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HomeSoftwareDevelopmentGitHowdoesGitwork?GitTutorialforBeginners

ABOUT JUN WU
Jun(Steven)WuisacurrentMasterstudentinComputerScience&EngineeringdepartmentofUniversityofNebraskaLincoln
(Lincoln,NE,USA).HiscurrentinterestsfocusonProgrammingLanguages(Java,Python),RelationalDatabase(MySQL),NoSQL
Database(ApacheCassandra,MongoDB),andComputerNetworks.

How does Git work? Git Tutorial for Beginners

Postedby:JunWu inGit April28th,2016

1.Introduction
Version Control Systems

areoneofthesoftwaretoolsthathelpdevelopersmanagethesourcecodeovertime.
Theykeeptrackofthemodification,comparedwithdifferentversionsofthesource
code.Asthenumberoflinesincreases,itcouldgouptothousandsandthousands
lines.
Inreallife,itcouldbeadisasterifwemakesomeirrecoverablemistakeswithoutany
backups.However,thiswillnothappenincodewritingforthedevelopers,especially
withthehelpof
Git

,whichisoneofthemostpopularsourcecodemanagementsystemforsoftwaredevelopment.
Git

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ComparedwithotherVersionControlSystems,suchas
SVN

(ApacheSubversion)and
CVS

(ConcurrentVersionSystem),Gitismorepowerfulbyitsdistributednature,fastoperationandbranchhandlingmechanism.Thedistributed

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(ConcurrentVersionSystem),Gitismorepowerfulbyitsdistributednature,fastoperationandbranchhandlingmechanism.Thedistributed
systemmakesiteasyandefficientformultipledevelopersworktogethertowardsthesameproject.
Git

worksfastasitslightweightoperations.Alsoeverydevelopercanworkwiththecodeasitsownbranch.Otherscanmergetodifferent
branchesandthismakescooperationworkquiteeasy.Inaddition,
Git

isfreeandopensource.
Becauseoftheefficientof
Git

,
Github

,whichisthewebbasedrepositoryhostingserviceplatform,isalsopopularlyused.Youcanfindmanyusefulmaterials/codesin
Github

withthelinkhere.
Inthisarticle,wewillgooverthebasicprinciplesandoperationsof
Git

.AlltheexamplesbelowisshowninMacOSEICapitanVersion10.11.3andtheGitversionis2.5.4.Notealltheoperationsbelowisworking
onlocalmachine,withoutconnectingtoGithub.

2.Gitinstallation
Beforewedigintotheprinciplesandoperationsof
Git

,weneedtohavethetoolandinstall
Git

.Toinstall
Git

,twowayscouldbeused:
(1)Usethecommandline:Fordifferentoperatingsystems,differentcommandlinemaybeusedinterminal.Forexample,forlinux,
sudo yum install git-all

couldinstall
Git

successfully.Formoredetailedinstallationmethodsonothersystem,youcanfollowthetutorialhere.
(2)Usethepackage:Also,itseasierifyoucouldfindtheinstallationpackagesfor
Git

.Thenyoucandownloaditandeasilyinstallitbyclickthepackage.ItalsoprovidetheGUIfor
Git

,whichmakesituserfriendly.The

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Git
Freelance

communityprovidesinformationfordifferentsystems,suchasMacOS,Windows,LinuxandSolaris.Fordetailedpackagesdownload,youcan
refertothelinkhere.

3.Basicconceptsandprinciples
Firstly,weneedtogetusedtotherepositoryconcepts.In
Git

,therewillbethreerepositoriesorareas.Ifweconsidertheusageof
Github

,thenweneedtounderstandtheremoterepository.Tomakeitclear,weusethefollowingflowtodemonstratehowthegitworks.

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Gitworkingflow
Workspace:itstheplacewhereyouseeinyourcomputersystem,orthedirectorywhereyoucheckoutyourfiles.Filesintheworkspace
couldbeaddedtotheGitbyusing
git add

command.Basicallyitcouldbeanyfoldersinyourcomputer.
Index:itsalsocalledstatingarea.Itsaninvisiblespacewhereyoucanaddfilesthatyouwanttocommit.Toaddcommit,youcanuse
git commit

command.
Localrepository:itsalsoaninvisiblerepository.Actuallyitsstoredinthe.gitfolder,whichishiddeninthefolderyoucreated.
Remoterepository:thiscouldbeanothercomputer,oritcouldbetheserverofothers,suchasGithub,whichwecanconsideritasa
remoterepository.Toaccesstotheremoterepository,gitpushor
git pull

couldbeused.
Inaddition,wealsoneedtobefamiliarwithsomeothercommonconceptsin
Git

.
Branch:itsusedtocreateanotherlineofcode.Usuallyitsforcreatinganothernewfeature.Oncethenewfeaturehascompleted,itcan
bemergedbackthethemasterbranch.
MasterBranch:wecanconsideritasthemainbranch/codetoworkon.Youcanaddotherbranchesifneeded.Butthewholeprojectcan
onlyhaveonemasterbranch.
Commit:itholdsthecurrentstateoftherepository.Itcanbeconsideredasanodeofalinkedlist.Everycommithasapointertothe
parentcommitobject.Youcangobacktotheparentcommitobjectbychangingthepointer.
HEAD:itisthepointertothemostrecentcommitonthecurrentbranch.Itsactuallyahashvalueofcurrentcommit,whichiscalculated
bySHA1hashonafilewithahashvalueof160bitsthatuniquelyidentifiesthecontentsofthefile.

4.Gitoperations
Afterweunderstandtherepositoriesandbasicconceptsof
Git

,wewillmovetotheoperationsof
Git

.
Beforewegotothedetailedexample,makesuregitisinstalledonyourcomputer/laptop.Thenopentheterminal,trytorun
git --version

,youwillseetheversionoftheGityouveinstalledasbelow:
1 WXMsMacBookPro:~WXM$gitversion
2 gitversion2.6.4(AppleGit63)
Tohaveabasicideaofwhatcommandyouregoingtouse,youcanrefertothetablebelow:
gitcommand

functions

gitinit

createanewlocalrepository

gitclone

downloadaprojectanditsentireversionhistory

gitadd

addfiletothestatingarea

gitcommit

addfilefromstagingareatolocalrepository

gitstatus

listallnewormodifiedfilestobecommited

gitdiff

showfilesdifferencestobestaged

gitlog

listversionhistoryforcurrentbranch

gitrm

deletefilefromtheworkingdirectory

gitreset

undocommitsandchangebacktospecifiedone

gitpush

uploadalllocalbranchcommitstogithub

gitpull

downloadbookmarkhistoryandincoorparateschanges

4.1gitinitcommand
Aftercheckingtheinstallationof
Git

,weneedtocreateafolderinourcomputer.SowecreateablankfoldernamedGitTutorial.Thengointothefolderandtypecommand
git init

.Thiscommandwillchangethisfoldertobearepositorywhichyoucanmanage.Also,theoutputafteryoutype
git init

showsthatyouvesuccessfullycreatedandinitializedanemptygitrepository.Afterrunning
ls -ah

,youwillseetheresa.gitfolderinsidetheGitTutorialfolder.Thisfolderisutilizedtotrackthegitfolder.Makesureyouwontchangeit,
whichmayleadtoerrorshappeningtothewholegitfolder.Alsonotethat.gitfolderishiddenbydefault,andyoucanusetheprevious
ls -ah

commandtomakeitvisible.
Foralltheseoperations,youcanchecktheresultbelow:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

WXMsMacBookPro:~WXM$cdDocuments/
WXMsMacBookPro:DocumentsWXM$cdGitTutorial/
WXMsMacBookPro:GitTutorialWXM$ls
WXMsMacBookPro:GitTutorialWXM$gitinit
InitializedemptyGitrepositoryin/Users/WXM/Documents/GitTutorial/.git/
WXMsMacBookPro:GitTutorialWXM$lsah
....git

4.2gitaddcommand
Secondly,wecanuseatextfileasanexampleinusageofGit.InsidetheGitTutorialfolder,createanemptytxtfilewithnameGitExample.txt.
Thenaddanywordsinitwith:ThisisatxtfileforGitExample.
Lastly,weneedtoaddtheGitExamplefileintotheGitsystem.Thenrun
git add GitExample.txt

.Thiscommandwilladdthetxtfiletothestagingarea,whichisamiddleareabetweenworkspaceandthelocalrepository.
1
2
3
4
5
6

WXMsMacBookPro:GitTutorialWXM$viGitExample.txt
WXMsMacBookPro:GitTutorialWXM$ls
GitExample.txt
WXMsMacBookPro:GitTutorialWXM$catGitExample.txt
ThisisatxtfileforGitExample.
WXMsMacBookPro:GitTutorialWXM$gitaddGitExample.txt

4.3gitcommitcommand
Then,weneedtoaddthisfilefromstagingareatolocalrepository.Toachievethis,wecanrun
git commit -m "First time writing the txt file"

.Notethestringaftermisthecommentthatwemakebyourselves.Itcanbeanythingyouwanttocomment.Belowshowstheresultsofall
theseoperations.
1
2
3
4

WXMsMacBookPro:GitTutorialWXM$gitcommitm"Firsttimewritingthetxtfile"
[master(rootcommit)9f3fca6]Firsttimewritingthetxtfile
1filechanged,1insertion(+)
createmode100644GitExample.txt

4.4gitstatuscommand
Afterward,wecancheckthestatusofthewholefolderwithcommand

Afterward,wecancheckthestatusofthewholefolderwithcommand
git status

.Thenitseemstobeeverythingiffineuntilnow.
1 WXMsMacBookPro:GitTutorialWXM$gitstatus
2 Onbranchmaster
3 nothingtocommit,workingdirectoryclean

4.5gitdiffcommand
Themainpurposefor
git diff

commandistoshowchangesofthefilebetweencommits,commitandworkingtree,etc.
Tomakeitwork,weneedtocreatesomedifferences.Asastart,wemodifythecontentintheGitExample.txtfileandaddonemorelinewith
Onemoreline.Thecontentinsidethetxtfilenowis:
1 ThisisatxtfileforGitExample.
2 Onemoreline.
Afterthis,wecanruncommand
git diff

tocheckthedifferencebetweenthecurrentversionwiththepreviousone,theoutputis:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

WXMsMacBookPro:GitTutorialWXM$gitdiff
diffgita/GitExample.txtb/GitExample.txt
index30e6813..8c7c8d2100644
a/GitExample.txt
+++b/GitExample.txt
@@1+1,2@@
ThisisatxtfileforGitExample.
+Onemoreline.

Thenwecanseethatthesentencewith+showsthatwhereweaddsomecontentstothefile.Alsowecanpredictthatoperationshows
wedeletesomecontentsfromthefile.
ThenifwemadeanotherchangetothethetxtfileandaddanotherlinewithIlovechangingthings.Untilnowwevemadethreechanges
addingthreelinescomparedwiththefirstversion.Thefourcommitsare:Lovemakingchanges<Madechangesagain<Addbadwords<
Firsttimewritingreadmefile,wherethearrowshowstheorderofthechanges.
Anotherusefulgitdiffcommandis
git diff --cached

,itllshowthedifferencesbetweentheindexandthemostrecentcommit.Afterrunningthiscommandinourexample,itsowsnothing.The
reasonforthis,isthatuntilnow,theresnodifferencebetweentheindexandmostrecentcommit.
Thenifwewanttocheckthedifferencebetweentheworkingdirectoryandhemostrecentcommit,
git diff HEAD

couldbeused.
Here,wecheckthestatusofourcurrentsystem,withthehelpof
git status

:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

WXMsMacBookPro:GitTutorialWXM$gitstatus
Onbranchmaster
Changesnotstagedforcommit:
(use"gitadd..."toupdatewhatwillbecommitted)
(use"gitcheckout..."todiscardchangesinworkingdirectory)

modified:GitExample.txt

nochangesaddedtocommit(use"gitadd"and/or"gitcommita")

Ifweaddthetxtfiletotheindexwithcommand
git add GitExample.txt

,thenrunthe
git diff

,itshowsnothing.Thatsbecauserightnowthecontentintheworkingdirectoryandtheindexarethesame.Thistime,werunthecommand
git diff --cached

,itshowsthecontentbelowinsteadofshowingnothingasprevious.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

WXMsMacBookPro:GitTutorialWXM$gitdiffcached
diffgita/GitExample.txtb/GitExample.txt
index30e6813..8c7c8d2100644
a/GitExample.txt
+++b/GitExample.txt
@@1+1,2@@
ThisisatxtfileforGitExample.
+Onemoreline.

Tocheckthestatus,runcommand
git status

:
1
2
3
4
5
6

WXMsMacBookPro:GitTutorialWXM$gitstatus
Onbranchmaster
Changestobecommitted:
(use"gitresetHEAD..."tounstage)

modified:GitExample.txt

Untilnow,theresstilldifferencebetweentheindexandthemostrecentlycommit.Itcanbeprovedbyrunning
git diff HEAD

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

WXMsMacBookPro:GitTutorialWXM$gitdiffHEAD
diffgita/GitExample.txtb/GitExample.txt
index30e6813..8c7c8d2100644
a/GitExample.txt
+++b/GitExample.txt
@@1+1,2@@
ThisisatxtfileforGitExample.
+Onemoreline.

However,afterwecommitthefileandrerunthepreviouscommandagain,itshowsnothing.
1 WXMsMacBookPro:GitTutorialWXM$gitcommitm"Addonemoreline"
2 [mastercb3db9a]Addonemoreline
3 1filechanged,1insertion(+)
Also,thestatusisclearrightnow,ifwerunthecommand
git status

,itshowseverythingisclear:
1 WXMsMacBookPro:GitDiffExampleWXM$gitstatus
2 Onbranchmaster
3 nothingtocommit,workingdirectoryclean

4.6gitlogcommand
Inreallifeofdevelopment,thousandslinesofcodecouldbechanged.Wecannotrememberitexactly.So
git log

shouldbeusefulrightnow,anditllshowallthechangehistorywehavemade.Wecantryitwithourownexamplehereafterwemadethree
commitsinourpreviouspart:
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24

pcp352933pcs:GitTutorialWXM$gitlog
commit67713e5af45b67aa2628b12a73d4b493a16de159
Author:Jun
Date:SunApr2417:19:1220160500

Lovemakingchanges

commit47640c18cf433c6f6c7ba26b34f886688d34a1d3
Author:Jun
Date:SunApr2417:18:3820160500

Madechangesagain

commit1f50e80eb551e3ed7981251378d4609e30248d2f
Author:Jun
Date:SunApr2416:58:2120160500

Addbadwords

commitd90715179d20e10c5d88fc8d8a58972605fb38c0
Author:Jun
Date:SunApr2416:32:2820160500

Firsttimewritingreadmefile

Theabovefileshowseverychangewevemadewithspecificdateandtime.Youshouldnoticethelongsequenceofstringsafterthecommit.
Thatsthecommitid,whichcorrespondstospecificcommit.Whyitsnotin1,2,3order?ThatsbecauseGitisadistributedsystem.Ifevery
commitidisinorder,whenmultiplechangeshappen,thereshouldbeconflict.
Sometimes,thechangesarequitealotandwhatwewantisjusttocheckthechanges.Then
git log --pretty=oneline

couldbeutilizedtoshoweachcommitinoneline.
1
2
3
4
5

pcp352933pcs:GitTutorialWXM$gitlogpretty=oneline
67713e5af45b67aa2628b12a73d4b493a16de159Lovemakingchanges
47640c18cf433c6f6c7ba26b34f886688d34a1d3Madechangesagain
1f50e80eb551e3ed7981251378d4609e30248d2fAddbadwords
d90715179d20e10c5d88fc8d8a58972605fb38c0Firsttimewritingreadmefile

4.7Gitundooperation
Insomecases,wewanttochangeourmindsandrevertthecommitwehavemade,then
Git

makesthiseasytooperateon.Thisiscalled

makesthiseasytooperateon.Thisiscalled
git undo commit

.Tomakethishappen,weaddanotherlinetotheGitExample.txt,withBadwordsforothers.Thenweaddthefiletothestatingareaandto
thelocalrepository.Thefollowingistheprocessthatwehavedone:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

pcp352933pcs:GitTutorialWXM$gitaddGitExample.txt
pcp352933pcs:GitTutorialWXM$gitcommitm"Addbadwords"
[master1f50e80]Addbadwords
1filechanged,1insertion(+)
pcp352933pcs:GitTutorialWXM$catGitExample.txt
ThisisatxtfileforGitExample.
Badwordsforothers.

Ifwewanttogobacktothepreviousversion,gitresetcommandcouldbeused.WhatweusehereisgitresethardHEAD^.HEADismeans
thecommitofcurrentbranch.Symbol^meansgobacktothepreviousoneversion,^^meanstheprevioustwoversionandsoonso
forth.Whileitshardtocontinuewithmultiple^symbolswhenthereshundredsandthousandsversions.
Thenyoucanusethenumberdirectly.ForexamplegitresethardHEAD^isthesameasgitresethardHEAD~1andgitresethard
HEAD^^isthesameasgitresethardHEAD~2.Payattentiontothesymbol~beforethenumbersanddonotforgettoaddit.
Forourownexample,rightnowtheheadisin67713e5af45b67aa2628b12a73d4b493a16de159Lovemakingchanges.Ifwewanttogobackto
thepreviousversion.RunthegitresethardHEAD^commandandchecktheresult.
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11

pcp352933pcs:GitToturialWXM$catGitExample.txt
ThisisatxtfileforGitExample.
Badwordsforothers.
Imadechangesagain:)
Ilovechangingthings.
pcp352933pcs:GitTutorialWXM$gitresethardHEAD^
HEADisnowat47640c1Madechangesagain
pcp352933pcs:GitTutorialWXM$catGitExample.txt
ThisisatxtfileforGitExample.
Badwordsforothers.
Imadechangesagain:)

Wecanseefromtheabove,thatafterwerunthe
git reset

command,itgoesbacktothepreviousversionMadechangesagain.The47640c1isexactlytheshortcutcommitidforthepreviouscommit.
Thenifwewanttogobacktotheinitialstatus,wecangobacktwicewithcommand
git reset --hard HEAD~2

1
2
3
4

pcp352933pcs:GitTutorialWXM$gitresethardHEAD~2
HEADisnowatd907151Firsttimewritingreadmefile
pcp352933pcs:GitTutorialWXM$catGitExample.txt
ThisisatxtfileforGitExample.

Thenrun
git log

,itshowsonlythefirstversion.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

pcp352933pcs:GitTutorialWXM$gitlog
commitd90715179d20e10c5d88fc8d8a58972605fb38c0
Author:Jun<wuxiaomin98@hotmail.com>
Date:SunApr2416:32:2820160500

Firsttimewritingreadmefile
pcp352933pcs:GitTutorialWXM$catGitExample.txt
ThisisatxtfileforGitExample

However,ifonedaywefindthatthelinesweaddedareuseful,couldwegofurtherandgetitback?Yes,wecan!Iftheterminalisnotclosed,
weneedtofindthecommitnumberwhichtheversionis.Forexample,thecommitnumberforLovemakingchangesversionis
67713e5af45b67aa2628b12a73d4b493a16de159.Thenwecanusethe
git reset --hard

commandwiththecommitidfollowingit.Notethatwecanusethefirstfewnumbersofthecommitidinmostcase.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

pcp352933pcs:GitTutorialWXM$gitresethard67713e5a
HEADisnowat67713e5Lovemakingchanges
pcp352933pcs:GitTutorialWXM$catGitExample.txt
ThisisatxtfileforGitExample
Badwordsforothers.
Imadechangesagain:)
Ilovechangingthings.

Yousee,itsback.However,makesureyoureallywanttogobackandforce.Insomecases,ifyoudontknowthecommitid,youwontcome
backtothenewestversion.
Insomecases,thatyoureallywanttocomebacktothenewestversion.Then
git reflow

couldbeusefulforyou,whichwilltrackeverycommandyouvemade.Runthecommandandyoullgetsomethingmagic.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

pcp352933pcs:GitTutorialWXM$gitreflog
d907151HEAD@{0}:reset:movingtoHEAD^^^
67713e5HEAD@{1}:reset:movingto67713e5a
d907151HEAD@{2}:reset:movingtoHEAD~2
47640c1HEAD@{3}:reset:movingtoHEAD^
67713e5HEAD@{4}:commit:Lovemakingchanges
47640c1HEAD@{5}:commit:Madechangesagain
1f50e80HEAD@{6}:commit:Addbadwords
d907151HEAD@{7}:commit:Firsttimewritingreadmefile

Herewehaveallthecommitnumbertoeachcommitandeachreset/undooperation.Soyoudontneedtoworryaboutwhereyourenow.
Tomakeitmorecleartounderstand,wecanusethefollowingfiguretoshowhowitwork.TheHEADworksasapointertopointtospecific
version.Forexample,ifHEADispointertothelastversion.Thenafterusingtheresetcommand,wecangobacktheinitialversion.

Gitundotoversion1

Gitundotoversion4
Aswecanseefromthepreviousfigure,itsquiteeasyforustochangetodifferentversionsofourcode.Itsjustanoperationofcommand.

4.8gitrmoperation
Also,itcouldbepossibleforustodeletethecodeinourdirectory.Forexample,
git rm

withthefilenamefollowingthecommand.Thiscommandwilldeletethefilefromtheworkingdirectoryandstagesthedeletion.
Ifweusethe
git rm --cached

withthefilenamefollowingthecommand,itwillremovethefilefromtheversioncontrolbutpreservesthefilelocally.
Noticethatwedonotrecommendittousethiscommandoften.Thereasonforthisisthatthisdeletionmaybeunrecoverable.Abetter
approachcouldbemakeadifferentbranchandworkonthatbranch.

5.Githubconnection
Lastly,weintroduce
Github

briefly.Toconnectwith
Github

,weneedtohavea
Github

accountfirstly.Youcangotogithub.comandregisteroneforyourself.
Afterthis,youcanfollowthelinktoconnectto
Github

.Thenyoucanupload/pushanddownload/pullthechangestothe
Github

server.
Afterthepreviousoperationsof

git add, git commit

,use
git push

command,itwillpublishthelocalchangestotheremoterepository.Forexample,thefollowingshowshowitlooksafterwepushourcodeto
theserver:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

pcp352933pcs:GitTutorialWXM$gitpush
Countingobjects:3,done.
Deltacompressionusingupto4threads.
Compressingobjects:100%(2/2),done.
Writingobjects:100%(3/3),309bytes|0bytes/s,done.
Total3(delta1),reused0(delta0)
Tohttps://github.com/******/GitTutorial.git

8 5a5a9ea..d907151master>master
Now,otherdeveloperscanviewthechangesbyperformingpull/cloneoperationorupdatingtheirlocalrepository.Thiswilldownloadthecode
inservertolocaldirectoryandworkonit.Itcanbeachievedby
git clone

withtheURLthatontheserver.
Thefollowingwillshowyouhowitworks:
1
2
3
4

Cloninginto'test_repo'...
remote:Countingobjects:3,done.
remote:Total3(delta0),reused3(delta0)
Unpackingobjects:100%(3/3),done.

6.Conclusion
Inconclusion,
Git

isaveryusefultoolforsoftwaredevelopers.Oneshouldunderstandtheprincipleofitanduseitoften.Also,youcanfindmanyuseful
materialsin
Github

andyoumaywanttocontributetosomeopensources.

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