SELECTED TOPICS in POWER SYSTEMS and REMOTE SENSING

Conservation Activities of Old Traditional Mosque in Malaysia: An

Overview
S. Johar, A.G. Ahmad
School of Housing, Building and Planning, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Pulau Pinang,
MALAYSIA
A.I. Che-Ani, M.M. Tahir, N.A.G. Abdullah, N.M. Tawil
Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi,
Selangor, MALAYSIA
suhana1102@yahoo.com, aghafar@usm.my ,
adiirfan@gmail.com, designaar@gmail.com, akmal.goh@gmail.com, nmtawil@gmail.com

Abstract: - This paper reviews the conservation activities, particularly on traditional old mosque in Malaysia. It
comprise the definition, concept and importance of conservation in general, the present of conservation
activities on historic buildings and mosque in Malaysia, and the approaches used for conserving to preserve
Muslim’s house of worship. The finding of this paper highlights the four key conservation principles namely
minimal intervention, conducting scientific research and laboratories testing, documentation of conservation
work and applying effective methods and techniques for conservation. Meanwhile for conservation program,
the seven approaches are preservation, reproduction, restoration, maintenance, redevelopment, rehabilitation
and consolidation. Several approaches are normally adopted for one building conservation project. What most
important is the justification in adopting the approaches so that it comply to one of the key conservation
principle, namely minimal intervention.

Keywords: Architectural heritage, Building conservation, Building maintenance, Building repair, Building
survey, Cultural significance, Historic building, Malaysia, Place of worship, Traditional mosque

1 Introduction the whole of Malay Archipelago. Furthermore, with

Malaysia stands among the countries with rich the rise of Muslim lead government, it encourages
diversity of architectural and historic buildings. constructions and development of more religious
Commonly known for its’ multiracial, and vast buildings which portray the craftsmanship of its
cultural diversity, this country is blessed with carpentry skills is being polished. Today, numerous
history and cultural effects which forms its national wooden mosque is unable to be included in this
identity. Malaysia is also a popular country for its research as it is too old, unused or has been
fast and rapid developments still remain the reconstructed and improved with modern
remarkable cultural properties such as Sultan Abdul architectural elements. This is where conservation
Samad’s building, Masjid Jamek in Kuala Lumpur, works needs to take place to ensure positive chances
Tengkera Mosque in Malacca, statues and other is being provided for these mosques.
prominent architectural footprints. These old Heritage conservation is a responsibility that must
buildings remain strong, clearly shows the unique be carried by each individual in every society. Its
architectural heritage and priceless of historic importance is undeniable, particularly to maintain
buildings (Ahmad 1997; Kamal 2007). Along with the continuity of historical events that took place
the other historic building, traditional mosque has before. It is also to provide the future generations
long known for its unique, and history contribution with the opportunity to experience the unique values
in the nation. Remaining architectural heritage are of the remaining cultural heritage hence to enhance
never exempted from destruction elements hence the spirit of patriotism for the country (Kamal,
conservation is a necessary actions to keep the 2007).
cultural property from being destroyed by process of
modernization and architectural facelift 2 Conservation and the Importance
The word mosque refers to a Spanish term Conservation process is generally known as an
‘Mezquitta’, which means Muslims house of action to extend and prolong a life of an object. It
worship. In the early days, with the trade activities, practices the importance of value which needs to be
Islam took its stand and continues to spread its determine in preserving a cultural property. It
teachings to the Malay world in South East Asia and contains two activities; to care and safe guard from

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 SELECTED TOPICS in POWER SYSTEMS and REMOTE SENSING

being destroyed or changed without careful planning used in commercial sector or privately owned.
(Harun, 2005). Conservation is also viewed as a According to Orbasli (2008), in a time of increasing
process to manage the changes while development, environmental consciousness, existing old buildings
is the mechanism that delivers change (Orbasli, are important resources, in which, with sufficient
2008). Conservation also includes activities to care, can continue to be useful for a very long time.
prevent decay, which contains all acts to extend the In fact, the interest, from the architectural
life of a cultural and natural heritage (Fielden, significance is one of the benchmark to be an
2000). evidence of civilization, fineness art and
The significance of a building or place of craftsmanship and construction technology of the
past (Kamal et al., 2007). Young (1991) and Orbasli
historic, architectural and cultural importance is its
(2008), extending their view on the technical aspects
most defying value. The loss of which will devalue
in which the importance of creativity and
its cultural significance (Orbasli, 2008).
technology innovation are importance evidence of a
Conservation works must preserve and if possible creations.
enhance the messages and values of cultural
property. These values will systematically help to 2.2 Image and Identity of Historic City
set overall priorities in deciding proposed Historic buildings are known for its contribution in
interventions, as well as to establish the extent and protecting identity values of a place. According to
nature of the individual treatment (Fielden, 2000). It Idid, (1996), identity is variations images of places,
was also stated by Ahmad (2006a), all conservation to distinguish each of it from another. The
implementation should consider several factors such component which creates identity in a town or
as the value of history, architecture, age, function, places is by the old existing buildings. As
materials and maintenance and supported from documents of the past, historic buildings are
various relevant parties. important source of historical materials as the paper
The importance of building conservation has and parchment used by historians. Therefore it is
long known for its contribution in various sectors important to conserve and preserve historic
and communities. It is well known for keeping buildings because it provides a sense of identity and
history evidence that once happened before. As continuity in a fast changing world (Kamal, et al.,
according to Powell (1994), a heritage building 2008). The uniqueness of a townscape is one of a
contained an explicit and implicit history values; cultural value, thus, if it vanishes, replacement will
while as in Orbasli (2008), heritage buildings is an not be the same (Idid, 1996).
important part of the built environment in which
history and cultural evidence can be found by 2.3 Psychological Value to Historic Building
exploring heritage buildings. The importance of Historic building creates psychology emotion and
nostalgia, particularly for those who has sentimental
conservation categorized as below:
values with old buildings. The situation creates
.
relevance relationship of a historic building with
2.1 To Restore and Appreciate the human psychology. As with Ahmad, (1998a),
Uniqueness of a Cultural Heritage relates the two psychological approaches of why to
Each, historic building has its own uniqueness and conserve historic building which is the sensitivity of
this clearly seen in architectural point of view, historical and aesthetic value; and emotional bonds
origin materials, settings and layout and the cultural to the historic buildings. Historic buildings are
landscape. It is not a complete built environment known as a provider of a symbol of cultural identity
without the contribution of historic building, as and heritage of a society on a particular time. The
historic building is an intrinsic part of it (Orbasli, overview of reality in such of life pattern,
2008). An architectural style is one of a medium that environment, architecture and building technology
tells on their origin or influences in which, creates a can be associated through observation and
valuable emotion of appreciating the historical value assessment of a historic buildings.
in a cultural property. The historic significance in a One can felt a nostalgia interest when an
cultural property is a strong evidence to show era or important event happened and creates emotional
indicates historical events that once happen psychology (Kamalet al., 2007). When seeing a
(Ahmad, 1994). historic old building, it triggers the memorable
Historical buildings are well known for its events in which a history can be only happen once.
beautiful design, impressive workmanship and For example, Stadium Merdeka in Kuala Lumpur is
construction. Till now, historic building are still one of a priceless building, witnesses the nostalgic

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 SELECTED TOPICS in POWER SYSTEMS and REMOTE SENSING

moment for independence moment of Malaya. highlights the identity and environment through a
Psychology value born from the effects of diversity of architecture transformation of historic
sensitivity and emotional reactions that arise when building are one the cultural tourism which
seeing such a memorable evidence. contributes for the economy in a country. Another
reason for conservation arises from a desire to
2.4 To Retain History and Belief promote national identity or explicitly to stimulate
Heritage has abroad definition. It can be pattern of domestic and international tourism activities
life, cultural settlement and traditional belief. Old (Orbasli, 2008). Cultural diversity and unique
buildings and monuments can tells it own history architecture style are introduced through heritage
and event, in which the impact of the event had tourism activities, hence also enable to generate
proved the existence of a civilization, which still economies in particular region.
under research. Some of the historic building and
monuments are still used as a palaces and a place of 3 Traditional Mosque Architecture in
worship or religious buildings; and some are Malaysia
preserved as a monumental heritage in such of During the early arrival of Islam in Malaysia, the
statues and ruins (Harun, 2005). mosque architecture are simple, does not have a
Young (1991) stated that belief is one of the clear features as what can be seen in the mosques of
factors created civilization development. Hence, Middle Eastern. Many mosques of the traditional
would also mean history and belief are mutually architectural style were built to hold prayers and
relation, therefore associates of why it need to be other activities associated with the teachings and
conserved. Pyramid, Inca City and monument such dissemination of Islam. The architectural style and
as Borobudur gave strong evidence that belief has building materials of the mosques built during 15th
been creating the development of civilization. centuries were similar to that of the traditional
Buildings, monuments and tombs have been built Malay houses. According to Ahmad (1999a), there
for the purpose of worship, tangible evidence are two types of architectural styles under the
against the remnants of past civilizations; require vernacular mosques category, namely the traditional
preservation and conservation, so that the history and regional influences, differentiate by the design
can be passed to new generations. It is interesting of the roof. The traditional mosques usually reflect
and fascinates, of all the ancient building is proving the strong influences of the Malay houses, way of
a superior technology used, and still wondered and life and environment. The roof generally a long
research till now. The contribution of heritage to shape gable roof. Conversely seen in vernacular
the educational development are deniable in which mosques with regional influence which can be
it’s the only tangible evidence exist for any future distinguished by their two or three-tiered roofs with
research regarding on the history and cultural decorative roof ridges and clay tiles. The regional
studies. influence mosques in Malaysia are similar with the
old mosques built in many parts of Indonesia.
2.5 Architectural Continuity and the The architectural style of traditional mosque
Importance in Tourism Industry reflects most to the environment which can be seen
Building conservation is seen as part of efforts to through the building construction (Ahmad, 1999a).
preserve remnants of civilization since heritage Some of building features which were built in
clearly evidence that shows the continuity of built response to the warm and humid climatic conditions
environment. According to Jim Antonio (1981), are pitched roofs to enable rain water to run off
conservation is an activity involves the quickly and many openings including louvered
improvement of quality in environmental planning. windows, fanlights and carving panels to allow
It is a management of limited resources such as natural cross ventilation of air. Another design
historic buildings and places, in which the main features is build on stilts to raise the mosques above
objective is to ensure for continuous usage. This can ground level to avoid floods and consequently a
be explained, the building conservation is not just a purpose for ventilation comfort and safety
restoration but to prolong the function of the precaution are the in response to the environment
building. It is best viewed as reusing back and some (Nasir and Tea, 1997; Rasdi, 2004).
improvement may help for the purpose.
The importance of preserving historic building 3.1 Tree-Stacked Pyramidal Roofs
and monuments has been proved to boost economy The design of the earliest mosques in Malaysia
in a region. According to Ahmad (1998b), which can be detected is the three-stacked

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pyramidal roof mosque. According to Tajuddin realized in the late of 1970’s where the construction
(2000), the form was detected in the design of industry was boom with the rapid development and
Kampung Laut mosque and Kampung Tuan mosque resulted in destruction of historic buildings due to
built between the 16th and 17th century. The forms lack of regulation and protection. Recent large scale
distinguished by several layers of pyramidal urban development continues to threaten pre-war
arrangement, and it is understood that in some areas buildings, while other historic buildings are simply
in Indonesia called the roof design as ‘joglo roof” as deteriorating due to age, neglect and high cost of
reflects to its original roof design from traditional maintenance (Hong, 2001).
Javanese house (Nasir, 1995, Budi, 2004). The roof The beginning for building conservation
arranged by stacking one above the other and an activities was felt around 1980’s (Ahmad, 1997,
ornamental features are installed on top of it, which Harun, 2005). It have been seen to well runs and
called ‘mahkota atap’ (Nasir, 1995). manageable due to the introduction of the
Antiquities Act 1976 (Act 168), Town and Country
3.2 Two-Stacked Pyramidal Roofs Planning Act 1976 (Act 172), the Local Government
Another form distinguishes as traditional mosque Act (Act 171), enactments from state and local
architectural is the two-stacked pyramidal roof. government, as well as the National Land Code,
This form is used in the construction of and Papan which it enacted by the local authority for the name
mosque in Perak and Lenggeng mosque in Negeri of conservation. The consciousness is also seen by
Sembilan which both said to be built in the 18th and the establishment of ' Conservation Unit and
19th century (Nasir, 1995). The construction are as Planning DBKL in 1988, the Conservation Unit of
same as three-stacked roof but only use two layer of Penang in 1991 and Conservation Unit of Malacca,
roof the arrangement. Malacca Town, as to control and planned
development activities in their respective areas.
3.3 Gable Roof Form Projects such as conservation of Stadthuys building
The type of form is almost the same used in in Melaka and Pasar Basah Kuala Lumpur (which
traditional local houses. In this design, there are two now known as Central Market) made around 1986
types of roof, using one and two layers of roof has been recognized as a pioneer for the
arrangement. The roof is long and straight and at the development of building conservation activities in
end was a vertical wall with a triangle shape which Malaysia (Ahmad, 1998, Harun, 2005, Amer
forms as a gable roof. This form can be seen in the Hamzah, 1991 and Iesnordin Malan, 1997).
construction of Tok Pulai Condong mosque and The conservation activities for old mosque were
Langgar mosque in Kelantan and also found in Java, started around 1990’s. In those years, tourism
Indonesia of Sunan Bonang mosques (Nasir, 1995). industry had seen as a promising economic
contributor to the nation. Besides, the launched of
Visit Malaysia Year program in 1990 was among
4 The Building Conservation the government's efforts of improving the economy
Activities in Malaysia through heritage tourism industry. Provisions for
Building conservation in Malaysia has long been preserving the cultural heritage in the Ninth
practice, although it becomes more familiar in Malaysia Plan-6 (RMK-6) were larger than
recent time. It started behind relatively with those previously, as to promote Malaysia for tourist
countries such as in Europe (Ahmad, 1994, Harun, destination (Idid, SZA, 1995). Ministry of Culture,
2005, Kamal, 2007). The beginning of conservation Arts and Tourism (KKKP) by the time, had allocate
activities was started since the 1960’s, around the fund for heritage conservation projects, which
British ruler, which is focused on excavation and channeled to the Museum and Antiquity Department
exploration of artifacts in this country. However, the (JMA), to implement projects such as the
exploration and archeology activities had been seen conservation Terangkera Mosque, Kampung Hulu
destroying some important evidence of a cultural Mosque, Pengkalan Kakap Mosque, Masjid Kg.
property and its surrounding (Al-Rashid, 1972). Duyung and so forth. The conservation of
After the Malaya independence, Museums Pengkalan Kakap mosque, in Merbok, Kedah in
Department was established and was assigned for 1994 was one of successful conservation activities
the maintenance and conservation of heritage and conducted by the Department of Museums and
conservation work, and among of its earliest project Antiquity, based to the application of conservation
was the excavation and rehabilitation of Lembah principle in the process (Paiman Keromo 1999).
Bujang (Rashid, 1972). The devastation of the The efforts for conservation are now
architecture heritage values in Malaysia was increasingly popular in various parties. Awareness

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about the importance of conserving cultural property 2. Conducting scientific research and laboratories
has led Malaysia strives to preserve varieties of testing. As contained in the ICOMOS, Article
local and colonial architectural heritage particularly 12, 1998 that outlined ".. conservation should
from the traditional, Portuguese, Dutch and British be based on appropriate research and physical
era. The activities has also become more vigorously investigation which should as far as possible, a
with the establishment of the Department of non destructive.." and Article 10 (e) .. "..
National Heritage (JWN) in 2005 and recognition of intervention should always be preceeded by
Malacca City, Malacca and Georgetown, Penang as appropriate research, investigation and
a 'World Heritage Site' awarded by UNESCO recording ".
(United Educational Scientific and Culture of the 3. Documentation of conservation work. This is
United Nations) in 2008. Indeed, with the contained in Article 10 (f), ICOMOS 1998
establishment of the heritage department and the which outlines .. ".. Conservation records
allocation funds provided by government, was seen should always be maintained, kept with the
to generate actively for the conservation of the old documentation of the building or site and
mosque in each state. Among the mosques that has deposited in an appropriate archive..”.
already through for conservation works is the Old 4. Applying effective methods and techniques. In
Mosque of Jalan Batu Uban, Penang, Kg. Jenang Clause 4, Article 4.1 and 4.2, outline in Burra
mosque and Kg. Gagu mosque in Negeri Sembilan, Charter ".. Conservation should make use of all
Old Tinggi mosque in Bagan Serai, Perak and so the knowledge, skills and disciplines which can
forth, which recognize the uniqueness of it contribute to the study and care of the place.."
architectural heritage and proves for its contribution and ".. Traditional techniques and materials are
in preserving cultural significance. preferred for the conservation of significant
fabric. In some circumstances modern
5 Principles and Approach of techniques and materials which offer
substantial conservation benefits may be
Conserving Traditional Mosque appropriate… ".
A good conservation is perform based to principles,
Generally, there are seven (7) approach in a
hence in carrying a conservation work, it is crucial
conservation program, used individually or a
to understand some of its basic principles. The
combination, depend on the circumstances and
principle act as an important assistant in conserving
objectives of a conservation project. The approach
a cultural property, thus charters are one of the
are preservation, reproduction, restoration,
sources to guide for such works.
maintenance, redevelopment, rehabilitation and
Conservation has been identified as an action or
consolidation (Kamal and Ahmad 2007, Idid, SZA
activity related with repair and maintenance. Each
1996, Fielden 2000).
conservation activities involve intervention which
In preserving religious buildings particularly
effects the 'value' of a historic building. Intervention
mosques, several approaches are used to prolong the
should be minimal and can be controlled depends on
usage of the building in Muslim community.
certain circumstances, as it would cause the loss of
Conservation, preservation, restoration and
values in cultural property. Stated in any
maintenance are among the common approach.
international charter such as Venice and Burra
Conservation of Old Tinggi mosque in Bagan Serai,
Charter in purpose to guide in the conserving a
Perak, as for example had been restored to its
heritage. According to Ahmad (2006), a
original features in which include the building
conservation work successfully carried if it
material, design and location. While conservation of
complied to the basic principles of conservation.
Masjid Kampung Laut in Nilam Puri, Kelantan had
Therefore, conserving a heritage should always
undergone for restoration work and relocation due
apply with the right techniques and conservation
to the threat of natural disasters.
methods. Ahmad (2006) also suggests four (4) key
Justification required as some approach is
principles that should always practiced in
irrelevant in conserving a mosque. The restoration
conservation work in Malaysia, which is:
approach as referred in Article 1.7, Burra Charter
1. .Minimal intervention. As in (Burra Charter
(1999) “.. means returning the existing fabric of a
Article 3, 1979) sets out ".... the Conservation
place to a known earlier state by removing
is based on a respect for the existing fabric,
accretions or by reassembling existing components
use, associations and meanings. It requires a
without the introduction of new material…”.
cautious approach of changing as much as
Burden (2004), defined the restoration as an effort
necessary but as little as possible…”.
to obtain an accurate forms and details of an object

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through dismantling or replacement of lost with new implementations of conserving the cultural property
material. Diversely in conserving old mosque which in this country. To preserve for this Muslim’s house
still in use, particularly, the additional space and of worship, one should a sense of the meaning,
structure can be seen clearly as the concept of a applicable principles and appropriate approaches as
mosque is to invite and encourage the presence of to achieve and delivered the best in the conservation
congregation. Structures mostly in the permanently practice.
form are discouraged to remove and demolition will
affect the concept of a mosque. However, its
applicable if a justification considered; in which
building a new mosque, or it is no longer used or
using material which can be differentiate from the
original. As conserving on other older buildings, the
methods of repair and replacement of lost or
seriously damaged of a building elements in a
mosque should based on appropriate approach. For
replacing a seriously decay timber element, it should
be replace with the same kind of its original
material. If in insufficient resources, replacement by
using similar character is advisedly applied. The
a
reproduction concept are use in such if an element
had been lost by imitate the design, the character
and its material. In consistent with the concept of
reconstruction according to Article 1.8, Charter
Burra (1999) by returning to a known earlier state
3-stacked
and is distinguished from restoration by the pyramidal
introduction of new material into the fabric. roof
According to Burden (2004), defined rebuilding as a
new construction of what has been lost or destroyed,
in the form of the original conditions in terms of its Front view
building materials and the details from the original.
Any replacement of the missing elements or
experiencing severe deterioration must be able to
look unite and harmoniously with the overall
condition and can be differentiated between the new b
and original material or elements through a
thorough inspection.
Plan view

6 Conclusion Fig. 1: (a) Kampung Laut mosque before

History is an inseparable part of the environment, restored to Nilam Puri, (b) Building plan of
living on as physical traces of the past. A Historic Kampung Laut mosque (National Archives and
building is an intrinsic part of the built environment KALAM).
thus the importance is undeniable for its benefits to
the society and nation. Awareness for conserving
the precious cultural property had been seen
increasingly grows into attention in various parties
in Malaysia. The uniqueness of our local traditional
architectural which portray of high skill of
craftsmanship and construction should be conserved
as to retained the local identity. Besides the desire to
promote identity or explicitly to stimulate domestic
and international tourism are another reason for
conservation arises. The conservation of the old
mosques began to be intensified with the
establishment of the Department of National
Heritage whose authorize for the guide and

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2 stacked
roof

Side Elevation b

a Front Elevation

Fig. 4: (a) The gable roof form of traditional

b houses in Malaysia. (b) The Langgar mosque
using 2 layer of long gable roof arrangement.
(Lim, 1987; Chen, 1998).

Fig. 2: (a) Lenggeng mosque in Negeri

Sembilan (b) Papan mosque in Perak Board
(KALAM).

Image 1: Old Tinggi mosque, in Bagan Serai

had been conserved to its original state.

Fig. 3: Old Tok Pulai Condong mosque, Pulai

Condong, in Kelantan

Image 2: Old mosque of Kg. Mendun, in Negeri

Sembilan, were nearly 100 years, stood still
with some renovations and additional structure
which can be easily recognized.
a

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 SELECTED TOPICS in POWER SYSTEMS and REMOTE SENSING

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ISSN: 1792-5088 277 ISBN: 978-960-474-233-2