ISSN (Online) 2321-2004

ISSN (Print) 2321-5526

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE RESEARCH IN ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONICS, INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL ENGINEERING
Vol. 3, Issue 4, April 2015

ARDUINO ATMEGA-328
MICROCONTROLLER
R.HARI SUDHAN1 M.GANESH KUMAR2 A.UDHAYA PRAKASH3 S.ANU ROOPA DEVI4 P. SATHIYA5
Student, Instrumentation and Control Engineering, Saranathan College of Engineering, Trichy, India1,2,3,4
Assistant Professor, Instrumentation and Control Engineering, Saranathan College of Engineering, Trichy, India5.
Abstract: Arduino ATMEGA-328 microcontroller has been programmed for various applications. By using the power
jack cable, arduino microcontroller has been programmed so that the execution of the program may takes place.
Various kinds of arduino board are present in the market. In this paper, Arduino UNO ATMEGA-328 microcontroller
is described in a detailed manner. Arduino software is installed in the computer and so that we can edit and upload the
program according to the applications. Mainly these arduino software supports c and c++ programming languages.
Various inputs and outputs are present in the arduino board and therefore simultaneously 8 input and output ports can
be used for various applications. Some of the applications used by using arduino boards are rotating general motor,
stepper motor, control valve open, etc.,
KEYWORDS: ATMEGA 328, Aurdino, computer applications, Microcontroller
I.
INTRODUCTION
Nearly 7, 00,000 numbers of arduinos are present in the
market. Of these, Arduino ATMEGA-328 microcontroller
consist of 14 input and output analog and digital pins
(from this 6 pins are considered to be a PWM pins), 6
analog inputs and remaining digital inputs. Power jack
cable is used to connect arduino board with the computer.
Externally battery is connected with the arduino
microcontroller for the power supply. Arduino is an open
source microcontroller from which there is no feedback
present in the microcontroller. This arduino board consist
of I2C bus, that can be able to transfer the data from
arduino board to the output devices. These arduino boards
are programmed over RS232 serial interface connections
with atmega arduino microcontrollers. The operating volt
ranges from 5v. The input voltage recommended for
arduino microcontroller is from 7v and the maximum of
12v. The DC input current given to the arduino board is in
the range of 40mA.

are high level languages. Normally it has 18 number of

input and output pins.
Among those 6 pins are considered to be an analog inputs.
From these analog inputs, we can be able to work the
arduino microcontroller using analog inputs supply.
Normally analog inputs can be in the range of 0-5V.
Similar to that digital inputs are present in the
microcontroller which can act the use of microcontroller
using digital inputs. Digital inputs can be in the range of
5V.

ATMEGA 328 microcontroller, which acts as a processor

for the arduino board. Nearly it consists of 28 pins. From
these 28 pins, the inputs can be controlled by transmitting
and receiving the inputs to the external device. It also
consists of pulse width modulation (PWM). These PWM
are used to transmit the entire signal in a pulse modulation.
Input power supply such as Vcc and Gnd are used. These
It consists of different types of memories such as flash IC mainly consists of analog and digital inputs. These
memory, EEPROM, SRAM. The length of the arduino analog and digital inputs are used for the process of certain
board is nearly about 68.64mm and the width of the applications.
microcontroller is about 53.4mm. The weight of the
arduino microcontroller is about 20g. We can use various
types of microcontroller such as 8 bit AVL Atmel
microcontroller and 32 bit Atmel arm microprocessor.
From these different kinds of processors, we can use those
processors for various engineering projects as well as
industrial applications. Some of the examples of using the
arduino in the industrial applications are controlling the
actuators and sensors. Some of the examples of arduino
microcontrollers are Arduino Duemilanove, Arduino
UNO, Arduino Leonardo, Arduino Mega, Arduino MEGA
2560 R3, Arduino MEGA 2560 R3, Arduino Nano,
Arduino Due, LilyPad Arduino, micro arduino. We have
already mentioned, arduino has been programmed by
Fig-1 : ARDUINO
ATMEGA-328
using c and c++ programming language. These c and c++
MICROCONTROLLER
Copyright to IJIREEICE

DOI 10.17148/IJIREEICE.2015.3406

27

ISSN (Online) 2321-2004

ISSN (Print) 2321-5526
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE RESEARCH IN ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONICS, INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL ENGINEERING
Vol. 3, Issue 4, April 2015

II.
DESCRIPTION

INPUT:
ANALOG INPUT:
Arduino atmega-328 microcontroller board consist of 6
analog inputs pins. These analog inputs can be named
from A0 to A5. From these 6 analog inputs pins, we can
do the process by using analog inputs. Analog inputs can
be used in the operating range of 0 to 5V.
Analog signal is considered as the continuous time signal,
from which these analog signal can be used for certain
applications. These are also called as non discrete time
signal.

Fig-2 : Pin Configuration

Inputs such as voltage, current etc.., are considered to be

either analog signal or digital signal only by analysing the
time signal properties. Various applications of arduino
microcontroller can use only an analog input instead of
digital inputs. For these applications, analog input ports or
pins can be used.
DIGITAL INPUT:
Digital inputs can be defined as the non continuous time
signal with discrete input pulses. It can be represented as
0s and 1s. These digital inputs can be either on state or
in off state. Arduino atmega328 microcontroller also
consists of 12 digital input pins. It can be stated as D0 to
D11. Nearly 12 inputs can be used for digital input/output
applications.
The working of the digital input ports is where the discrete
input pulses can be triggered and supplied to the ports.
These ports receive the input and therefore the port can be
used for both input and output process. These digital pins
can access only the digital inputs.
ATMEGA-328 IC:
This ATMEGA-328 integrated chip consists of 28 pins. It
consists of 6 analog inputs that are shown in the pin
diagram. Analog inputs can be represented as PC0 to PC5.
These analog input pins posses the continuous time signal
which acts as an analog input for the system. Further it
also consists of 12 digital inputs.
It can be represented as PD1 to PD11 which act as an
digital input ports based on pulse width modulation
(PWM). These PWM, which transmits the signal in the
form of discredited form. Both analog and digital input
ports can be used for various applications for the input
power supply, VCC and GND pins are used. Pins PB6 and
PB7, which acts as a crystal to generate a clock signal. By
using these crystal, we can generate the clock signals and
by these clock signals, we can use this clock signals for
input sources.

Fig-3 ATMEGA-328 IC

POWER JACK CABLE / USB PORT:

This Arduino atmega-328 microcontroller can be
interfaced with the other electronic devices such as
computer by using USB port or power jack cable from
these power jack cable, we can upload the program of
Arduino for their applications. At first, the program can be
initialised or can be edited by using Arduino software
tools. Then these programs can be transferred through
arduino microcontroller board by using usb cable or power
jack cable.

POWER SUPPLY:
There is an additional power supply source present in
Arduino microcontroller. Power supply port is present at
the corner of the arduino microcontroller. Either we can
use this power supply port by connecting with external
power supply.(ie, ac power supply), or by connecting an
dc power supply through input pins. These power supplies
produce an active form to the arduino microcontroller.
These arduino microcontrollers can accept a range of
power supply. When the power supply voltage range
exceeds, the microcontroller gets damaged. Hence, only
the particular range of power supply should be given to the
arduino microcontroller.

III.
WORKING PRINCIPLE
The working of arduino microcontroller is where the
proper connection is made. Checking all the input ports as
well as the power supply connection. The output of the
pins can be connected with the external devices according
to their applications. The program to be executed for the
PC6 pin are the one where it can be used for the reset applications can be done by using arduino software. From
option. Resetting the program can be done by using this this arduino software, we can edit according to the
PC6 pin.
applications. This software can works on c and c++
programming language. It is fully a high level language.
The pin diagram of atmega-328 microcontroller can be By using the conditions of working, we can create a
shown below.
Copyright to IJIREEICE

DOI 10.17148/IJIREEICE.2015.3406

28

ISSN (Online) 2321-2004

ISSN (Print) 2321-5526
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE RESEARCH IN ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONICS, INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL ENGINEERING
Vol. 3, Issue 4, April 2015

program to proceed for the applications. Then after, these

programs can be uploaded through the arduino
microcontroller by using the power jack cable. The
program can be uploaded to the microcontroller and ready
for further process. ATMEGA-328 microcontroller can
saves a program and these IC can acts as a processor to do
the process without any error. After by giving an analog or
digital input to the system, we can do the process
according to the applications. We can control the process
of the application by editing the program in the arduino
software and again can be uploaded to the arduino
microcontroller via power jack cable. There is an option of
reset button. The purpose of reset button is to reset the
program which means the previous programs are deleted
and we can use the arduino for the other application
purposes. Likewise, these arduino ATMEGA-328
microcontrollers can be used for n number of applications.
These arduino microcontrollers are widely used in
automation industries for controlling the process and to
work the system in an automation mode.
Here, I have provided a simple arduino program to do the
process of rotating a stepper motor for one revolution.
There are many number of example programs that are
present in the arduino software. We can edit these
programs for our applications purposes. The example
program can be given below.

clockwise or an anticlockwise direction. By using these

Arduino microcontrollers, we can controller speed,
direction and also the number of steps of a motor.
Likewise these arduino microcontrollers can be used for
many numbers of applications.
IV.
CONCLUSION
Thus, the Arduino ATMEGA 328 microcontroller can be
used for various applications such as industrial and
laboratory applications. These Arduino ATMEGA 328
microcontrollers are the most suitable microcontroller for
the robotic applications. These Arduino ATMEGA 328
microcontrollers can be widely used in automation process
industries.
REFFERENCES
[1]

[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]

Automatic gas valve control system using aurdino hardware-T.K.

Sethuramalingam and M. Karthighairasan Bonfring International
Journal of Power Systems and Integrated Circuits Vol 2, No 3,
September 2012.
Aurdino- Wikipedia.
Programming Aurdino Getting started with sketches- McGraw Hill
Nov 8, 2011.
Aurdino source code.
ArduinoPhone. Instructables.com (2013-07-17). Retrieved on 201308-04.

PROGRAM
Stepper
Motor
Control
one
revolution
This program drives a unipolar or bipolar stepper motor.
The motor is attached to digital pins 8 - 11 of the
Arduino. The motor should revolve one revolution in one
direction, then one revolution in the other direction.
#include <Stepper.h> const int steps Per Revolution = 200;
// change this to fit the number of steps per revolution for
your motor
// initialize the stepper library on pins 8 through 11:
Stepper my Stepper (steps Per Revolution, 8,9,10,11);
void setup()
{
// set the speed at 60 rpm: my Stepper. Set Speed(60);
//
initialize the serial port: Serial. begin(9600);
}
Void
loop()
{
// step one revolution
in one direction:
Serial. println("clockwise"); my Stepper. step(steps Per
Revolution);delay(500);
// step one revolution in the other direction:
Serial. println("counter clockwise"); my Stepper. Step (steps
Per
Revolution);
delay
(500);
}
From the above program, the Arduino can produce a
digital input signal to the stepper motor. The stepper motor
which in turn receives the signal from the arduino
microcontroller and therefore it can rotate either in
Copyright to IJIREEICE

DOI 10.17148/IJIREEICE.2015.3406

29