2C10 L5 Robustness

Robustness of structures.
Generalities
Florea Dinu
Lecture 5: 02/04/2014
European Erasmus Mundus Master Course
Sustainable Constructions
under Natural Hazards and Catastrophic Events
520121-1-2011-1-CZ-ERA MUNDUS-EMMC

Sustainable Constructions under Natural
Hazards and Catastrophic Events
Introduction and definitions
Definitions
Progressive collapse
Robustness
Structural integrity
Accidental loading, Exceptional loading
Class of consequences
Scenarios
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B.2 Mechanical
properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
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Designforfireandrobustness

Progressive collapse & Robustness

Robustness - the ability of a structure to withstand events like fire,
explosions, impact or the consequences of human error, without being
damaged to an extent disproportionate to the original cause.
EN 1991-7
Progressive collapse - the spread of local damage, from an initiating

event, from element to element resulting, eventually, in the collapse of
an entire structure or a disproportionately large part of it; also known
as disproportionate collapse.
ASCE 7-05
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Robustness
Robustness required to resist to
extreme events such as:
explosion
terrorist attack
impact
fire*
earthquake*
events of low probability but sometimes
disastrous consequences
The Cardington Fire Test Hothan3
* fire or earthquake events not foreseen when

initially designing the structure
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Eurocode requirements
Eurocode EN 1990 Basis of Structural
Design:
(4)P A structure shall be designed and executed in such a
way that it will not be damaged by events such as:
explosion,
impact
the consequences of human errors,
to an extent disproportionate to the original cause.
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Eurocode and U.K. recommendations

Rules in EN 199117 Accidental Actions and UK Codes of Practice:
introduce vertical ties,
design key elements for a recommended accidental design action Ad=
34 kN/m2
ensure that upon the notional removal of a supporting column, wall
section or beam, the damage does not exceed 15% of the floor in each
of 2 adjacent storeys
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U.K. recommendations
Collapse at Ronan Point, Canning

Town, England, 16th May 1968:
caused by a gas explosion in the

corner of the 18th floor
progressive collapse (precast
concrete slab elements)
First provisions: HMSO (1976).

Statutory Instrument, No. 1676:
Building and Buildings, London
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Aims
Save lives
Reduce the risks for interventions (fire brigades, civil
protection, )
Limit collateral damages
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Risk: progressive collapse
RONAN POINT, 1968

WTC, 2001
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OKLAHOMA CITY, 1995
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Ice Stadium Bad Reichenhall Feuerwehr Berchtesgaden
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Kattowitz dpa
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Wrong steel-concrete connection details at

Charles-de-Gaulle Airport new terminal, 2004
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Structural requirements
Under design loads:
Resistance
Stiffness
Stability
Ductility
Under exceptional loads
of the whole structure

and of its structural
elements with a predefined
level of safety
of the whole structure (or

a large part) to avoid
progressive collapse
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Exchequer Court bombing,

St Marys Axe, London 1992
No structural integrity
Partial structural integrity
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Beyond limit states

Under service loads
SLS
Under factored (design) loads
ULS
Under exceptional loads:

No control on deformations and displacements
Second order effects ==> deformed new stable
stage to reach
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Beyond limit states
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Beyond limit states
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Loading situations
Resistance and proper behavior required under design loads

==> traditional design
Robustness required under exceptional loads (events)*

==> extra structural requirements
* distinguish from accidental loads

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Example:
Significant seismic action (0.3 - 0.4g) for a building in Romania:
==> design load
Similar seismic action for a building in a non seismic (or low seismicity)
region (eg. Belgium):
==> exceptional load
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Exceptional loading:
Load with a very low probability of occurrence
Too low probability to be directly taken into account in the design
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Loading situations
Snow,
Wind (storm, ),
Natural hazard
Earthquakes
Tsunami,
Impacts,
Explosions,
Human induced hazard
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Loading situations
Snow,
Wind (storm, ),
Earthquakes
Tsunami,
Impacts,
Explosions,
Different types:
static
dynamic
impact
cyclic
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Conclusions
In contrast to ultimate, serviceability and durability limit states, only
general requirements and very few detailed rules exist
Recent incidents show high relevance and importance
Structures such as power and manufacturing plants, banks,
administrative, finance and healthcare office buildings and bridges are key
elements of modern infrastructure for which robustness requirements
have more and more to be satisfied
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Conclusions
Robustness as structural ability to
allow sufficient resistance against
failure for unplanned and
unforeseen exceptional events, i.e.
which have not been considered in
the initial design
Structural integrity should be maintained

and progressive collapse should be
avoided
Global structure should remain stable

under any conditions, even one part is
removed or heavily damaged
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Ice Stadium Bad Reichenhall

Feuerwehr Berchtesgaden
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Ways and Means

Various aspects to consider
Complex problems to face:
Material characteristics depend on
temperature or dynamic behaviour
Actions: dynamic, temperature dependent
Evaluation of a residual resistance time or of
a residual bearing capacity
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Static
Dynamic
Impact,
explosion
Strain Rate Factors for Structural Steel

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150
T1016140C
T1016140CS
Force,kN
100
T1016140T
T1016140TS
50
T1016140TV
0
0
50
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Elongation,mm
cvasistatic
Initial
v2 = 15 mm/sec
v1 = 10 mm/sec
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properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel
at historical
structures
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v1 =
10 mm/sec,
cvasistatic,
T=542C
Initial, T=542C
T=542C
v2 = 15 mm/sec, T=542C
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Ways and Means

Various aspects to consider
Complex problems to face:
Exceptional events unknown
Scenarios unknown
==> risk analysis to define possible
exceptional events and scenarios
according to the structure and its use
(comments on a recent experience)
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Multi-hazard design matrix

(adapted from FEMA 577)
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Consequence Class
Consequences
Class
Description
Examples of buildings and civil

engineering works
CC3
High consequence for loss

of human life, or economic,
social or environmental
consequences very great
Grandstands, public buildings

where consequences of failure
are high (e.g. a concert hall)
CC2
Medium consequence for

loss of human life,
economic, social or
environmental
consequences
considerable
Residential and office buildings,

public buildings where
consequences of failure are
medium (e.g. an office building)
CC1
Low consequence for loss

of human life, and
economic, social or
environmental
consequences small or
negligible
Agricultural buildings where

people do not normally enter
(e.g. storage buildings),
greenhouses
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Significant demand in
terms of robustness
Low or no demand in
terms of robustness
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Various philosophies to follow

Indirect methods:
No scenario considered
Just design requirements to fulfill
Direct methods:
Specific load resistance method
Alternative load path method
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Specific load resistance method (version 1)

Key elements ensuring the structural integrity
These elements should remain unaffected by the event
Specific load resistance method

(version 2)
Key elements ensuring the structural integrity
These elements rapidly collapse in order to avoid the
propagation of the damages to the rest of the structure
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Alternative load path method:

Identification of damages associated to scenarios
Load paths identified in the damaged structure
Structural integrity checked
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Indirect methods
DOD, 2005
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Specific load resistance (V1)
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Specific load resistance (V2)
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Alternative load path
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Economical approach
Requirements:
tying resistance
ductility criteria
redundancy
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Different approaches
Most of these approaches will be
described and illustrated in details in
the next lectures
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This lecture was prepared for the 1st Edition of SUSCOS

(2012/14) by J.-F. Demonceau & J.-P. Jaspart, ULg
Adaptations brought by Florea Dinu, PhD (UPT) for 2nd

Edition of SUSCOS
The SUSCOS powerpoints are covered by copyright and are for the
exclusive use by the SUSCOS teachers in the framework of this Erasmus
Mundus Master. They may be improved by the various teachers
throughout the different editions.
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florea.dinu@upt.ro
http://steel.fsv.cvut.cz/suscos

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Robustness of structures.

European Erasmus Mundus Master Course

Introduction and definitions

European Erasmus Mundus Master Course

Progressive collapse & Robustness

Progressive collapse - the spread of local damage, from an initiating

European Erasmus Mundus Master Course

The Cardington Fire Test Hothan3

* fire or earthquake events not foreseen when

European Erasmus Mundus Master Course

European Erasmus Mundus Master Course

Eurocode and U.K. recommendations

European Erasmus Mundus Master Course

Collapse at Ronan Point, Canning

caused by a gas explosion in the

First provisions: HMSO (1976).

European Erasmus Mundus Master Course

European Erasmus Mundus Master Course

European Erasmus Mundus Master Course

Risk: progressive collapse

RONAN POINT, 1968

European Erasmus Mundus Master Course

OKLAHOMA CITY, 1995

European Erasmus Mundus Master Course

European Erasmus Mundus Master Course

Ice Stadium Bad Reichenhall Feuerwehr Berchtesgaden

European Erasmus Mundus Master Course

European Erasmus Mundus Master Course

Wrong steel-concrete connection details at

European Erasmus Mundus Master Course

European Erasmus Mundus Master Course

European Erasmus Mundus Master Course

European Erasmus Mundus Master Course

of the whole structure

of the whole structure (or

European Erasmus Mundus Master Course

Exchequer Court bombing,

Partial structural integrity

European Erasmus Mundus Master Course

Beyond limit states

Under factored (design) loads

Under exceptional loads:

European Erasmus Mundus Master Course

Beyond limit states

European Erasmus Mundus Master Course

Beyond limit states

European Erasmus Mundus Master Course

Resistance and proper behavior required under design loads

Robustness required under exceptional loads (events)*

* distinguish from accidental loads

European Erasmus Mundus Master Course

European Erasmus Mundus Master Course

Load with a very low probability of occurrence

Too low probability to be directly taken into account in the design

European Erasmus Mundus Master Course

Human induced hazard

European Erasmus Mundus Master Course

European Erasmus Mundus Master Course

European Erasmus Mundus Master Course

Structural integrity should be maintained