be used as a guide in determining the minimum length of
the exposure period at the indicated temperatures:
7

Temperature

40F (5C)
41-53F (5-12C)

Minimum Exposure Periods for PHOSTOXIN

Pellets
Tablets

Do not fumigate
Do not fumigate
8 dXZWUZZaZaeNdXFWFd-[N-O]w-[iFq-NOjXcq-NOj-W

8.

DOSAGE RATE GUIDELINES

Allowable and Recommended Dosage Rates
Phosphine is a mobile gas and will penetrate to all parts of the storage structure.
Therefore, dosage must be based upon the total volume of the space being treated and
not on the amount of commodity it contains. The same amount of PHOSTOXIN is
required to treat a 30,000-bushel silo whether it is empty or full of grain unless, of
course, a tarpaulin seals off the surface of the commodity. The following dosage ranges
are recommended for bulk (per 1000 bushels) and space (per 1000 cu.ft.) fumigations:
8.1

Maximum Allowable Dosage Guidelines for Fumigation with PHOSTOXIN

Product
Pellets
Tablets

per 1000 cu.ft.*

725
145

per 1000 bu.*

900
180

*NOTE: Maximum Dosage for dates, nuts & dried fruits is 200 pellets, 40
tablets/1000 cu.ft.; 250 pellets, 50 tablets/1000 bu.

The above maximum dosages are not to be exceeded. It is important to be aware

that a shortened exposure period cannot be fully compensated for with an increased
dosage of phosphine.
Somewhat higher dosages, not to exceed the maximum dosage, are usually recommended under cooler, drier conditions or where exposure periods are relatively
short. However, the major factor in selection of dosage is the ability of the structure
to hold phosphine gas during the fumigation. A good illustration of this point is comparison of the low dosages recommended to treat modern, well-sealed warehouses
with the higher ranges used for poorly constructed buildings that cannot be sealed
adequately. In certain other fumigations, proper distribution of insecticidal concentrations of phosphine gas reaching all parts of the structure becomes a very important factor in dose selection. An example where this may occur is in the treatment
of grain stored in tall silos. Poor gas distribution frequently results when the fumigant is added on top of the grain. In such cases, use of a low flow recirculation system is recommended under these circumstances. Please contact DEGESCH
AMERICA, INC. if assistance is required in designing the recirculation system.

8.2

Recommended PHOSTOXIN Dosages for Various Types of Fumigation

One (1) PHOSTOXIN tablet or five (5) PHOSTOXIN pellets will produce a
concentration of 25 parts per million (ppm) of phosphine gas (PH3) in a volume of 1000 cubic feet (1 gram PH3/1000 cu.ft. is equivalent to 25 ppm).

Although it is permissible to use the maximum dosage listed above, the following
recommended dosage ranges can be used as a guideline for various types of
fumigation. When a dosage range is recommended, use the higher rate under
conditions of severe infestation, lower temperature and other applicable variables.

Type of Fumigation

1. Vertical Storages (such as

silos, concrete bins, steel
bins, etc.)

Pellets

Dosage Range____________
Tablets

200-900/1000 bu.
150-700/1000 cu.ft.
9

40-180/1000 bu.
30-140/1000 cu.ft.

2. Farm Bins (Butler Type)

3. Bulk stored commodities in
flat storage, bunkers and
commodities stored on ground

450-900/1000 bu.
350-725/1000 cu.ft.

450-900/1000 bu.
350-725/1000 cu.ft.

10

90-180/1000 bu.
70-145/1000 cu.ft.

90-180/1000 bu.
70-145/1000 cu.ft.

9.

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING
GLOVES:

Wear dry gloves of cotton or other material if contact with tablets, pellets, or dust is
likely.

Gloves should remain dry during use.

Wash hands thoroughly after handling aluminum phosphide products.

Aerate used gloves and other clothing that may be contaminated in a well-ventilated
area prior to laundering.
10.

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION
10.1 When Respiratory Protection Must Be Worn
Respiratory protection approved by the National Institute for Occupational
Safety and Health/Mine Safety and Health Administration (NIOSH/MSHA)
must be worn during exposure to concentrations in excess of permitted limits
or when concentrations are unknown. Self-contained breathing apparatus
(SCBA) must be worn during entry into sites that are under fumigation if the
concentration of phosphine is unknown or known to exceed the Short-Term
Exposure Level (STEL) for phosphine (l ppm for 15 minutes).

10.2 Permissible Gas Concentration Ranges for Respiratory Protection Devices

A NIOSH/MSHA approved full-face gas mask phosphine canister combination may be used at levels up to 15 ppm or following manufacturers use conditions instructions for escape. Above 15 ppm or in situations where the phosphine concentration is unknown, a NIOSH/MSHA approved, SCBA must be
worn. The NIOSH/OSHA Pocket Guide DHHS (NIOSH) 97-140 or the NIOSH
ALERT Preventing Phosphine Poisoning and Explosions During
Fumigation, lists these and other types of approved respirators and the concentration limits at which they may be used.

10.3 Requirements for Availability of Respiratory Protection

If PHOSTOXIN is to be applied from within the structure to be fumigated, an
approved full-face gas mask phosphine canister combination or SCBA or its
equivalent must be available at the site of application in case it is needed.
Respiratory protection need not be available for applications from outside the
area to be fumigated such as addition of tablets or pellets to automatic dispensing devices, outdoor applications, etc., if exposures above the permitted
exposure limits will not be encountered.
If monitoring equipment is not available on a farm and application of PHOSTOXIN
fumigant cannot be made from outside the structure, an approved canister respirator must be worn during application from within the structure being treated. However,
if entry into an on-farm structure that is under fumigation is required, a SCBA must
be worn if the gas concentration is unknown or above the permissible limits.
11

11.

REQUIREMENTS FOR CERTIFIED APPLICATOR TO BE PRESENT AND

RESPONSIBLE FOR ALL WORKERS AS FOLLOWS:
A. A Certified Applicator must

12

junction with the appropriate hand-operated air sampling pumps are widely used.
These devices are portable, simple to use, do not require extensive training and are
relatively rapid, inexpensive and accurate. Electronic devices are also available for
both low level and high phosphine gas readings. Such devices should be used in full
compliance with manufacturers recommendations.
14.

NOTIFICATION REQUIREMENTS

14.1 Authorities and On-Site Workers:

As required by local regulations, notify the appropriate local officials (fire department, police department, etc.) of the impending fumigation. Provide to the officials
a MSDS and an Applicators Manual for the product and any other technical information deemed useful. Offer to review this information with the local official(s).
14.2 Incidents Involving These Products:
Registrants must be informed of any incident involving the use of this product.
Please call PROSAR: 1-800-308-4856 or (540)234-9281/1-800-330-2525 so
DEGESCH AMERICA, INC. can report the incident as per requirements of 40
CFR Part 159.

14.3 Theft of Products:

Immediately report to the local police department theft of metal phosphide
fumigants.
15.

APPLICATOR AND WORKER EXPOSURE

15.1 Exposure Limits

Exposures to phosphine must not exceed the 8-hour Time Weighted Average
(TWA) of 0.3 ppm or the 15-minute Short-Term Exposure Limit (STEL) of 1.0
ppm phosphine. All persons are covered by these exposure standards.

15.2 Application of Fumigant

At least two persons, a certified applicator and trained person, or two trained persons under the direct supervision of the certified applicator must be present when
entry into the structure for application of the fumigant is required. Depending upon
temperature and humidity, PHOSTOXIN tablets and pellets release phosphine
gas slowly upon exposure to moisture from the air. In most cases, this release is
slow enough to permit applicators to deposit fumigant in the desired areas and then
vacate the premises without significant exposure to the gas. If the fumigators exposure will exceed the allowable limits, approved respiratory protection must be worn.

15.3 Leakage from Fumigated Sites

Phosphine gas is highly mobile and given enough time may penetrate seemingly gas-tight materials such as concrete and cinder block. Therefore, adjacent, enclosed areas likely to be occupied must be examined to ensure that
significant leakage has not occurred. Sealing of the fumigated site and/or airflow in the occupied areas must be sufficient to bring down the phosphine concentration to a safe level of 0.3 ppm or below.
15.4 Aeration and Re-entry
If the structure is to be entered after fumigation, it must be aerated until the level of
13

phosphine gas is 0.3 ppm or below. The area or site must be monitored to ensure
that liberation of gas from the treated commodity does not result in the development
of unacceptable levels (i.e., over industrial
pp

14

son with documented training after the structure and/or commodity is completely
aerated (contains 0.3 ppm or less of phosphine gas). If incompletely aerated
commodity is transferred to a new storage structure, the new structure must also
be placarded if it contains more than 0.3 ppm. Workers exposure during this
transfer must not exceed allowable limits.

4. The date the fumigation begins.

5. Name and EPA registration number of fumigant used.

6. Name, address and telephone number of the Fumigation Company and/or applicator.
7. A 24-hour emergency response telephone number.

All entrances into a fumigated structure must be placarded. Where possible, placards should be placed in advance of the fumigation to keep unauthorized persons
away. For railroad hopper cars, placards must be placed on both sides of the car
near the ladders and next to the top hatches into which the fumigant is introduced.
Do not remove placards until the treated commodity is aerated down to 0.3 ppm
phosphine or less. To determine whether aeration is complete, each fumigated
structure or vehicle must be monitored and shown to contain 0.3 ppm or less phosphine gas in the air space around and, if feasible, in the mass of the commodity.
17.

SEALING OF STRUCTURE

The structure to be fumigated must first be inspected to determine if it can be made sufficiently gas tight. Careful sealing is required so that adequate gas levels are retained.
Turn off all ventilation, supply air, air conditioning, and any other air moving systems
which could negatively affect the fumigation. Thoroughly inspect the structure to be
fumigated and seal cracks, holes and openings. These areas could include, but are not
limited to: windows, doors, vents, chimneys, open pipes and structural flaws. Sealing
techniques can vary, but most often include polyethylene sheeting, adhesive tapes and
adhesive sprays. Expandable foam or caulking material can work well on structural
flaws. Proper sealing will insure sufficient gas levels within the fumigated structure and
will decrease the chance of unwanted exposures outside of the fumigated area.
As with all fumigations, it is required that sealing be inspected for leaks. If phosphine
above 0.3 ppm is found in an area where exposure to workers or bystanders may occur,
the fumigator, using proper respiratory protective equipment, must attempt to seal the leak
from the exterior of the structure. Failing this, the fumigators, following proper procedures
to prevent accidental poisoning, may enter the structure and seal the leaks from the interior. If the concentration inside the structure has decreased below the target level as a
result of the leakage, additional fumigant may be added following the sealing repairs.

DO NOT FUMIGATE A STRUCTURE THAT CANNOT BE SEALED SUFFICIENTLY

GAS TIGHT.
18.

AERATION OF FUMIGATED COMMODITIES

As an alternative to the aeration time periods listed below, each container of the
treated commodity may be analyzed for residues using accepted analytical methods.
15

18.1 Foods and Feeds

Tolerances for phosphine residues have been established at 0.1 ppm for animal feeds and 0.01 ppm for processed foods. To guarantee compliance with
these tolerances, it is neYWFw-XUZeYXfYFWFd-[NtOar

16

20.

TRANSPORTATION INSTRUCTIONS
The United States Department of Transportation (DOT) classifies aluminum phosphide as Dangerous When Wet material and it must be transported in accordance
with DOT regulations.
20.1 Transport Designations:
The following transport designations apply to aluminum phosphide:
Proper Shipping Name:
Hazard Class:
Identification No.:
Packing Group:
Shipping Label:
Shipping Placard:

Aluminum phosphide
4.3 (6.1)
UN 1397
PG I
Dangerous When Wet/Poison
Dangerous When Wet

20.2 Transportation Special Permit:

Special Permit: DOT SP-11329
Purpose and Limitation: The motor vehicles used under the terms of this
special permit are not required to be placarded
Modes of Transportation Authorized: Motor vehicle (Only private motor vehicles used in pest control operations are authorized to transport the packages
covered by the terms of this special permit.)
NOTE: You must have a copy of this special permit with you during transportation. For a copy of this special permit contact: DEGESCH AMERICA, INC.,
153 Triangle Drive, P.O. Box 116, Weyers Cave, VA 24486 USA Telephone:(540)234-9281/1-800-330-2525; Fax: (540)234-8225 or Internet:
www.degeschamerica.com
21.

FUMIGATION MANAGEMENT PLAN

The certified applicator is responsible for working with the owners and/or responsible employees of the structure and/or area to be fumigated to develop and follow a
Fumigation Management Plan (FMP). The FMP is intended to ensure a safe and
effective fumigation. The FMP must address characterization of the structure and/or
area, and include appropriate monitoring and notification requirements, consistent
with, but not limited to, the following:
1. Inspect the structure and/or area to determine its suitability for fumigation.
2. When sealing is required, consult previous records for any changes to the structure, seal leaks, and monitor any occupied adjacent buildings to ensure safety.
3. Prior to each fumigation, review any existing FMP, MSDS, Applicators
Manual and other relevant safety procedures with company officials and
appropriate employees.
4. Consult company officials in the development of procedures and appropriate safety measures for nearby workers that will be in and around the area
during application and aeration.
5. Consult with company officials to develop an appropriate monitoring plan
that will confirm that nearby workers and bystanders are not exposed to
17

6.

7.

8.

9.

levels above the allowed limits during application, fumigation and aeration.
This plan must also demonstrate that nearby residents will not be exposed
to concentrations above the allowable limits.
Consult with company officials to develop procedures for local authorities
to notify nearby residents in the event of an emergency.
Confirm the placement of placards to secure entrance into any structure
under fumigation.
Confirm the required safety equipment is in place and the necessary manpower is available to complete a safe and effective fumigation.
Written notification must be provided to the receiver of a vehicle that is
fumigated in transit.

These factors must be considered in putting a FMP together. It is important to note

that some plans will be more comprehensive than others. All plans should reflect the
experience and expertise of the applicator and circumstances at and around the
structure and/or area. In addition to the plan, the applicator must read the entire label
and Applicators Manual and follow its directions carefully. If the applicator has any
questions about the development of a FMP, contact DEGESCH AMERICA, INC. for
further assistance.
The FMP and related documentation, including monitoring records, must be maintained for a minimum of 2 years.
GUIDANCE FOR PREPARATION OF A FUMIGATION MANAGEMENT PLAN
Purpose

A Fumigation Management Plan (FMP) is an organized, written description of the

required steps involved to help ensure a safe, legal and effective fumigation. It will also
assist you and others in complying with pesticide product label requirements. The guidance that folYfel
Thn

18

A CHECKLIST GUIDE FOR A FUMIGATION MANAGEMENT PLAN

This checklist is provided to help you take into account factors that must be addressed
prior to performing all fumigations. It emphasizes safety steps to protect people and property. The checklist is general in nature and cannot be expected to apply to all types of fumigation situations. It is to be used as a guide to prepare the required plan. Each item must
be considered. However, it is understood that each fumigation is different and not all items
will be necessary for each fumigation site.
A. PRELIMINARY PLANNING AND PREPARATION
1. Determine the purpose of the fumigation.
a. Elimination of insect infestation
b. Elimination of vertebrate pests
c. Plant pest quarantine.

2. Determine the type of fumigation. For example:

a. Space: tarp, mill, warehouse, food plant, or outdoor area
b. Vehicle: railcar, truck, van, container
c. Commodity: raw agricultural or processed foods or non-food
d. Type of Storage: vertical silo, farm storage, flat storage, etc.
e. Vessels: ship or barge. In addition to the Applicators Manual, read the
U.S. Coast Guard Regulation 46CFR 147A.

3. Fully acquaint yourself with the structure and commodity to be fumigated,

including:
a. The general structure layout, construction (materials, design, age, maintenance), of the structure, fire or combustibility hazards, connecting structures and escape routes, above and below ground, and other unique hazards or structural characteristics. Prepare, with the owner/operator/person
in charge, a drawing or sketch of structure to be fumigated, delineating features, hazards, and other structural characteristics.
b. The number and identification of persons who routinely enter the area to
be fumigated (i.e. employees, visitors, customers, etc.)
c. The specific commodity to be fumigated, its mode of storage, and its condition.
d. The previous treatment history of the commodity, if available.
e. Accessibility of utility service connections.
f. Nearest telephone or other means of communication. Mark the location of
these items on the drawing/sketch.
g. Emergency shut-off stations for electricity, water and gas. Mark the location of these items on the drawing/sketch.
h. Current emergency telephone numbers of local health, fire, police, hospital and physician responders.
i. Name and phone number (both day and night) of appropriate company officials.
j. Check, mark and prepare the points of fumigant application locations if the
job involves entry into the structure for fumigation.
k. Review labeling and Applicators Manual.
l. Exposure time considerations:
1. Product (tablet and pellets) to be used
19

2. Minimum fumigation period, as defined and described by the label use

directions
3. Down time required to be available
4. Aeration requirements
5. Cleanup requirements, including dry or wet deactivation methods,
equipep
UZZ]
3%w-XUYYYfFWaw-[
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0iOsw-[
+*y*+w &:p
NiOuw-[
(d0+%N%nO]
"HI`
w-YUXwdeZFWFd
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20

2. Efficacy

a. Phosphine readings should be taken from within the fumigated structure to

insure proper gas concentrations. If the phosphine concentrations have
fallen below the targeted level, the fumigators, following proper entry procedures, may re-enter the structure and add additional product.
b. All phosphine readings should be documented.

D. NOTIFICATION

1. Confirm the appropriate local authorities (fire departments, police departments, etc.) have been notified as per label instructions, local ordinances, or
instructions of the client.
2. Prepare written procedure (Emergency Response Plan), which contains
explicit instructions, names, and telephone numbers so as to be able to notify
local authorities if phosphine levels are exceeded in an area that could be
dangerous to bystanders and/or domestic animals.
3. Confirm that the receiver of in-transit vehicles under fumigation have been
notified and are trained according to Section 12 of this Applicators Manual.

E. SEALING PROCEDURES

1. Sealing must be adequate to control the pests. Care should be taken to insure
that sealing materials would remain intact until the fumigation is complete.
2. If the structure has been fumigated before, review the previous FMP for previous sealing information.
3. Make sure that construction/remodeling has not changed the building in a
manner that will effect the fumigation.
4. Warning placards must be placed on every possible entrance to the fumigation structure.

F. APPLICATION PROCEDURES & FUMIGATION PERIOD

1. Plan carefully and apply the fumigant in accordance with the label requirements.
2. When entering into the area under fumigation, always work with two or more
people under the direct supervision of a certified applicator wearing appropriate respirators.
3. Apply fumigant from the outside where appropriate.
4. Provide watchmen when the possibility of entry into the fumigation site by
unauthorized persons cannot otherwise be assured.
5. When entering structures, always follow OSHA rules for confined spaces.
6. Document that the receiver of vehicles fumigated in-transit has been notified.
7. Turn off any electric lights in the fumigated area of the structure, as well as all
non-essential electrical motors.

21

G. POST-APPLICATION OPERATIONS

1. Provide watchmen when the fumigation structure cannot be secured from

entry by unauthorized persons during the aeration process.
2. Aerate in accordance with structural limitations.
3. Turn on ventilating or aeration fans where appropriate.
4. Use a suitable gas detector before re-entry into a fumigated structure to determine fumigant concentration.
5. Keep written records of monitoring to document completion of aeration.
6. Consider temperature when aerating.
7. Ensure that aeration is complete before moving a treated vehicle onto public roads.
8. Remove warning placards when aeration is complete.
9. Inform business/client that employees/other persons may return to work or
otherwise be allowed to re-enter the aerated structure.

22.

APPLICATION PROCEDURES
A FMP must be devised to cover application and exposure period, aeration
and disposal of the fumigant, so as to keep to a minimum any human exposure to phosphine and to help assure adequate control of the insect pests.
The following instructions are intended to provide general guidelines for typical fumigation sites:
22.1 Farm Bins:
Leakage is the single most important cause of failures in the treatment of farm
storages. Since these storages are often small, they usually have asvthet

22

5. Seal the bin as tightly as possible. It is recommended that the surface of

the grain be covered with poly after PHOSTOXIN has been applied.
Tarping the grain surface will greatly reduce the leak rate of the gas as well
as reduce the amount of PHOSTOXIN required. Only the volume below
the tarp must be dosed. If not tarped, the entire volume of the storage must
be treated, whether full or empty.

6. Using the Applicators Manual, calculate the dosage of tablets or pellets to

be applied based on type of structure, its sealing properties, content type,
weather, and commodity temperature and moisture content of the commodity and length of fumigation.

7. PHOSTOXIN tablets or pellets required for the fumigation may be scattered over the surface or probed into the grain using a rigid PVC pipe about
5 to 7 feet in length and having a diameter of 1-1/4 inches.
8. Use about 20-50 tablets or 100-250 pellets per probe. Probe the dosage
uniformly over the surface. Fumi-Sleeve dust retainer or packaged fumigants may be used if dust-free applications are desired.
9. Immediately cover the surface of the grain with a plastic tarpaulin.

10. Place no more than 25 percent of the total dose at the bottom if the bin is
equipped with aeration fans. Caution: Make sure that the aeration duct is
dry before adding PHOSTOXIN . Addition of PHOSTOXIN to water in
an aeration duct may result in a fire.
11. Seal the aeration fan with 4-mil plastic sheeting.

12. Place placards on all entrances to the bin and near the ladder.

13. Following aeration of the bin, the surface of the grain may be sprayed with
an approved protectant to discourage reinfestation.

Note: If monitoring equipment is not available on a farm and application cannot be done from outside of a structure, an approved canister respirator must
be worn during application from within an enclosed indoor area.

22.2 Flat Storage

Treatments of these types of storages often require considerable time and
physical effort. Therefore, sufficient manpower should be available to complete
the work rapidly enough to prevent excessive exposure to phosphine gas. Vent
flasks outside the storage, conduct fumigations during cooler periods, and
employ other work practices to minimize exposures. It is likely that respiratory
protection will be required during application of fumigant to flat storages. Refer
to the sections on Applicator and Worker Exposure and Respiratory Protection.
1. Inspect the site to determine its suitability for fumigation.
23

2. Determine if the structure is in an area where leakage during fumigation or

aeration would adversely affect nearby workers or bystanders if concentrations were above the permitted exposure levels.

3. Devel

24

5. Using the Applicators Manual, determine the length of the fumigation and
calculate the dosage of tablets or pellets to be applied based upon volume
of the building, air and/or commodity temperature and the general tightness of the structure.
6. Tablets or pellets may be applied continuously by hand or by an automatic
dispenser on the headhouse/gallery belt or into the fill opening as the commodity is loaded into the bin. An automatic dispenser may also be used to
add PHOSTOXIN into the commodity stream in the up leg of the elevator.

7. Seal the bin deck openings after the fumigation has been completed.

8. Bins requiring more than 24 hours to fill should not be fumigated by continuous
addition into the commodity stream. Probing, surface application, or other
appropriate means may be employed to fumigate these bins. Exposure periods
should be lengthened to allow for diffusion of gas to all parts of the bin if PHOSTOXIN has not been applied uniformly throughout the commodity mass.
9. Place warning placards on the discharge gate and on all entrances.

22.4 Mills, Food Processing Plants and Warehouses

1. Inspect the site to determine its suitability for fumigation.

2. Determine if the structure is in an area where leakage during fumigation or

aeration would expose nearby workers or bystanders if concentrations
were above the permitted exposure levels.

3. Develop an appropriate Fumigation Management Plan. (Refer to FMP

guidelines.)

4. Using the Applicators Manual, determine the length of the fumigation and
calculate the dosage of tablets or pellets to be applied based upon volume
of the building, air and/or commodity temperature and the general tightness of the structure.

5. Read the directions found in 4.2 Physical and Chemical Hazards and
remove or cover any of the listed items that can become damaged from
exposure to phosphine gas.

6. Consult previous records for any changes in the structure. Carefully seal
and placard the space to be fumigated.

7. Place trays or sheets of Kraft paper or foil, up to 12 sq. ft. (1.1 sq. M) in
area, on the floor throughout the structure.

8. Spread PHOSTOXIN on the sheets at a density no greater than 30

tablets per sq. ft. or 150 pellets per sq. ft. This corresponds to slightly more
25

than one-half flask of tablets or one-half flask of pellets per 3x 4 sheet.

Check to see that PHOSTOXIN has not piled up and that it is spread out
evenly to minimize contact between the individual tablets or pellets.

9. Turn off any lights within the treated area and shut off all electrical motors
not essential to operations of the storage. Doors leading to the fumigated
space must be closed, sealed, and placarded with warning signs.

10. Upon completion of the exposure period, windows, doors, vents, etc., should
be opened and the fumigated structure allowed to aerate. The structure should
not be entered without proper Personal Protection Equipment (PPE) unless
gas readings have been taken and the concentration is below the allowable
limits. Gas concentration readings may be taken using low-level detector tubes
or similar devices to ensure safety of personnel who re-enter the treated area.
11. Collect the spent PHOSTOXIN dust and dispose of it, with or without further deactivation. Refer to Disposal Instructions in this manual.

12. Remove fumigation warning placards from the aerated structure.

22.5 Railcars, Containers, Trucks, Vans, and Other Transport Vehicles

Railcars and containers, trucks, vans, and other transport vehicles shipped
piggyback by rail may be fumigated in-transit. However, the aeration of railcars, railroad boxcars, containers and other vehicles is prohibited en-route. It
is not legal to move trucks, trailers, containers, vans, etc., over public roads
or highways until they have been aerated.
Transport vehicles loaded with bulk commodities, to which PHOSTOXIN tablets
or pellets may be added directly, are treated in essentially

26

22.6 Tarpaulin and Bunker Fumigations

Use of plastic sheeting or tarpaulins to cover commodities is one of the easiest
and least expensive means for providing relatively gas tight enclosures which
are very well-suited for fumigation. Poly tarps are penetrated only very slowly
by phosphine gas and tight coverings are readily formed from the sheets. The
volume of these enclosures may vary widely from a few cubic feet(for example, a fumigation tarpaulin placed over a small stack of bagged commodity) to
a plastic bunker storage capable of holding 600,000 bushels of grain or more.

1. Develop an enclosure suitable for fumigation by covering bulk or packaged

commodities with poly sheeting. The sheets may be taped together to provide
a sufficient width of material to ensure that adequate sealing is obtained. If the
flooring upon which the commodity rests is of wood or other porous material,
the commodity to be fumigated should be repositioned onto poly prior to covering for fumigation. The plastic covering of the pile may be sealed to the floor
using sand or water snakes by shoveling soil or sand onto the ends of the plastic covering or by other suitable procedures. The poly covering should be reinforced by tape or other means around any sharp corners or edges in the stack
so as to reduce the risk of tearing. Thinner poly, about 2 mil, is suitable for most
indoor tarp fumigations and for sealing of windows, doors and other openings
in structures. However, 4 mil poly or thicker is more suitable for outdoor applications where wind or other mechanical stresses are likely to be encountered.
2. Determine if the enclosure is in an area where leakage during fumigation
or aeration would affect nearby workers or bystanders.

3. Develop an appropriate Fumigation Management Plan. (Refer to the FMP

guidelines.)

4. Using the guidance given under Section 7, Exposure Conditions, determine the length of the fumigation and calculate the dosage of tablets or
pellets to be applied based upon volume of space under the tarp, air and/or
commodity temperature.

5. Tablets or pellets may be applied to the tarped stack or bunker storage of

bulk commodity through slits in the poly covering. Probing or other means
of dosing may be used. Avoid application of large amounts of PHOSTOXIN at any one point. The PHOSTOXIN should be added below the
surface of the commodity if condensation or other source of moisture is
likely to form beneath the poly. The slits in the covering should be carefully
taped to prevent loss of gas once the dose has been applied and the introduction of water from rain. PHOSTOXIN Prepacs (not classified by UL)
are recommended for the treatment of bagged commodities and processed
foods although tablets and pellets on trays or sheets of Kraft paper may be
used. Care should be taken to see that the poly is not allowed to cover the
PHOSTOXIN and prevent contact with moist air or confine the gas.

6. Distribution of phosphine gas is generally not a problem in the treatment of

bagged commodities and processed foods. However, fumigation of larger
27

bunker storages containing bulk commodity will require proper application

procedures to obtain adequate results.

7. Place warning placards at conspicuous points on the enclosure.

22.7 In-Transit

28

tankers must be sealed by closing the appropriate valves and sealing the openings into the overspace with gas-tight materials.

4. Placard all entrances to the treated spaces with fumigation warning signs.

5. If the fumigation is not completed and the vessel aerated before

the manned vessel leaves port, the person in charge of the vessel
shall ensure that at least two units of personal protection equipment and one phosphine gas detection device, and a person qualified in their operation be on board the vessel during the voyage.

6. During the fumigation, or until a manned vessel leaves port or the

cargo is aerated, the certified applicator shall ensure that a qualified person using phosphine gas detection equipment tests
spaces adjacent to areas containing fumigated cargo as well as
all regularly occupied spaces for fumigant leakage. If leakage of
the fumigant is detected, the person in charge of the fumigation
shall take action to correct the leakage or shall inform the master
of the vessel, or his representative, of the leakage so that corrective action can be taken.

22.7.3

22.7.4

22.7.5

7. Review with the master, or his representative, the precautions

and procedures to follow during the voyage of a ship hold in-transit fumigation.
Application Procedures for Bulk Dry Cargo Vessels and Tankers
1. Apply tablets or pellets by scattering uniformly over the commodity surface or they may be shallow or deep probed into the commodity mass. Fumi-Sleeves or packaged metal phosphide products are recommended if dust-free applications are required.

2. Immediately after application of the fumigant, close and secure all

hatch covers, tank tops, butterworth valves, manways, etc.

In-Transit Fumigation of Transport Units (Containers) Aboard

Ships
In-transit fumigation of transport units on ships is also governed by
DOT RSPA 49 CFR 176.76(h) Transport Vehicles, Freight
Containers, and Portable Tanks Containing Hazardous Materials and
International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code P9025-1 Amdt. 27-94.
Application procedures for fumigation of raw commodities or
processed foods in transport units (containers) are described in
Section 22.5 of this manual.
Precautions and Procedures During Voyage
1. Using appropriate gas detection equipment, monitor spaces adjacent to areas containing fumigated cargo and all regularly occupied areas for fumigant leakage. If leakage is detected, the area
29

should be evacuated of all personnel, ventilated, and action taken

to correct the leakage before allowing the area to be occupied.

22.7.6

23.

2. Do not enter fumigated areas except under emergency conditions. If necessary to enter a fumigated area, appropriate personal protection equipment must be used (see below). Never
enter fumigated areas alone. At least one other person wearing
personal protection equipment should be available to assist in
case of an emergency.
Precautions and Procedures During Discharge
1. If necessary to enter holds prior to discharge, test spaces directly
above grain surface for fumigant concentration, using appropriate
gas detection and personal safety equipment. Do not allow entry to
fumigated areas without personal safety equipment unless fumigant
concentrations are at safe levels, as indicated by a suitable detector.

BARGES
Barge fumigation is also regulated by U. S. Coast Guard Regulation 46 CFR 147A
as modified by U. S. Coast Guard Special Permit 2-75. This permit, which must be
obtained prior to the fumigation, is available from:
Commandant
U. S. Coast Guard
Hazardous Materials Standards Div.
GMSO-3
Washington, DC 20593-0001

Leaks are a common cause of failures in the treatment of commodities aboard

barges. Carefully inspect all

30

Fumigations may be performed in chambers at atmospheric pressure, under tarpaulins, etc., by placing the tablets or pellets on trays or in moisture permeable
envelopes. Do not add more than 2 tablets or 10 pellets to each envelope. Honey
from treated hives or supers may only be used for bee food.
26.

BURROWING PEST CONTROL

26.1 Use Restrictions:
This product may be applied to underground burrow systems located in noncrop areas, crop areas, or orchards occupied by woodchucks, yellowbelly
marmots (rockchucks), prairie dogs (except Utah prairie dogs, Cynomys
Parvidens), Norway rats, roof rats, mice, ground squirrels, moles, voles,
pocket gophers, and chipmunks.
All treatments for control of these species in burrows must be made outdoors.
Tablets or pellets must be applied directly to underground burrow systems.
Before using PHOSTOXIN tablets or pellets for burrowing pest control, read
the applicable restrictions under Environmental Hazards, Endangered
Species and Special Local Restrictions below.
This product may be used out-of-doors only for control of burrowing pests.
THIS PRODUCT MUST NOT BE APPLIED INTO A BURROW SYSTEM THAT
IS WITHIN 15 FEET (5 METERS) OF A BUILDING THAT IS, OR MAY BE,
OCCUPIED BY HUMANS AND/OR ANIMALS, ESPECIALLY RESIDENCES.
Document any burrows that open under or into occupied buildings, and do not
apply to these burrows. In addition, check for any other source through which
the gas may enter into occupied buildings as a result of application to burrows.
If there is any way gas can move through pipes, conduits, etc. from burrows,
do not treat these burrows. Prior to treating a rodent burrow on a property containing an inhabited structure, the applicant must provide the customer (e.g.
tenant, homeowner, or property manager) with a MSDS or appropriate sections of the Applicators Manual.

26.2 Application Directions: Use application procedures appropriate to the type

of burrow system being treated. DOSAGE RATES MUST NOT BE
EXCEEDED UNDER ANY CIRCUMSTANCES.
26.2.1

For species with open burrow systems, locate all entrances to

each burrow system. Treatment of more than one entrance in a system is often desirable as systems often overlap and are not defined.
Treat all entrances except for those entrances you are sure connect
to already treated entrances. Insert 2 to 4 tablets or 10 to 20 pellets
into each entrance to be treated. Use the lower rates for smaller burrows and/or when soil moisture is high. Use the higher rates for
larger burrow systems and when soil moisture is relatively low. Pack
each treated entrance with crumpled paper and shovel soil to completely cover the paper. Using crumpled paper will prevent soil from
covering the tablets or pellets and slowing down their action. Rocks,
clods of soil, cardboard, etc. may be used for this purpose. Be sure
to seal all untreated entrances by shoveling and packing soil and/or
sod to completely seal the opening.
31

Inspect treated areas 1 or 2 days following treatment for signs of

residual activity of target species. Treat all reopened burrows in the
same manner prescribed above.
26.2.2

For speci

32

CALIFORNIA (all endangered species)

Fresno, Inyo, Kern, Kings, Madera, Merced, Monterey, San Benito, San Luis
Obispo, Santa Barbara, Stanislaus and Tulare
See the U.S. EPA Interim Measurers Bulletin for your county. To obtain a copy
of the bulletin, contact your county agricultural commissioner or visit the following website: http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/es/index.htm If there is no current bulletin available for your county, contact the U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service office in Portland, OR, to determine whether there are endangered
species that might be adversely affected by your proposed use of PHOSTOXIN and the steps you should take to mitigate any such risks.
FLORIDA
Statewide
GEORGIA
Appling, Atkinson, Bacon, Baker, Ben Hill, Bleckley, Berrien, Brantley, Brooks,
Bryan, Bullock, Calhoun, Camden, Chandler, Charlton, Chatham, Clinch,
Coffee, Colquitt, Cook, Crisp, Decatur, Dodge, Dooly, Dougherty, Early,
Echols, Effingham, Emanuel, Evans, Glynn, Grady, Irwin, Jeff Davis, Jenkins,
Johnson, Lanier, Laurens, Lee, Liberty, Long, Lowndes, Macon, McCintosh,
Miller, Mitchell, Montgomery, Pierce, Pulaski, Screven, Seminole, Telfair,
Tattnall, Thomas, Tift, Toombs, Treutlen, Turner, Ware, Wayne, Wheeler,
Wilcox and Worth.
NEW MEXICO
Hidalgo
UTAH
Beaver, Garfiled, Iron, Kane, Piute, Sevier, Washington and Wayne
WYOMING
Albany
26.4.1

Special Local Restrictions

1.

NORTH CAROLINA
PHOSTOXIN tablets and pellets may only be used for control of rats and mice in the state of North Carolina. Use against
other burrowing pests (not insect pests)is not permitted.

2.

OKLAHOMA
A special permit for black-tailed prairie dog control by poisoning is required in Oklahoma. Contact the Oklahoma State
Department of Wildlife Conservation to obtain this permit.

3.

WISCONSIN
A state permit is required for use of pesticides in Wisconsin to
control small mammals, except rats or mice. Please contact
your local Department of Natural Resources office for information.

4.

INDIANA
Use of PHOSTOXIN tablets or pellets for mole control is not
legal in the state of Indiana.
33

27.

5.

MISSOURI
A state permit is required for use of pesticides in Missouri to
control small mammals, except rats and mice. Please contact
the Missouri Department of Conservation office for information.

6.

KANSAS
A special permit for black-tailed prairie dog control by poisoning is required in Kansas. Contact the Kansas Fish and Game
Commission to obtain this permit.

7.

CALIFORNIA
Use of PHOSTOXIN tablets and pellets for chipmunk control
is not legal in the state of California.

FUMI-SLEEVE DUST RETAINER METHOD OF FUMIGATION Patent No.

4,579,417 & 4,641,573
The FUMI-SLEEVE Dust Retainer is a cotton sleeve designed to slip over the standard 114" PVC probe. Contact DEGESCH AMERICA, INC. for more information
regarding these sleeves.
The presence of residual dust from spent PHOSTOXIN tablets or pellets in treated
raw agricultural commodities normally presents no problems of toxicity or sanitation.
Nevertheless, where it is specified that no tablets or pellets can be placed directly
into the commodity during fumigation, conduct the fumigation in the normal manner
following the directions below:
1. Determine the structure can be made sufficiently tight by sealing all
vents, windows, cracks or other openings.
2. Determine if the structure is in an area where leakage during fumigation
or aeration would affect nearby workers or bystanders

34

instructions found elsewhere in this manual.

b. Or the residual dust may be emptied from the sleeve and disposed
of according to instructions found under disposal instructions in
Section 28.3 of this manual.
c. It is not recommended that you reuse the sleeve.
28.

DISPOSAL INSTRUCTIONS
28.1 General
Do not contaminate water, food or feed by storage or disposal.

Unreacted or partially reacted PHOSTOXIN is acutely hazardous. Improper

disposal of excess pesticide is a violation of Federal Law. If these wastes cannot be disposed of by use according to Applicators Manual instructions, contact your State Pesticide or Environmental Control Agency, or the Hazardous
Waste Representative at the nearest EPA Regional Office for guidance. For
specific instructions, see Section 29 of this manual, Spill and Leak Procedures.
Some local and state waste disposal regulations may vary from these general
recommendations. Disposal procedures should be reviewed with appropriate
authorities to ensure compliance with local regulations. Contact your state
Pesticide or Environmental Control Agency or Hazardous Waste Specialist at
the nearest EPA Regional Office for guidance.
The aluminum flasks are non-refillable containers. Do not reuse or refill aluminum flasks. Offer for recycling, if available.
Triple rinse flasks and stoppers with water. They may then be recycled or
reconditioned, or punctured and disposed of in a sanitary landfill, or by other
procedures approved by state and local authorities. Rinsate may be disposed
of in a sanitary landfill by pouring it out onto the ground or by other approved
procedures. It is also permissible to remove lids and expose empty flasks to
atmospheric conditions until residue in the flasks is reacted. In this case,
puncture and dispose of in a sanitary landfill or other approved site, or by
other procedures approved by state and local authorities.
If properly exposed, the residual dust remaining after fumigation with PHOSTOXIN will be a grayish-white powder. This will be a non-hazardous waste
and contain only a small amount of unreacted aluminum phosphide. However,
residual dust from incompletely exposed PHOSTOXIN (so called green
dust) requires special care.
28.2. DIRECTIONS FOR DEACTIVATION OF PARTIALLY SPENT RESIDUAL
DUST FROM PHOSTOXIN
Partially spent dust must be deactivated further prior to ultimate disposal. This
is especially true in cases of incomplete exposure that has resulted in socalled green dust or following a fumigation that has produced large quantities of partially spent material.
Residual dust from PHOSTOXIN may be deactivated as follows using
the Wet Method:
Deactivating solution is prepared by adding the appropriate amount of low
35

sudsing detergent or surface-active agent to water in a drum or other suitable

container. A 2% solution (or 4 cups in 30 gallons) of detergent is suggested.
The container should be filled with deactivating solution to witr

36

porous cloth bags for transportation in an open vehicle to the disposal site. Do
not collect dust from more than 7 flasks of tablets or 10 flasks of pellets (about
11 kg or 25 lbs.) in a single bag. Do not pile cloth bags together. Do not use
this method for partially spent or green dust. Caution: Do not collect dust
in large drums, dumpsters, plastic bags or other containers where confinement may occur.
29.

SPILL AND LEAK PROCEDURES

29.1 General Precautions and Directions
A spill, other than incidental to application or normal handling, may produce high
levels of gas and, therefore, attending personnel must wear SCBA or its equivalent when the concentration of phosphine gas is unknown. Other
NIOSH/MSHA approved respiratory protection may be worn if the concentration
is known. Do not use water at any time to clean up a spill of PHOSTOXIN.
Water in contact with unreacted tablets or pellets will greatly accelerate the production of phosphine gas that could result in a toxic and/or fire hazard. Wear
dry gloves of cotton or other material when handling aluminum phosphide.
Return all intact aluminum flasks to fiberboard cases or other packaging which
has been suitably constructed and marked according to DOT regulations.
Notify consignee and shipper of damaged cases.
If aluminum flasks have been punctured or damaged so as to leak, the container may be temporarily repaired with aluminum tape or the PHOSTOXIN
may be transferred from the damaged flask to a sound metal container which
should be sealed and properly labeled as aluminum phosphide. Transport the
damaged containers to an area suitable for pesticide storage for inspection.
Further instructions and recommendations may be obtained, if required, from
DEGESCH AMERICA, INC.
If a spill has occurred which is only a few minutes old, collect the tablets and
pellets and place them back into the original flasks if they are intact, and stopper tightly. Place the collected tablets and pellets in a sound metal container
if the original flasks are damaged. Caution: These flasks may flash upon
opening at some later time.
If the age of the spill is unknown or if the tablets and pellets have been contaminated with soil, debris, water, etc., gather up the spillage and place it into
small open buckets having a capacity no larger than about 1 gallon. Do not add
more than about one flask of spilled material, 1 to 1.5 kg (2 to 3 lbs.), to the
bucket. If on-site wet deactivation is not feasible, these open containers should
be transported in open vehicles to a suitable area. Wet deactivation may then
be carried out as described in 29.2. Alternatively, small amounts of spillage
from 4 to 5 flasks (4 to 8 kg, 9 to 18 lbs.) may be spread out in an open area
away from inhabited buildings to be deactivated by atmospheric moisture.
29.2 Directions for Deactivation by the Wet Method
If the contaminated material is not to be held until completely reacted by exposure
to atmospheric moisture, deactivate the product by the Wet Method as follows:
Deactivating solution is prepared by adding low sudsing detergent or surfaceactive agent to water in a drum or other suitable container. A 2% solution or 4
cups in 30 gallons is suggested. The container should be filled with deactivat37

ing solution to within a few inches of the top.

The tablets or pellets should be poured slowly into the deactivating solution
and stirred so as to thoroughly wet all of the PHOSTOXIN.
This should be done in

38