SELECTED TOPICS in POWER SYSTEMS and REMOTE SENSING

Conservation Activities of Old Traditional Mosque in Malaysia: An

Overview
S. Johar, A.G. Ahmad
School of Housing, Building and Planning, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Pulau Pinang,
MALAYSIA
A.I. Che-Ani, M.M. Tahir, N.A.G. Abdullah, N.M. Tawil
Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi,
Selangor, MALAYSIA
suhana1102@yahoo.com, aghafar@usm.my ,
adiirfan@gmail.com, designaar@gmail.com, akmal.goh@gmail.com, nmtawil@gmail.com
Abstract: - This paper reviews the conservation activities, particularly on traditional old mosque in Malaysia. It
comprise the definition, concept and importance of conservation in general, the present of conservation
activities on historic buildings and mosque in Malaysia, and the approaches used for conserving to preserve
Muslims house of worship. The finding of this paper highlights the four key conservation principles namely
minimal intervention, conducting scientific research and laboratories testing, documentation of conservation
work and applying effective methods and techniques for conservation. Meanwhile for conservation program,
the seven approaches are preservation, reproduction, restoration, maintenance, redevelopment, rehabilitation
and consolidation. Several approaches are normally adopted for one building conservation project. What most
important is the justification in adopting the approaches so that it comply to one of the key conservation
principle, namely minimal intervention.
Keywords: Architectural heritage, Building conservation, Building maintenance, Building repair, Building
survey, Cultural significance, Historic building, Malaysia, Place of worship, Traditional mosque
the whole of Malay Archipelago. Furthermore, with
the rise of Muslim lead government, it encourages
constructions and development of more religious
buildings which portray the craftsmanship of its
carpentry skills is being polished. Today, numerous
wooden mosque is unable to be included in this
research as it is too old, unused or has been
reconstructed and improved with modern
architectural elements. This is where conservation
works needs to take place to ensure positive chances
is
being
provided
for
these
mosques.
Heritage conservation is a responsibility that must
be carried by each individual in every society. Its
importance is undeniable, particularly to maintain
the continuity of historical events that took place
before. It is also to provide the future generations
with the opportunity to experience the unique values
of the remaining cultural heritage hence to enhance
the spirit of patriotism for the country (Kamal,
2007).

1 Introduction
Malaysia stands among the countries with rich
diversity of architectural and historic buildings.
Commonly known for its multiracial, and vast
cultural diversity, this country is blessed with
history and cultural effects which forms its national
identity. Malaysia is also a popular country for its
fast and rapid developments still remain the
remarkable cultural properties such as Sultan Abdul
Samads building, Masjid Jamek in Kuala Lumpur,
Tengkera Mosque in Malacca, statues and other
prominent architectural footprints. These old
buildings remain strong, clearly shows the unique
architectural heritage and priceless of historic
buildings (Ahmad 1997; Kamal 2007). Along with
the other historic building, traditional mosque has
long known for its unique, and history contribution
in the nation. Remaining architectural heritage are
never exempted from destruction elements hence
conservation is a necessary actions to keep the
cultural property from being destroyed by process of
modernization and architectural facelift
The word mosque refers to a Spanish term
Mezquitta, which means Muslims house of
worship. In the early days, with the trade activities,
Islam took its stand and continues to spread its
teachings to the Malay world in South East Asia and

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2 Conservation and the Importance

Conservation process is generally known as an
action to extend and prolong a life of an object. It
practices the importance of value which needs to be
determine in preserving a cultural property. It
contains two activities; to care and safe guard from

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used in commercial sector or privately owned.

According to Orbasli (2008), in a time of increasing
environmental consciousness, existing old buildings
are important resources, in which, with sufficient
care, can continue to be useful for a very long time.
In fact, the interest, from the architectural
significance is one of the benchmark to be an
evidence of civilization, fineness art and
craftsmanship and construction technology of the
past (Kamal et al., 2007). Young (1991) and Orbasli
(2008), extending their view on the technical aspects
in which the importance of creativity and
technology innovation are importance evidence of a
creations.

being destroyed or changed without careful planning

(Harun, 2005). Conservation is also viewed as a
process to manage the changes while development,
is the mechanism that delivers change (Orbasli,
2008). Conservation also includes activities to
prevent decay, which contains all acts to extend the
life of a cultural and natural heritage (Fielden,
2000).
The significance of a building or place of
historic, architectural and cultural importance is its
most defying value. The loss of which will devalue
its
cultural
significance
(Orbasli,
2008).
Conservation works must preserve and if possible
enhance the messages and values of cultural
property. These values will systematically help to
set overall priorities in deciding proposed
interventions, as well as to establish the extent and
nature of the individual treatment (Fielden, 2000). It
was also stated by Ahmad (2006a), all conservation
implementation should consider several factors such
as the value of history, architecture, age, function,
materials and maintenance and supported from
various relevant parties.
The importance of building conservation has
long known for its contribution in various sectors
and communities. It is well known for keeping
history evidence that once happened before. As
according to Powell (1994), a heritage building
contained an explicit and implicit history values;
while as in Orbasli (2008), heritage buildings is an
important part of the built environment in which
history and cultural evidence can be found by
exploring heritage buildings. The importance of
conservation categorized as below:
.

2.2

Historic buildings are known for its contribution in

protecting identity values of a place. According to
Idid, (1996), identity is variations images of places,
to distinguish each of it from another. The
component which creates identity in a town or
places is by the old existing buildings. As
documents of the past, historic buildings are
important source of historical materials as the paper
and parchment used by historians. Therefore it is
important to conserve and preserve historic
buildings because it provides a sense of identity and
continuity in a fast changing world (Kamal, et al.,
2008). The uniqueness of a townscape is one of a
cultural value, thus, if it vanishes, replacement will
not be the same (Idid, 1996).

2.3 Psychological Value to Historic Building

Historic building creates psychology emotion and
nostalgia, particularly for those who has sentimental
values with old buildings. The situation creates
relevance relationship of a historic building with
human psychology. As with Ahmad, (1998a),
relates the two psychological approaches of why to
conserve historic building which is the sensitivity of
historical and aesthetic value; and emotional bonds
to the historic buildings. Historic buildings are
known as a provider of a symbol of cultural identity
and heritage of a society on a particular time. The
overview of reality in such of life pattern,
environment, architecture and building technology
can be associated through observation and
assessment of a historic buildings.
One can felt a nostalgia interest when an
important event happened and creates emotional
psychology (Kamalet al., 2007). When seeing a
historic old building, it triggers the memorable
events in which a history can be only happen once.
For example, Stadium Merdeka in Kuala Lumpur is
one of a priceless building, witnesses the nostalgic

2.1 To Restore and Appreciate the

Uniqueness of a Cultural Heritage
Each, historic building has its own uniqueness and
this clearly seen in architectural point of view,
origin materials, settings and layout and the cultural
landscape. It is not a complete built environment
without the contribution of historic building, as
historic building is an intrinsic part of it (Orbasli,
2008). An architectural style is one of a medium that
tells on their origin or influences in which, creates a
valuable emotion of appreciating the historical value
in a cultural property. The historic significance in a
cultural property is a strong evidence to show era or
indicates historical events that once happen
(Ahmad, 1994).
Historical buildings are well known for its
beautiful design, impressive workmanship and
construction. Till now, historic building are still

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Image and Identity of Historic City

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highlights the identity and environment through a

diversity of architecture transformation of historic
building are one the cultural tourism which
contributes for the economy in a country. Another
reason for conservation arises from a desire to
promote national identity or explicitly to stimulate
domestic and international tourism activities
(Orbasli, 2008). Cultural diversity and unique
architecture style are introduced through heritage
tourism activities, hence also enable to generate
economies in particular region.

moment for independence moment of Malaya.

Psychology value born from the effects of
sensitivity and emotional reactions that arise when
seeing such a memorable evidence.

2.4 To Retain History and Belief

Heritage has abroad definition. It can be pattern of
life, cultural settlement and traditional belief. Old
buildings and monuments can tells it own history
and event, in which the impact of the event had
proved the existence of a civilization, which still
under research. Some of the historic building and
monuments are still used as a palaces and a place of
worship or religious buildings; and some are
preserved as a monumental heritage in such of
statues and ruins (Harun, 2005).
Young (1991) stated that belief is one of the
factors created civilization development. Hence,
would also mean history and belief are mutually
relation, therefore associates of why it need to be
conserved. Pyramid, Inca City and monument such
as Borobudur gave strong evidence that belief has
been creating the development of civilization.
Buildings, monuments and tombs have been built
for the purpose of worship, tangible evidence
against the remnants of past civilizations; require
preservation and conservation, so that the history
can be passed to new generations. It is interesting
and fascinates, of all the ancient building is proving
a superior technology used, and still wondered and
research till now. The contribution of heritage to
the educational development are deniable in which
its the only tangible evidence exist for any future
research regarding on the history and cultural
studies.

2.5 Architectural Continuity

Importance in Tourism Industry

and

3 Traditional Mosque Architecture in

Malaysia
During the early arrival of Islam in Malaysia, the
mosque architecture are simple, does not have a
clear features as what can be seen in the mosques of
Middle Eastern. Many mosques of the traditional
architectural style were built to hold prayers and
other activities associated with the teachings and
dissemination of Islam. The architectural style and
building materials of the mosques built during 15th
centuries were similar to that of the traditional
Malay houses. According to Ahmad (1999a), there
are two types of architectural styles under the
vernacular mosques category, namely the traditional
and regional influences, differentiate by the design
of the roof. The traditional mosques usually reflect
the strong influences of the Malay houses, way of
life and environment. The roof generally a long
shape gable roof. Conversely seen in vernacular
mosques with regional influence which can be
distinguished by their two or three-tiered roofs with
decorative roof ridges and clay tiles. The regional
influence mosques in Malaysia are similar with the
old mosques built in many parts of Indonesia.
The architectural style of traditional mosque
reflects most to the environment which can be seen
through the building construction (Ahmad, 1999a).
Some of building features which were built in
response to the warm and humid climatic conditions
are pitched roofs to enable rain water to run off
quickly and many openings including louvered
windows, fanlights and carving panels to allow
natural cross ventilation of air. Another design
features is build on stilts to raise the mosques above
ground level to avoid floods and consequently a
purpose for ventilation comfort and safety
precaution are the in response to the environment
(Nasir and Tea, 1997; Rasdi, 2004).

the

Building conservation is seen as part of efforts to

preserve remnants of civilization since heritage
clearly evidence that shows the continuity of built
environment. According to Jim Antonio (1981),
conservation is an activity involves the
improvement of quality in environmental planning.
It is a management of limited resources such as
historic buildings and places, in which the main
objective is to ensure for continuous usage. This can
be explained, the building conservation is not just a
restoration but to prolong the function of the
building. It is best viewed as reusing back and some
improvement may help for the purpose.
The importance of preserving historic building
and monuments has been proved to boost economy
in a region. According to Ahmad (1998b),

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3.1 Tree-Stacked Pyramidal Roofs

The design of the earliest mosques in Malaysia
which can be detected is the three-stacked

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realized in the late of 1970s where the construction

industry was boom with the rapid development and
resulted in destruction of historic buildings due to
lack of regulation and protection. Recent large scale
urban development continues to threaten pre-war
buildings, while other historic buildings are simply
deteriorating due to age, neglect and high cost of
maintenance (Hong, 2001).
The beginning for building conservation
activities was felt around 1980s (Ahmad, 1997,
Harun, 2005). It have been seen to well runs and
manageable due to the introduction of the
Antiquities Act 1976 (Act 168), Town and Country
Planning Act 1976 (Act 172), the Local Government
Act (Act 171), enactments from state and local
government, as well as the National Land Code,
which it enacted by the local authority for the name
of conservation. The consciousness is also seen by
the establishment of ' Conservation Unit and
Planning DBKL in 1988, the Conservation Unit of
Penang in 1991 and Conservation Unit of Malacca,
Malacca Town, as to control and planned
development activities in their respective areas.
Projects such as conservation of Stadthuys building
in Melaka and Pasar Basah Kuala Lumpur (which
now known as Central Market) made around 1986
has been recognized as a pioneer for the
development of building conservation activities in
Malaysia (Ahmad, 1998, Harun, 2005, Amer
Hamzah, 1991 and Iesnordin Malan, 1997).
The conservation activities for old mosque were
started around 1990s. In those years, tourism
industry had seen as a promising economic
contributor to the nation. Besides, the launched of
Visit Malaysia Year program in 1990 was among
the government's efforts of improving the economy
through heritage tourism industry. Provisions for
preserving the cultural heritage in the Ninth
Malaysia Plan-6 (RMK-6) were larger than
previously, as to promote Malaysia for tourist
destination (Idid, SZA, 1995). Ministry of Culture,
Arts and Tourism (KKKP) by the time, had allocate
fund for heritage conservation projects, which
channeled to the Museum and Antiquity Department
(JMA), to implement projects such as the
conservation Terangkera Mosque, Kampung Hulu
Mosque, Pengkalan Kakap Mosque, Masjid Kg.
Duyung and so forth. The conservation of
Pengkalan Kakap mosque, in Merbok, Kedah in
1994 was one of successful conservation activities
conducted by the Department of Museums and
Antiquity, based to the application of conservation
principle in the process (Paiman Keromo 1999).
The efforts for conservation are now
increasingly popular in various parties. Awareness

pyramidal roof mosque. According to Tajuddin

(2000), the form was detected in the design of
Kampung Laut mosque and Kampung Tuan mosque
built between the 16th and 17th century. The forms
distinguished by several layers of pyramidal
arrangement, and it is understood that in some areas
in Indonesia called the roof design as joglo roof as
reflects to its original roof design from traditional
Javanese house (Nasir, 1995, Budi, 2004). The roof
arranged by stacking one above the other and an
ornamental features are installed on top of it, which
called mahkota atap (Nasir, 1995).

3.2 Two-Stacked Pyramidal Roofs

Another form distinguishes as traditional mosque
architectural is the two-stacked pyramidal roof.
This form is used in the construction of and Papan
mosque in Perak and Lenggeng mosque in Negeri
Sembilan which both said to be built in the 18th and
19th century (Nasir, 1995). The construction are as
same as three-stacked roof but only use two layer of
roof the arrangement.

3.3 Gable Roof Form

The type of form is almost the same used in
traditional local houses. In this design, there are two
types of roof, using one and two layers of roof
arrangement. The roof is long and straight and at the
end was a vertical wall with a triangle shape which
forms as a gable roof. This form can be seen in the
construction of Tok Pulai Condong mosque and
Langgar mosque in Kelantan and also found in Java,
Indonesia of Sunan Bonang mosques (Nasir, 1995).

4 The Building Conservation

Activities in Malaysia
Building conservation in Malaysia has long been
practice, although it becomes more familiar in
recent time. It started behind relatively with those
countries such as in Europe (Ahmad, 1994, Harun,
2005, Kamal, 2007). The beginning of conservation
activities was started since the 1960s, around the
British ruler, which is focused on excavation and
exploration of artifacts in this country. However, the
exploration and archeology activities had been seen
destroying some important evidence of a cultural
property and its surrounding (Al-Rashid, 1972).
After the Malaya independence, Museums
Department was established and was assigned for
the maintenance and conservation of heritage and
conservation work, and among of its earliest project
was the excavation and rehabilitation of Lembah
Bujang (Rashid, 1972). The devastation of the
architecture heritage values in Malaysia was

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2. Conducting scientific research and laboratories

testing. As contained in the ICOMOS, Article
12, 1998 that outlined ".. conservation should
be based on appropriate research and physical
investigation which should as far as possible, a
non destructive.." and Article 10 (e) .. "..
intervention should always be preceeded by
appropriate research, investigation and
recording ".
3. Documentation of conservation work. This is
contained in Article 10 (f), ICOMOS 1998
which outlines .. ".. Conservation records
should always be maintained, kept with the
documentation of the building or site and
deposited in an appropriate archive...
4. Applying effective methods and techniques. In
Clause 4, Article 4.1 and 4.2, outline in Burra
Charter ".. Conservation should make use of all
the knowledge, skills and disciplines which can
contribute to the study and care of the place.."
and ".. Traditional techniques and materials are
preferred for the conservation of significant
fabric. In some circumstances modern
techniques and materials which offer
substantial conservation benefits may be
appropriate ".
Generally, there are seven (7) approach in a
conservation program, used individually or a
combination, depend on the circumstances and
objectives of a conservation project. The approach
are
preservation,
reproduction,
restoration,
maintenance, redevelopment, rehabilitation and
consolidation (Kamal and Ahmad 2007, Idid, SZA
1996, Fielden 2000).
In preserving religious buildings particularly
mosques, several approaches are used to prolong the
usage of the building in Muslim community.
Conservation,
preservation,
restoration
and
maintenance are among the common approach.
Conservation of Old Tinggi mosque in Bagan Serai,
Perak, as for example had been restored to its
original features in which include the building
material, design and location. While conservation of
Masjid Kampung Laut in Nilam Puri, Kelantan had
undergone for restoration work and relocation due
to the threat of natural disasters.
Justification required as some approach is
irrelevant in conserving a mosque. The restoration
approach as referred in Article 1.7, Burra Charter
(1999) .. means returning the existing fabric of a
place to a known earlier state by removing
accretions or by reassembling existing components
without the introduction of new material.
Burden (2004), defined the restoration as an effort
to obtain an accurate forms and details of an object

about the importance of conserving cultural property

has led Malaysia strives to preserve varieties of
local and colonial architectural heritage particularly
from the traditional, Portuguese, Dutch and British
era. The activities has also become more vigorously
with the establishment of the Department of
National Heritage (JWN) in 2005 and recognition of
Malacca City, Malacca and Georgetown, Penang as
a 'World Heritage Site' awarded by UNESCO
(United Educational Scientific and Culture of the
United Nations) in 2008.
Indeed, with the
establishment of the heritage department and the
allocation funds provided by government, was seen
to generate actively for the conservation of the old
mosque in each state. Among the mosques that has
already through for conservation works is the Old
Mosque of Jalan Batu Uban, Penang, Kg. Jenang
mosque and Kg. Gagu mosque in Negeri Sembilan,
Old Tinggi mosque in Bagan Serai, Perak and so
forth, which recognize the uniqueness of it
architectural heritage and proves for its contribution
in preserving cultural significance.

5 Principles and Approach of

Conserving Traditional Mosque
A good conservation is perform based to principles,
hence in carrying a conservation work, it is crucial
to understand some of its basic principles. The
principle act as an important assistant in conserving
a cultural property, thus charters are one of the
sources to guide for such works.
Conservation has been identified as an action or
activity related with repair and maintenance. Each
conservation activities involve intervention which
effects the 'value' of a historic building. Intervention
should be minimal and can be controlled depends on
certain circumstances, as it would cause the loss of
values in cultural property. Stated in any
international charter such as Venice and Burra
Charter in purpose to guide in the conserving a
heritage. According to Ahmad (2006), a
conservation work successfully carried if it
complied to the basic principles of conservation.
Therefore, conserving a heritage should always
apply with the right techniques and conservation
methods. Ahmad (2006) also suggests four (4) key
principles that should always practiced in
conservation work in Malaysia, which is:
1. .Minimal intervention. As in (Burra Charter
Article 3, 1979) sets out ".... the Conservation
is based on a respect for the existing fabric,
use, associations and meanings. It requires a
cautious approach of changing as much as
necessary but as little as possible.

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through dismantling or replacement of lost with new

material. Diversely in conserving old mosque which
still in use, particularly, the additional space and
structure can be seen clearly as the concept of a
mosque is to invite and encourage the presence of
congregation. Structures mostly in the permanently
form are discouraged to remove and demolition will
affect the concept of a mosque. However, its
applicable if a justification considered; in which
building a new mosque, or it is no longer used or
using material which can be differentiate from the
original. As conserving on other older buildings, the
methods of repair and replacement of lost or
seriously damaged of a building elements in a
mosque should based on appropriate approach. For
replacing a seriously decay timber element, it should
be replace with the same kind of its original
material. If in insufficient resources, replacement by
using similar character is advisedly applied. The
reproduction concept are use in such if an element
had been lost by imitate the design, the character
and its material. In consistent with the concept of
reconstruction according to Article 1.8, Charter
Burra (1999) by returning to a known earlier state
and is distinguished from restoration by the
introduction of new material into the fabric.
According to Burden (2004), defined rebuilding as a
new construction of what has been lost or destroyed,
in the form of the original conditions in terms of its
building materials and the details from the original.
Any replacement of the missing elements or
experiencing severe deterioration must be able to
look unite and harmoniously with the overall
condition and can be differentiated between the new
and original material or elements through a
thorough inspection.

implementations of conserving the cultural property

in this country. To preserve for this Muslims house
of worship, one should a sense of the meaning,
applicable principles and appropriate approaches as
to achieve and delivered the best in the conservation
practice.

6 Conclusion

Fig. 1: (a) Kampung Laut mosque before

restored to Nilam Puri, (b) Building plan of
Kampung Laut mosque (National Archives and
KALAM).

3-stacked
pyramidal
roof

Front view

b
Plan view

History is an inseparable part of the environment,

living on as physical traces of the past. A Historic
building is an intrinsic part of the built environment
thus the importance is undeniable for its benefits to
the society and nation. Awareness for conserving
the precious cultural property had been seen
increasingly grows into attention in various parties
in Malaysia. The uniqueness of our local traditional
architectural which portray of high skill of
craftsmanship and construction should be conserved
as to retained the local identity. Besides the desire to
promote identity or explicitly to stimulate domestic
and international tourism are another reason for
conservation arises. The conservation of the old
mosques began to be intensified with the
establishment of the Department of National
Heritage whose authorize for the guide and

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2 stacked
roof
Side Elevation

Front Elevation

Fig. 4: (a) The gable roof form of traditional

houses in Malaysia. (b) The Langgar mosque
using 2 layer of long gable roof arrangement.
(Lim, 1987; Chen, 1998).

Fig. 2: (a) Lenggeng mosque in Negeri

Sembilan (b) Papan mosque in Perak Board
(KALAM).

Image 1: Old Tinggi mosque, in Bagan Serai

had been conserved to its original state.

Fig. 3: Old Tok Pulai Condong mosque, Pulai

Condong, in Kelantan

Image 2: Old mosque of Kg. Mendun, in Negeri

Sembilan, were nearly 100 years, stood still
with some renovations and additional structure
which can be easily recognized.

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