Deterioration of Engineered Unpaved Roads

using HDM Relationships, Version 1.0, 9/9/99

DETOUR10
Rural Roads & Transport Thematic Group
The World Bank
Written by Rodrigo Archondo-Callao, The World Bank

Disclaimer
The Deterioration of Engineered Unpaved Roads Model software and documentation is copyrighted
by the World Bank.
The World Bank makes no warranty in terms of correctness, accuracy, currentness, reliability or
otherwise regarding the literature and software. The user relies on the products of the software and
the results solely at his or her own risk. In no event will the World Bank or anyone else who has been
involved in the creation of this product be liable for its application or misapplication in the field. The
World Bank reserves the right to make revisions and changes from time to time without obligation
to notify any person of such revisions and changes.

Warning
The model is designed primarily for engineered unpaved roads, of either gravel or earth surfacing,
because the empirical models are based on a variety of such roads. When necessary it is possible
to use the relationships also for tracks as a first estimate, but the user needs to be aware that the
environmental effects of drainage and rainfall may be poorly represented.
The term "earth road" is sometimes used to denote a track as opposed to an engineered road. In this
model, "earth road" denotes those engineered unpaved roads having a surface of predominantly fine
soil materials with more than 35 percent finer than 0.075 mm particle size.
The model makes no specific distinction between uniform and seasonal rainfall climates. Geometric
cross-sectional characteristics, particularly crown, camber, table sidedrains and run-off points, have
pronounced effects on drainage and deterioration during high rainfall. The prediction relations
therefore apply to unpaved roads with moderate to good cross-sectional geometry and for dry to wet
conditions but may not apply to 'bathtub' type roads with negative crown or lack of surface drainage in
high rainfall conditions.

Instructions
Deterioration of Engineered Unpaved Roads Model (DETOUR)

Road Deterioration

Page 1 of 10

The Deterioration of Unpaved Roads Model (DETOUR) implements in Excel the road
deterioration relationships for unpaved roads of the Highway Design and Maintenance Standards
Model (HDM-III), which are the same as the forthcoming Highway Development and Management
Model (HDM-4).
To use the model, go to the "Road Deterioration" worksheet of this Excel workbook and enter the
following information in the input cells with yellow background located on the In Area.
- Road environment, geometry, and traffic characteristics
- Gravel layer characteristics
- Earth layer characteristics
- Recurrent maintenance policy
- Periodic maintenance policy
- Material loss calibration
DETOUR automatically computes the road deterioration over twenty years (traffic progression,
roughness progression, gravel thickness, and placement of new gravel layer timing) and presents the
results at the Out area, which is located below the input data area. The table just below the input
data area contains the main road deterioration results and a graph of roughness and gravel thickness
progression, and the table to the right contains secondary road deterioration results.
Below the results area, you will find four buttons, which perform the following tasks.
Automatic Calculation On

Turns the automatic calculation on

Automatic Calculation Off

Turns the automatic calculation off

Manual Calculation

Recalculates the workbook if automatic calculation is off

Print Report

Prints all the inputs and main road deterioration results in one page

The Inputs
Enter the input data on the cells with yellow background. Don't change other cells or change the
structure of worksheets by moving a range or by adding or deleting rows. When
entering data, note the following.
a) If you enter a gravel thickness equal to zero on the "Gravel Layer Characteristics"
input area, the model considers the road an earth road and ignores all the other inputs on the
"Gravel Layer Characteristics" input area.
b) If you enter zero for current roughness, initial roughness, minimum roughness, or maximum
roughness on the "Gravel Layer Characteristics", "Earth Layer Characteristics",
or "Periodic Maintenance" input areas, the model estimates internally the
corresponding values based on the layer material properties. You can view the estimated values
on the road deterioration table below the input data (current roughness and initial roughness) and on
the secondary road deterioration results table (minimum roughness and maximum roughness).

Page 2 of 10

c) If you enter zero for the "Grading Interval", no gradings will be done.
d) If you enter zero for the "Spot Regravelling" amount, no spot regravelling will be done.
e) If you enter zero for the "Regravelling at Thickness" threshold, no regravelling will be done
and the model ignores the other periodic maintenance inputs.

Road Agency and User Costs

To estimate annual road agency maintenance costs and annual road user costs, got to the "Road
Agency and User Costs" worksheet of this Excel workbook and enter the following information
in the input cells with yellow background.
- Recurrent maintenance unit costs
- Periodic maintenance unit costs
- Coefficients of cubic polynomials relating roughness to road user costs
DETOUR computes the resulting annual road agency, user costs and total society costs, and
displays the results below the input area every time the "Road Deterioration" worksheet is recalculated.
Therefore, if you change any of the inputs on the "Road Agency and User Costs" worksheet
the results will not be updated automatically until the "Road Deterioration" worksheet is recalculated.
To manually update the results of the "Road Agency and User Costs" worksheet, press: ctrl-m or the
button named "Calculate Results" located at the bottom of the table. To print the table, press the
Excel print button.

Maintenance Levels
To perform a sensitivity analysis of a series of maintenance levels, go to the "Maintenance Levels"
worksheet of this Excel workbook and enter the following information in the input cells with
yellow background.
- Grading interval
- Spot regravelling
- Regravelling threshold and thickness
To perform the sensitivity analysis, press the button "Press Here to Compute Results" located at the
top of the table. The model will compute the average values over the twenty year analysis period of
the following indicators.
- Roughness
- Gravel Thickness
- Road Agency Costs
- Road User Costs
- Society Costs
To print the table, press the Excel print button.

Page 3 of 10

Grading Curves Graph

The "Grading Curves Graph" graph presents a grading curve graph of the gravel and
earth (subgrade) layer.

Support Tables
The "Support Tables" worksheet contains some suggested values, collected from many sources,
for material properties, environments, and geometry of roads. Use these values as a guide to
your inputs.

Glossary
GVW
IRI
km
m
mm
RUC
veh
vpd

Gross Vehicle Weight

International Roughness Index
Kilometer
Meter
Milimeter
Road User Costs
Vehicles
Vehicles per Day

Page 4 of 10

DETOUR - Deterioration of Engineered Unpaved Roads - Version 1.0

Out

Year
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Average
1-20
1-5
6-10
10-15
15-20

Road Deterioration
Traffic
(vpd)
43
43
44
44
44
45
45
45
46
46
46
47
47
47
48
48
48
49
49
49

Roughness
(IRI)
6.8
6.9
6.9
6.9
6.9
6.9
6.9
6.9
6.9
6.9
6.9
6.9
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0

46
44
45
47
49

6.9
6.9
6.9
7.0
7.0

LM-528
Rainfall (m/month)
Shoulder Width (m)
Horizontal Curvature (degree/km)
Light Vehicle Traffic Growth (%)
Heavy Vehicle Traffic Growth (%)
Maximum Roughness (IRI)
Maximum Particle Size (mm)
Plasticity Index (#)
% Passing 2.000 mm Sieve
% Passing 0.425 mm Sieve
% Passing 0.075 mm Sieve
Plasticity Index (#)
% Passing 2.000 mm Sieve
% Passing 0.425 mm Sieve
% Passing 0.075 mm Sieve

0.05
0.0
500
1%
0%
0
63.5
0.0
29.0
4.2
0.8
0.0
29.0
4.2
0.8

100
0
Y
0
0

Spot Regravelling (m3/km/year)

Maximum Roughness (IRI)
Maximum Particle Size (mm)
Plasticity Index (#)
% Passing 2.000 mm Sieve
% Passing 0.425 mm Sieve
% Passing 0.075 mm Sieve

110
0
25.4
0.0
22.6
6.6
3.3

1.0

Traffic-induced Loss Factor

5.5
80
15
28
26
0
Y
0
0
0
0
63.5
365

1.0

R o u g h n e ss, IR I

Road Name
Environment, Geometry, and Traffic
Road Width (m)
Rise and Fall (m/km)
Light Vehicle Traffic, GVW<3.5 tons (vpd)
Heavy Vehicle Traffic, GVW>3.5 tons (vpd)
Gravel Layer Characteristics
Thickness (mm)
Age (years)
Mechanical Compaction (Y/N)
Current Roughness (IRI)
Minimum Roughness (IRI)
Earth Layer Characteristics
Minimum Roughness (IRI)
Maximum Roughness (IRI)
Maximum Particle Size (mm)
Recurrent Maintenance Policy
Grading Interval (days)
Periodic Maintenance Policy
New gravel layer at gravel thickness (mm)
New gravel layer thickness (mm)
Mechanical Compaction (Y/N)
Initial Roughness (IRI)
Minimum Roughness (IRI)
Material Loss Calibration
Gravel Loss Factor

Gravel Gravel
Thickness Layer
(mm) (in year)
30.0
26
1
25.0
25
2
20.0
25
3
15.0
25
4
10.0
24
5
5.0
24
6
0.0
23
7
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9 Year
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
23
8
22
9
22
10
21
11
21
12
20
13
30
19
14
25
18
15
20
18
16
15
17
17
10
16
18
5
15
19
0
Year
14
20
Average Note:
21 Interval
25 (years)
23
20
1.0
RURAL ROADS THEMATIC GROUP
16
THE WORLD BANK, DETOUR10.XLS, 9/9/99, RAC
G ra v e l T h ic k n e ss, m m

In

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

20

DETOUR - Deterioration of Engineered Unpaved Roads - Version 1.0

In

Road Name
Environment, Geometry, and Traffic
Road Width (m)
Rise and Fall (m/km)
Gravel Thickness (mm)
Light Vehicle Traffic, GVW<3.5 tons (vpd)
Heavy Vehicle Traffic, GVW>3.5 tons (vpd)
Gravel Layer Characteristics
Plasticity Index (#)
Maximum Particle Size (mm)
% Passing 2.000 mm Sieve
% Passing 0.425 mm Sieve
% Passing 0.075 mm Sieve
Recurrent Maintenance Policy
Grading Interval (days)
Spot Regravelling (m3/km/year)

LM-528
5.5
80
26
15
28
0.0
63.5
29.0
4.2
0.8
365
110

Periodic Maintenance Policy

New gravel layer at gravel thickness (mm)
0
New gravel layer thickness (mm)
100
Light Vehicles Road User Costs Coefficients
RUC =
0.115347
($/veh-km)
+
-0.000428 * IRI
+
0.000928 * IRI ^2
+
-0.000018 * IRI ^3

Out
Gradings
($/km)
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600

Road Agency Costs

Spot
Routine
Gravel
Regravelling Maintenance
Layer
($/km)
($/km)
($/km)
8,580
1,000
0
8,580
1,000
0
8,580
1,000
0
8,580
1,000
0
8,580
1,000
0
8,580
1,000
0
8,580
1,000
0
8,580
1,000
0
8,580
1,000
0
8,580
1,000
0
8,580
1,000
0
8,580
1,000
0
8,580
1,000
0
8,580
1,000
0
8,580
1,000
0
8,580
1,000
0
8,580
1,000
0
8,580
1,000
0
8,580
1,000
0
8,580
1,000
0

Year
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Average
1-20
600
8,580
1,000
Years 1 to 20
Average Agency Costs per Average Roughness
Average Road User Costs per Average Roughness
Average Society Costs per Average Roughness

0
1,468
728
2,196

Shoulder Width (m)

Horizontal Curvature (degree/km)
Rainfall (m/month)
Light Vehicle Traffic Growth (%)
Heavy Vehicle Traffic Growth (%)
Earth Layer Characteristics
Plasticity Index (#)
Maximum Particle Size (mm)
% Passing 2.000 mm Sieve
% Passing 0.425 mm Sieve
% Passing 0.075 mm Sieve
Recurrent Maintenance Unit Costs
Grading ($/km)
Spot Regravelling ($/m3)
Routine Maintenance ($/km-year)
Periodic Maintenance Unit Cots
Gravel Layer ($/m3)

0.0
500
0.05
1%
0%
0.0
63.5
29.0
4.2
0.8
600
78.00
1000.00
78.00

Heavy Vehicles Road User Costs Coefficients

RUC =
0.235082
($/veh-km)
+ 0.017005 * IRI
+ 0.000808 * IRI ^2
+ -0.000014 * IRI ^3

Total
Recurrent
($/km)
10,180
10,180
10,180
10,180
10,180
10,180
10,180
10,180
10,180
10,180
10,180
10,180
10,180
10,180
10,180
10,180
10,180
10,180
10,180
10,180

Total
Periodic
($/km)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

Total
Agency
($/km)
10,180
10,180
10,180
10,180
10,180
10,180
10,180
10,180
10,180
10,180
10,180
10,180
10,180
10,180
10,180
10,180
10,180
10,180
10,180
10,180

Road
User
Costs
($/km)
4,732
4,803
4,831
4,859
4,887
4,916
4,945
4,974
5,003
5,033
5,063
5,093
5,124
5,154
5,185
5,216
5,248
5,280
5,312
5,344

Society
Costs
($/km)
14,912
14,983
15,011
15,039
15,067
15,096
15,125
15,154
15,183
15,213
15,243
15,273
15,304
15,334
15,365
15,396
15,428
15,460
15,492
15,524

10,180

10,180

5,050

15,230

RURAL ROADS & TRANSPORT GROUP

THE WORLD BANK, DETOUR10.XLS, 9/9/99, RAC

DETOUR - Deterioration of Engineered Unpaved Roads - Version 1.0

In

Out

Sensitivity
Cases
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

Grading
Interval
(days)
365
350
335
320
305
290
275
260
245
230
215
200
185
170
155
140
125
110
95
80

Maintenance Level
Spot
New Gravel New Gravel
Regravelling
Threshold
Thickness
(m3/km/year)
(mm)
(mm)
5
50
200
5
50
200
5
50
200
5
50
200
5
50
200
5
50
200
5
50
200
5
50
200
5
50
200
5
50
200
5
50
200
5
50
200
5
50
200
5
50
200
5
50
200
5
50
200
5
50
200
5
50
200
5
50
200
5
50
200

Roughness
(IRI)
9.7
9.5
9.4
9.2
9.1
8.9
8.7
8.5
8.3
8.0
7.8
7.5
7.3
7.0
6.6
6.3
5.9
5.5
5.0
4.5

Average Values Over 20 Years

Gravel
Agency Road User
Society
Thickness
Costs
Costs
Costs
(mm) (000$/km) (000$/km) (000$/km)
166
10570
5992
16562
166
10596
5935
16530
166
10624
5874
16498
166
10654
5811
16466
166
10688
5745
16433
166
10725
5676
16401
166
10766
5604
16370
166
10812
5528
16340
166
10864
5448
16312
166
10922
5364
16287
166
10989
5276
16265
166
11065
5184
16249
166
11154
5087
16240
166
11258
4984
16242
166
11383
4876
16259
166
11534
4758
16293
166
11722
4634
16356
166
11961
4503
16464
166
12275
4366
16641
166
12708
4223
16930
16240

18000

12.0

16000

10.0

14000
12000

8.0

10000

6.0

8000
6000

4.0

4000

2.0

2000
0

R o ug hne s s (IR I)

C o sts ($ /km -ye ar)

Out

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

0.0

Maintenance Levels
Agency Costs

Users Costs

Society Costs

Roughness

RURAL ROADS & TRANSPORT GROUP

THE WORLD BANK, DETOUR10.XLS, 9/93/99, RAC

% less than d

Grading Curves
CLAY

SILT

100.0

FINE

SAND

GRAVEL

STONE

COARS FINE MEDIU COARSE

E
M

80.0
60.0
40.0
20.0
0.0

0.0001

0.0100

1.0000

100.0000

Particle Diameter, d (mm)

Column Y

Gravel Layer

10000.0000

Support Tables for Reference

Materials Database

Source
HDM-4
HDM-4
HDM-4
HDM-4
HDM-4
HDM-4
HDM-4
HDM-4
HDM-4
HDM-4
HDM-4
HDM-III
HDM-III
HDM-III

Description
Volcanic gravels angular
Quartzitic gravels
Lateritic gravels
Coral gravels angular
Earth
Gravel-sand mixture with excess of fines
Well-graded gravel-sands with small clay content
Sand with excess fines
Clayey silts (inorganic)
Clays (inorganic) of medium plasticity
Clays (inorganic) of high plasticity
Quartzitic gravels
Lateritic gravels
Earth

Layer
Surface
Surface
Surface
Surface
Surface
Subgrade
Subgrade
Subgrade
Subgrade
Subgrade
Subgrade
Surface
Surface
Subgrade

Maximum
Particle
Size
(mm)
25.0
23.8
21.9
21.0
4.8
17.0
13.0
12.0
10.0
8.0
4.0
23.8
21.9
4.8

Geometry Database

Source
HDM-4
HDM-4
HDM-4

Description
Straight and level
Mostly straight and gently undulating
Bendy and generally level

Rise
and Horizontal
Fall
Curvature
(m/km)(degrees/km)
1
3
10
15
3
50
Page 9 of 10

Plasticity
Index
17.0
9.1
10.1
13.0
15.8
17.0
15.0
8.3
17.5
18.8
34.3
9.1
10.1
15.8

Percent
Passing
2.0 mm
Sieve
49.3
57.5
51.1
64.3
90.5
46.0
60.0
88.0
88.0
83.5
86.3
57.5
51.1
90.5

Percent
Percent
Passing
Passing
0.425 mm 0.075 mm
Sieve
Sieve
38.0
23.5
44.6
24.2
41.6
25.5
49.0
25.0
84.9
70.2
34.0
23.0
40.0
18.0
68.5
27.0
77.0
54.0
77.0
59.0
81.5
74.0
44.6
24.2
41.6
25.5
84.9
70.2

HDM-4
HDM-4
HDM-4
HDM-4
HDM Manager
HDM Manager
HDM Manager
HDM Manager
HDM Manager

Bendy and gently undulating

Bendy and severely undulating
Winding and gently undulating
Winding and severely undulating
Flat terrain
Level terrain
Rolling terrain
Hilly terrain
Mountainous terrain

15
25
20
40
0
10
20
50
80

75
150
300
500
0
50
150
300
500

Monthly
Rainfall
(m/month)
0.015
0.050
0.100
0.175
0.210

Annual
Rainfall
(mm/year)
180
600
1200
2100
2520

Environment Database

Source
HDM-4
HDM-4
HDM-4
HDM-4
HDM-4

Description
Arid
Semi-Arid
Semi-Humid
Humid
Per-Humid

Page 10 of 10