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The Arduino microcontroller is an easy to use yet powerful single board computer that
has gained considerable traction in the hobby and professional market. The Arduino is open-
source, which means hardware is reasonably priced and development software is free.
Arduino has been used in thousands of different projects and applications. The
Arduino software is easy-to-use for beginners, yet flexible enough for advanced users. It runs
on Mac, Windows, and Linux. Teachers and students use it to build low cost scientific
instruments, to prove chemistry and physics principles, or to get started with programming
and robotics. Designers and architects build interactive prototypes, musicians and artists use
it for installations and to experiment with new musical instruments. Makers, of course, use it
to build many of the projects exhibited at the Maker Faire, for example. Arduino is a key tool
to learn new things. Anyone - children, hobbyists, artists, programmers - can start tinkering
just following the step by step instructions of a kit, or sharing ideas online with other members
of the Arduino community.
USB Connector. This is a printer USB port used to load a program from the Arduino IDE
onto the Arduino board. The board can also be powered through this port.
Power Port. The Arduino board can be powered through an AC-to-DC adapter or a battery.
The power source can be connected by plugging in a 2.1mm center-positive plug into the
power jack of the board. The Arduino UNO board operates at a voltage of 5 volts, but it
can withstand a maximum voltage of 20 volts. If the board is supplied with a higher
voltage, there is a voltage regulator (it sits between the power port and USB connector)
that protects the board from burning out.
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Microcontroller. It is the most prominent black rectangular chip with 28 pins. Think of it as
the brains of your Arduino. The microcontroller used on the UNO board is Atmega328P by
Atmel (a major microcontroller manufacturer). Atmega328P has the following components in
it:
 Flash memory of 32KB. The program loaded from Arduino IDE is stored here.
 RAM of 2KB. This is a runtime memory.
 CPU: It controls everything that goes on within the device. It fetches the program
instructions from flash memory and runs them with the help of RAM.
 Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory (EEPROM) of 1KB. This is a
type of nonvolatile memory, and it keeps the data even after device restart and reset.
Atmega328P is pre-programmed with bootloader. This allows you to directly upload a new
Arduino program into the device, without using any external hardware programmer,
making the Arduino UNO board easy to use.
Analog Input Pins. The Arduino UNO board has 6 analog input pins, labeled “Analog 0 to 5.”
These pins can read the signal from an analog sensor like a temperature sensor and convert it
into a digital value so that the system understands. These pins just measure voltage and not
the current because they have very high internal resistance. Hence, only a small amount of
current flows through these pins.
Although these pins are labeled analog and are analog input by default, these pins can also be
used for digital input or output.
Digital Pins. Labeled “Digital 0 to 13.” These pins can be used as either input or output pins.
When used as output, these pins act as a power supply source for the components connected
to them. When used as input pins, they read the signals from the component connected to
them. When digital pins are used as output pins, they supply 40 milliamps of current at 5 volts,
which is more than enough to light an LED.
Some of the digital pins are labeled with tilde (~) symbol next to the pin numbers (pin numbers
3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11). These pins act as normal digital pins but can also be used for Pulse-Width
Modulation (PWM), which simulates analog output like fading an LED in and out.
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Reset Switch. When this switch is clicked, it sends a logical pulse to the reset pin of the
Microcontroller, and now runs the program again from the start. This can be very useful if
your code doesn’t repeat, but you want to test it multiple times.
Crystal oscillator. This is a quartz crystal oscillator which ticks 16 million times a second. On
each tick, the microcontroller performs one operation, for example, addition, subtraction, etc.
USB interface chip. Think of this as a signal translator. It converts signals in the USB level to a
level that an Arduino UNO board understands.
TX RX LEDs. TX stands for transmit, and RX for receive. These are indicator LEDs which blink
whenever the UNO board is transmitting or receiving data. Now that you have explored the
Arduino UNO board, you have started your journey toward building your first IoT prototype.
In the next article, we will discuss Arduino programming and do a few experiments with
Arduino and LEDs.
Listed below are some of the projects that we can make using Arduino.
 Compact Arduino Based Pulse Oximeter Sensor Circuit
 Hand Gesture Controlled Robotic Arm
 Fingerprint Based Car Ignition System using Arduino and RFID
 Arduino Based Smart Vacuum Cleaner Robot for Automatic Floor Cleaning
 Portable Arduino Weighing Machine with Set Weight Option for Retail Packing
 Rain Detection using Arduino and Rain Sensor
 Arduino Currency Counter using IR and Color Sensor

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