RENEWABLEENERGIES

INDEX
PHOTOVOLTAICSOLARENERGYTRAINER

SOLARENERGYMODULARTRAINER

PHOTOVOLTAICSOLARENERGYTRAINER

SOLARPHOTOVOLTAICENERGYMODULARTRAINERWITHCONNECTIONTOMAINS

LAMPSFORPHOTOVOLTAICSOLARTRAINERS

PHOTOVOLTAICANDTHERMALPANELSSIMULATOR

SOLARTHERMALENERGYTRAINER

SOLARTHERMALENERGYTRAINER

WINDENERGYMODULARTRAINER

WINDENERGYMODULARTRAINERWITHMOTORDRIVEFORINDOORUSE

WINDPOWERTRAINERWITHWINDTUNNEL

TRAINERFOREXPERIENCESONHYDROGENFUELCELLS

FUELCELLSSYSTEMSTRAINER

PILOTPLANTFORTHEPRODUCTIONOFBIODIESEL

BIOETHANOLPILOTPLANT

SOLARWINDFUELCELLSENERGYTRAINER

SOLAR/WINDENERGYMODULARTRAINER

HYBRIDSOLAR/WINDENERGYTRAINER

ENERGYEFFICIENCYINELECTRICMOTORS

KEPPEMOTORHIGHEFFICIENCYUNIVERSALAC/DCMOTOR

SOLARPHOTOVOLTAICENERGYINSTALLATIONKIT

DATAACQUISITIONSYSTEMFORRENEWABLEENERGIES

CATHODICPROTECTIONTRAININGBENCH

SINGLESTATIONCATHODICPROTECTIONTRAININGBENCH

DLSOLARA
DLSOLARB
DLSOLARC
DLSOLARD1
DLSIMSUN
DLTM11
DLTHERMOA1
DLTHERMOA2
DLWINDA
DLWINDA1
DLWINDB
DLHYDROGENA
DLHYDROGENB
DLBIO30
DLETAL15
DLGREENKIT
DLSUNWIND
DLSUNWIND24V/12V
DLEFFICIENCYA
DL2130B
DLSOLARKIT
DLDAQRE
DLMK1
DLMK2

RENEWABLEENERGIES

PHOTOVOLTAICSOLARENERGYTRAINER

DLSOLARAsidea

DLSOLARAsideb

Didactic system for the theoretical and practical

studyofphotovoltaicsolarenergyfacilities.

Itismountedonamobilestructurethatallowsitto
be moved to the venue for practical sessions and
allowing the photovoltaic panel to receive solar
radiation.

The photovoltaic panel, which can be inclined

througharangeof0to90,andthecalibratedcell
usedtomeasuresolarirradiation,areononeside,
and all of the components of a basic photovoltaic
facility used to provide 12 V of direct current and
230Vofalternatingcurrentareontheotherside.

ITINCLUDES:
o 1Descriptiveandpracticalmanual.

BASEDIMENSIONS:400x610mm.

HEIGHTWITHTHEPANELAT45:900mm.

PRACTICALSESSIONSTHATCANBECARRIEDOUT:
o Identification of all components of the trainer
andhowtheyareassociatedwithitsoperation.
o Measurementofsolarirradiation
o Measurement of the voltage and power
parametersofthephotovoltaicpanel.
o Programmingtheloadregulator.
o Analysisoftheinstallationofthetrainer.
o Directcurrentsupply.
o Alternatingcurrentsupply.

LISTOFCOMPONENTS:
o 50W,12Vphotovoltaicpanel.
o Cellformeasuringsolarirradiation.
o Programmableelectronicloadregulator,witha
largeLCDscreen.
o 150 Wp semi sinusoidal inverter to obtain 230
Vofalternatingcurrent.
o 17A/hbattery.
o Lampsusedwithloadsof12Vand230V,50W
o Instrumentusedtomeasuresolarirradiationin
W/m2.
o Instrument used to measure the charging
current.
o Twoprotectivemagnetothermalswitches.

RENEWABLEENERGIES

SOLARENERGYMODULARTRAINER

DLSOLARB
Modular trainer for the theoreticalpractical study of the electrical installations with photovoltaic solar
energy.
Composedof:
A photovoltaic inclinable module, 90W, 12V, complete with a cell for measuring the solar
irradiationandwithatemperaturesensor.
Asupportingframeforthemodules.
Abattery.
Abatterycontrolmodule,12V,32A.
A load module. It includes two 12V lamps, dichroic 35W and LED 3W, with independent
switches.
A load module. It includes two mains voltage lamps, dichroic 35W and LED 3W, with
independentswitches.
Anelectronicregulationmodule,withLCDscreen.
Arheostat.
A module for the measurement of: solar irradiation (W/m2), solar panel temperature (C),
currentupto30V,15A(twodcammeters),voltageupto40Vandpowerupto300W.
Adctoacconvertermodule,withsinusoidaloutputatmainsvoltage.Averagepower:300W.
Thetraineriscompletewithconnectingcablesandexperimentmanual.
Thetrainerisalsocompletewithdataacquisitionandprocessingsoftware.
Option:
DLSIMSUN:modulewithlampstoprovidesuitablelightingforthesolar
panelwhenusedindoor.

RENEWABLEENERGIES

PHOTOVOLTAICSOLARENERGYTRAINER

DLSOLARC

Trainer for the theoretical and practical study of the applications of the photovoltaic solar energy in a
house.

Composedof:
Asimulationpanelwiththegraphicalrepresentationofahouse,completewithlamps,switches,
motorfortheextractionofwater,etc.
Six photovoltaic modules with 2 mm. terminals for experiencing series, parallel and mixed
configurationsandformeasuringvoltageandcurrentasafunctionofthesolarirradiation.
Abatteryforexperimentingenergyaccumulation.
Adigitalmultimeterforperformingthemeasurements.
Alightingbridgeoverthephotovoltaicmoduleswithtwo50Wdichroiclampsandanelectronic
lightregulator.Itispossibletochangetheinclinationofthebridgefrom0to90aswellasthe
intensityofthelightinordertosimulateintheclassroomtheeffectofthesolarirradiationinthe
differenthoursoftheday.

ThetraineriscompletewithABScaseandexperimentmanual.

Dimensionsofthetrainer:
486x289x70mm.
Dimensionsofthecase:
520x370x120mm.

RENEWABLEENERGIES

SOLARPHOTOVOLTAICENERGYMODULAR TRAINER
WITHCONNECTIONTOMAINS

DLSOLARD1
Didacticsystemforthestudyofthegenerationofelectricenergyfromphotovoltaicpanelsanditsinletin
themainsnetwork.
Composedof:
Photovoltaicinclinablepanel,90W,12V,completewithacellformeasuringthesolarirradiation
andwithatemperaturesensor.
Supportingframeforthemodules.
Loadmodule.Itincludestwomainsvoltagelamps,dichroic35WandLED3W,withindependent
switches.
Powerrheostat,6A,80W.
Differentialmagnetothermalswitchmodule.
Module with instruments for the measurement of: solar irradiation (W/m2), solar panel
temperature (C), solar panel current, battery or load current, solar panel voltage and active
poweratmainsvoltage.
Gridtypeinverter,withoutputatmainsvoltage,12V,300W.
ElectricenergymeasurementmoduleinkW/h.
Networkdistributor.

Thetraineriscompletewithconnectingcablesandexperimentmanual.
Thetrainerisalsocompletewithdataacquisitionandprocessingsoftware.
Option:
DL SIMSUN: module with lamps to provide suitable lighting for the
solarpanelwhenusedindoor.

RENEWABLEENERGIES

LAMPSFORPHOTOVOLTAICSOLARTRAINERS

DLSIMSUN

This product is used to provide suitable lighting to the photovoltaic solar module that is used in the DL
SOLARB,DLSOLARD1andDLSUNWINDDeLorenzotrainers.

Thelightintensitycanbemanuallyadjustedthroughapotentiometerorautomaticallycontrolledthrough
a010Vinput,toallowperformingexperimentswithdifferentlightintensities,thereforesimulatingthe
lightconditionsfromdawntotwilight.

TheDLSIMSUNincludesthefollowingmaincomponents:

4offhalogenlamps,300Weach
Dimmerforcontrollingthelightintensity
Magnetothermalswitch,differential10A
Potentiometer,10k

RENEWABLEENERGIES
PHOTOVOLTAICANDTHERMALPANELSSIMULATOR

DLTM11

The simulator allows the study, the performing of experiments and the troubleshooting for the following
componentsandsystems:
photovoltaicsiliconsinglecrystalcell,squared,side135mm;
twophotovoltaiccellswithseriesconnection;
twophotovoltaiccellswithparallelconnection;
panelcomposedof36photovoltaiccellswithseriesconnection;
thermalpanelwithliquidcirculation.
Thesesystemsarereproducedonthepanel,throughacolourrepresentationwhichallowsacompleteanalysisof
thefluidcircuit,ofitscomponentsandoftheelectrical/electroniccircuitforcontrolandregulation.
Itispossibletosimulatethebehaviourofcomponentsandsystems,onthebasisoftheoperatingconditionswhich
canbemonitoreddirectlyonthepanelorthroughPersonalComputerbyteacherandstudents.
ThePersonalComputerconstantlykeepsundercontrolthesimulationinprogressanddisplaysitsbehaviourthrough
analogueanddigitalsignalsandmeters;inthiswaythestudent,throughmeasurementsandtests,cangoonwith
thetroubleshooting.
Theexperimentationonthephotovoltaicsystems(describedhereunder)isorganizedasfollows:
possibilitytosimulateseveralvaluesofthesolarradiationintensity(W/m);
possibilitytosimulateseveralvaluesofthephotovoltaiccellstemperature;
possibilitytochangetheelectricalloadoftheabovementionedphotovoltaicsystems;
detectionofthecharacteristicsvoltagecurrent(VI),suppliedbythephotovoltaicsystems,asfunctionofsolar
radiationintensityandofcellstemperature;
detectionofthecharacteristicsvoltagepower(VP),suppliedbythephotovoltaicsystems,asfunctionofsolar
radiationintensityandofcellstemperature;
evaluationoftheconversionefficiency(radiatingenergyelectricpower)ofthephotovoltaicsystems.
Theexperimentationonthethermalpanelwithliquidcirculationisorganizedasfollows:
possibilitytosimulateseveralvaluesofthesolarradiationintensity(W/m);
possibilitytosimulateseveralvaluesofthetemperatureofthethermalcarrierliquidatthepanelsentrance;
possibilitytochangethethermalcarrierliquidcapacitythroughthethermalpanel;
evaluation of the thermalcarrier liquid temperature at the panels exit, as function of the solar radiation
intensityandoftheentrancetemperature;
evaluationoftheconversionefficiency(radiatingenergyelectricpower)ofthethermalpanel.

RENEWABLEENERGIES

SOLARTHERMALENERGYTRAINER

DLTHERMOA1

Didacticsystemforthetheoreticalandpracticalstudyofsolarpowerfacilitiesusedtoobtainhotwaterfor
sanitation,airconditioningandsimilarservices.
The DL THERMOA1 is a forced circulation system with a wide range of didactic applications. It
incorporatessixtemperatureprobesavailableatfourdifferentpoints,andasolarirradiationsensorthatis
usedtocalculateenergy.Itallowsthefollowingteachingandlearningactivities:
o Identificationofallcomponentsandhowtheyareassociatedwithitsoperation.
o Interpretationofthetechnicalparametersofallcomponents.
o SizingcriteriaforACSfacilities,airconditioning,etc.
o Assemblyandmaintenancecriteriaforfacilities.
o Interpretationofsituationaldatasuppliedbythecontrol.
Thetraineriscomprisedofthreeoperatingunits,asfollows:
MAINMODULE
Dimensions 1000 x 650 x 1650 mm., front panel with the block diagram of the system. It contains the
componentsforthecirculation,storageandcontroloftheliquidintheprimaryandsecondarycircuits.
Thesecomponentsareplacedverticallyonabase,facilitatingcomfortableaccesstoallpartsforassembly
anddisassemblyoperationscarriedoutduringthepracticalsessionsdescribedinyourhandbook.
Thefrontcontrolpanelisplacedinthetoppartofthemainmoduleanditiscomposedof:blockdiagram
of the system, electronic control centre with an LCD screen for the visualization of the data, situation
lights.Thehydraulicsocketsforcoldwaterinlet,hotsanitarywateroutlet,connectiontothesolarpanel,
etc.,arelocatedatthebackofthemodule.
SOLARPANEL
Simulatorofasolarpanelsuppliedbythemainstoallowperformingthepracticalexercisesinaclassroom.
Alternatively(codeDLTHERMOA2),itispossibletoprovidearealsolarpanelplacedinametalstructure
and connected to the main module through flexible pipes, provided with discharge, safety and filling
valves.
CONVECTORHEATER
As a meansof applying the hot water produced, a convector heater is available for use. It is connected
through flexible pipes. This component allows us to experiment with the effects of hot water obtained
withthissystem.However,thesystemissufficientlyopentopermiteasyusewithotherapplications,such
ashotsanitarywatersupply,underfloorheating,etc.
Thesystemissuppliedcompletewithanexperimentmanual.

RENEWABLEENERGIES

SOLARTHERMALENERGYTRAINER

DLTHERMOA2

Didacticsystemforthetheoreticalandpracticalstudyofsolarpowerfacilitiesusedtoobtainhotwaterfor
sanitation,airconditioningandsimilarservices.
The DL THERMOA2 is a forced circulation system with a wide range of didactic applications. It
incorporatessixtemperatureprobesavailableatfourdifferentpoints,andasolarirradiationsensorthatis
usedtocalculateenergy.Itallowsthefollowingteachingandlearningactivities:
o Identificationofallcomponentsandhowtheyareassociatedwithitsoperation.
o Interpretationofthetechnicalparametersofallcomponents.
o SizingcriteriaforACSfacilities,airconditioning,etc.
o Assemblyandmaintenancecriteriaforfacilities.
o Interpretationofsituationaldatasuppliedbythecontrol.
Thetraineriscomprisedofthreeoperatingunits,asfollows:
MAINMODULE
Dimensions 1000 x 650 x 1650 mm., front panel with the block diagram of the system. It contains the
componentsforthecirculation,storageandcontroloftheliquidintheprimaryandsecondarycircuits.
Thesecomponentsareplacedverticallyonabase,facilitatingcomfortableaccesstoallpartsforassembly
anddisassemblyoperationscarriedoutduringthepracticalsessionsdescribedinyourhandbook.
Thefrontcontrolpanelisplacedinthetoppartofthemainmoduleanditiscomposedof:blockdiagram
of the system, electronic control centre with an LCD screen for the visualization of the data, situation
lights.Thehydraulicsocketsforcoldwaterinlet,hotsanitarywateroutlet,connectiontothesolarpanel,
etc.,arelocatedatthebackofthemodule.
SOLARPANEL
Real solar panel placed in a metal structure and connected to the main module through flexible pipes,
provided with discharge, safety and filling valves. Alternatively (code DL THERMOA1), it is possible to
provide a simulated solar panel supplied by the mains to allow performing the practical exercises in a
classroom.
CONVECTORHEATER
As a meansof applying the hot water produced, a convector heater is available for use. It is connected
through flexible pipes. This component allows us to experiment with the effects of hot water obtained
withthissystem.However,thesystemissufficientlyopentopermiteasyusewithotherapplications,such
ashotsanitarywatersupply,underfloorheating,etc.
Thesystemissuppliedcompletewithanexperimentmanual.

RENEWABLEENERGIES

WINDENERGYMODULARTRAINER

DLWINDA

WINDGENERATOR

o 160W,12Vwindgenerator.

WINDSENSOR

o Anemometer and wind direction sensor

mountedonastand

Italsoincludes:
o Frame
o Setofinterconnectingwires
o Descriptiveandpracticalmanual
o Windturbineinstructionmanual

Didactic system for the theoretical and practical

studyofwindpowerfacilities.Thedeviceincludesa
setofcontrolmodules,measuresandapplications,
awindturbine,adevicetomeasurewindspeedand
descriptiveandpracticalmanuals.

MODULES

o Measurementmodule
o DC/ACconversionmodule
o Batterycontrolmodule
o 12Vlampsmodule
o mainslampsmodule
o 24Ah,12Vbattery

The trainer includes a software for data acquisition

andprocessing.

RENEWABLEENERGIES

WINDENERGYMODULARTRAINERWITHMOTORDRIVEFORINDOORUSE

DLWINDA1
WINDGENERATOR

o 160W,12Vwindgenerator.

WINDSENSOR

o Anemometer and wind direction sensor

mountedonastand

Italsoincludes:
o Frame
o Setofinterconnectingwires
o Descriptiveandpracticalmanual
o Windturbineinstructionmanual

Didactic system for the theoretical and practical

studyofwindpowerfacilities.Thedeviceincludesa
setofcontrolmodules,measuresandapplications,
aDCmotortodrivethewindgeneratorinabsence
of wind, a device to measure the wind speed (if
usedwiththeblades)anddescriptiveandpractical
manuals.

MODULES

o Measurementmodule
o DC/ACconversionmodule
o Batterycontrolmodule
o 12Vlampsmodule
o mainslampsmodule
o 24Ah,12Vbattery
o Drivingmotorkit

The trainer includes a software for data acquisition

andprocessing.

RENEWABLEENERGIES

WIND POWER TRAINER WITH WIND TUNNEL

DLWINDB

Trainerforthetheoreticalandpracticalstudyofthegenerationofelectricitybymeansofwindpower.
With this trainer it is possible to change the flow of the air that reaches the wind turbine and to
experimentitsoperationatnoloadandloadconditions.

Itiscomposedof:
Awindtunnelinwhichthefollowingcomponentsareinstalled:
Asinglephaseindustrialfanwithelectronicspeedregulator.
A12V,40Wwindturbine,withamechanismforchangingitsorientationwithrespectto
thesourceofthewind.
Ananemometer;
Avoltmeter;
Anammeter;
A power supply, 0230 V, 4 A, with instruments for reading wind speed, voltage and current, a
potentiometerforcontrollingthefansimulatingthewindandalamprepresentingaresistiveload.
Analogueoutputfromeachinstrument:010V.
Avariableresistiveload.

Dimensions: 1780x610x1360mm.
Completewithoperation/experimentmanual.

Options:
DLDAQRE:interfacetoPCandsoftwareforautomaticdataacquisition.

RENEWABLEENERGIES

TRAINER FOR EXPERIENCES ON HYDROGEN FUEL CELLS

DLHYDROGENA

The trainer includes: PEM fuel cell stack 10 (ten Listofexperiments

Studyofafuelcellstackuptotencells
cells), electrolyser, power supply, fuel cell monitor
Producingandstoringhydrogen
software, hydrogen storage tank, electric load
Determiningcharacteristiccurveofsolar
(lamp),fan,solarmoduleand2moduleswithlamps
panel
forthesolarpanel.
The following accessories are also included: water
Voltagecontrolledautomatic
bottle (with distilled water), protective goggles,
measurements
siliconetubing,textbook.
Determiningcharacteristiccurveof
electrolyser

LearningaboutFaradayslaws
Specifications
Determiningcharacteristiccurvesoffuel
Electrolyser:15W
cell
Fuelcell
Determiningfuelcellefficiency

powerpercell:200mW
Determiningdecompositionvoltageof

power(10cells):2W
water
Solarmodule:4V/3,3A
3
LongtermmeasurementsatyourownPC
Gasstorage:80cm
Fixingtheoutputatdifferentoperating
Lamp:4.4W
points
Powersupply:6Vdc/3A
Monitoringsoftware
ofthefuelcellstack
Dimensions:1000x620x200mm.
Monitoringsinglecellstackvoltagesatyour

PC
Powercontrolledautomaticmeasurements

RENEWABLEENERGIES

FUELCELLSSYSTEMSTRAINER

DLHYDROGENB
This trainer has been designed for the study of fuel cell systems. It teaches their engineering principles
anditallowsperformingasetofexperimentsforeducationalpurposes.
Itissafeandeasytobeoperated.
Furthermore,itisveryflexible,modularandsuitablefortheunderstandingofbasicprinciplesaswellas
morecomplextechnologyconcepts.

Thetrainerincludesthefollowingmodules:
100WPEMfuelcell.Performance:14Vat7.2A.ConsumptionofH2:1.4l/min.itincludesthe
electroniccontroller.
225Nlaluminumstoragecanister
DC/DCconverter,output12V,8A
Load,withonehalogenlamp,12V,50W,andoneLEDlamp,12V,3x1W
Variablelogarithmicrheostat,1.5Ohm17Ohm,100W,Imax=8A
Battery
Measurementinstrumentsmodule,containing2voltmeters,40V,1ammeter,10A,and3displays
fortemperature,pressureandflow

Options:
SoftwareinLabVIEWenvironmentfordataacquisitionandprocessing.
DLHYGEN:Hydrogengenerator,forfillingthehydridestoragecanister

RENEWABLEENERGIES

PILOTPLANTFORTHEPRODUCTIONOFBIODIESEL

DLBIO30
Biodieselcanbeusedinautomotivedieselengines(trucks,tractors,vans,automobiles,etc.)orstationary
engines (generators of electricity, heat, etc.), in its natural form or mixed with petroleum diesel, in
differentproportions.
The biodiesel does not require any modification in the standard engines. Our Biodiesel Plant allows
producingfuelthatcanbeusedintheabovedieselapplications.
Biodieselisproducedbythechemicalreactionofavegetableoiloranimalfatwithmethanolorethanol
(waterlesssugarcanealcohol)inthepresenceofacatalyst.Thisprocessisknownastransesterification,
and the catalyst can be alkaline, acid or enzymatic. This process also produces glycerin, used for the
productionofsoapsandotherproducts.
The Transesterification Process Plant for Biodiesel Production was developed by experienced
professionals, using conventional equipment components available on the common market and
automated with the technical features used in industrial processes, allowing didactic application and
investigations.
Withthisplantitispossibletocontroltheheatingtemperaturesofthevegetableoil,ofthereactionand
ofthewashing.Itisalsopossibletorecirculatethemixtureduringthereactiontime.
According to the requirements of the end users, our Technical Department is able to design BIODIESEL
PLANTSwithspecifictechnicalfeatures.Forinstance,thecapacityoftheplantcanbedifferentfromcase
tocase.Theplantmayormaynotincludethealcoholrecoverysystemortheultrasoundtechnologyto
improvetheefficiencyofthemixingphase.
Therefore,theplantthatisdescribedhereundermustbeconsideredasasamplepilotplantwithspecific
featuresthatcanbefurtherdiscussedwiththeenduser.
Inthisparticularcase,theplanthasacapacityof30litres/batch,includesthealcoholrecoverysystemand
doesnotincludetheultrasounddevice.

RENEWABLEENERGIES

TECHNICALFEATURESOFTHEBIODIESELPLANTDLBIO30

Capacityoftheplant:30litres/batch
MainComponents:
Vegetableoilstreatmentsystem:
o Tankforthereceptionoftherawmaterial.
Capacity:30litres,completewithsievetofiltersolidbodiesintheupperside.Instainless
steel
o Electricalheatingsystem
o Thermometer
o 10mfilter
Transesterificationreactionsystem:
o ConicaltankinstainlesssteelAISI316L.Capacity:30litres
o Stirringsystem
o Electricalheatingsystem
o Alcoholrecoverysystem
o Pump
Digitalcontrolpanel
Catalystdispenser
TankinstainlesssteelAISI304Lformixingthemethyl.
Mixingcapacity:4litres
Decantationtankinstainlesssteel.
Capacity:30litreswithrecoveryofthealcoholandcondenserwithanareaof0.5m2
Washingsystemwithfiltering:
o Washingtank.Capacity:30litres
o Stirringsystem
o Electricalheatingsystem
o 10mand1mfilters
Installationkitinstainlesssteelforinterconnectingtheequipment
Accessories
o Digitalscale
o Thermometer
o pHmeter
o Flatbottom500mlflask
o 1000mlbeaker
o Burettewithsupport
o Funnel
o Graduatedpipette
o Volumetricpipette
o Testtube
o Samplingtubeswithsupport
o Bunsenbeak
o Tripod
o Asbestossheet
Metalstructureincarbonsteelandhighresistanceepoxypaint.
Dimensions:2x0.9x1.8metres

RENEWABLEENERGIES

BIOETHANOLPILOTPLANT

DLETAL15
The pilot plant for the production of bioethanol from De Lorenzo reflects the experience that our
companyhasaccumulatedinthefieldofrenewableenergies.Theplantallowsproducingapproximately
150 liters of juice starting from 250 kg of sugar cane and then 10 to 15 liters of alcohol 94/96%. The
productionisinfourstepsaccordingtothefollowingblockdiagramandspecifications.
Onrequest,itispossibletoproducealcoholwithtubers(sweetsorghum,manioc,potato,riceandcorn)
withadditionalgrinders.

Theplanthasthefollowingfunctions:
Grinder for the sugar cane with grinding capacity of 250 kg/h, threephase 3 HP electric motor and
variablegrindingpressure.
Dilutiontankinpolypropylene,capacity200liters,forthepreparation(Brixandtemperature)ofthejuice
tobefermented.
Cleaning tank, in polypropylene, thickness 3 mm., 5 steps, two outlets, one for removing the juice, the
other for draining and cleaning, with a 1 and 1/2" PVC ball valve. Capacity 60 liters, with a pump and
pipingfortransferringthejuice.
Fermentationtanks,inpolypropylene,withtimingrelay,totalcapacity300liters.
Decanter,fortheseparationoftheyeasts,capacity200liters.
Set of two pumps and transfer piping from the dilution tank to the fermentation tanks and from the
fermentationtanktothedecanter.
Distillationcolumn,withrectification,electricresistanceheating,fortheproductionofhydratedalcohol,
ANP 94/96 GL, in stainless steel 304, load capacity 180 liters, digital thermometer, safety valve,
inspectionlidandcontrolpanel.
Tankforstoringthealcohol,inpolypropylene,thickness3mm.Capacity100liters.
Electricpanelforthecontrolofthedifferentmodules.
PLCwithHMIforthecontroloftheparametersoftheprocess.

RENEWABLEENERGIES

Forthequalitycontroloftheproducedethanolanalcoholmeter,aBrixhydrometerandathermometer
arealsoincluded.Foracompletetestofthecomponentsofthealcoholitisnecessarytoperforma
laboratoryanalysis.

Rawmaterial
Theplantproducesalcohol94/96%fromsugarcane.

Informationfortheinstallationoftheplant:
Electricsupply:threephasevoltage
Energyconsumptionapproximately5kW(basicconfiguration)
Necessaryspace:
Forthegrinder:3m2
Forthetanks:30m2
Forthedistiller:3to5m2
Fortheelectricalpanel:0.5m2

OPTIONS
Onrequest,itispossibletoprovidetheplantwithallthetanksinstainlesssteel.
Onrequest,itispossibletoproducealcoholwithtubers(sweetsorghum,manioc,potato,riceandcorn)
withadditionalgrinders.
TheyeastsforthefermentationcanbeprovidedbyDeLorenzo.
Theplantcanbesetupfortheproductionineithercontinuousprocessordiscontinuousprocess,according
totheneedsofthecustomer.

RENEWABLEENERGIES

SOLARWINDFUELCELLSENERGYTRAINER

DLGREENKIT
This trainer has been designed for the study of renewable energies: solar energy, wind energy and
hydrogenfuelcellsystems.

Withthetrainer,itispossibletoperformthefollowingexperiments:
Assemblingafuelcell
Producingandstoringhydrogen
Determiningcharacteristiccurveofsolarpanel
Hydrogen/oxygenorhydrogen/airoperation
Determiningcharacteristiccurveofelectrolyser
Determiningelectrolyserefficiency
LearningaboutFaradayslaws
Determiningcharacteristiccurvesoffuelcell
Determiningfuelcellefficiency
Determiningdecompositionvoltageofwater
Buildingamodelhydrogencar
Usingmethanoltogenerateelectricity
DeterminingcharacteristiccurvesofDMFC
Influenceofthesurfaceofasolarmoduleonvoltageandcurrentintensityofasolarmodule
Voltageandcurrentinaseriesconnectionofsolarpanels
Voltageandcurrentinaparallelconnectionofsolarpanels
Voltageandcurrentinasolarpanelasafunctionoflightintensity
Thecharacteristiccurrentvoltagecurveofasolarpanel
ElectricalEnergyfromwindenergy
Effectsofthewindspeed
Windfromdifferentdirections
Influenceofthenumberofrotorblades
Influenceofdifferentpositionsoftheblades
Observationofawindwheelunderload
Currentvoltagecharacteristicofthewindgenerator
Storageofelectricalenergyfromwindbyusinghydrogentechnology
Conceptofanautarkicsystemwithrenewableenergy

RENEWABLEENERGIES

Technicalspecifications

Electrolysercell:
5cm/minH2;2,5cm/minO2;
1.16W

Load(fan):10mW
Load(car):150mW
Cablelength:250mm

RFCH2/O2/Air:
Electrolysermode:5cm/minH2;2.5cm/minO2;
1.16W
Fuelcellmode:
H2/O2mode:300mW
H2/airmode:100mW

Windgenerator
(Averageperformancewithtablefan)
Umax=6.0V
Imax=0.3A

Solarmodule:2.0V/600mA

DecadeResistor:
Max.capacity:1.2W
Ports:2mm
Weight:190g
HxWxD:40x160x130mm

Multimeters:
Ports:2mm
Weight:140g
HxWxD:125x70x30mm

2carryingcases:140x450x380mm.each

Weight:4kg.each

PEMFCKit:
H2/O2mode:600mW
H2/airmode:200mW

MethanolFuelCell:
Power:10mW

Gasstorage:30cmH2;30cmO2

Solarmodule:2.0V/600mA

BatteryBox:4.5VDC/0.8A

Powersupply:1.2A

Option:

Doublespotlightwith2halogenlamps.

RENEWABLEENERGIES

SOLAR/WINDENERGYMODULARTRAINER

DLSUNWIND
Modular trainer for the theoreticalpractical study of the electrical installations with photovoltaic solar
energyandwindenergy.
Composedof:
- Aphotovoltaicinclinablemodule,85W,12V,completewithacellformeasuringthesolarirradiation
andwithatemperaturesensor.
- Awindturbine

Windturbine12Vdc,160W

Supportingframe1.5m.

Anemometerandwinddirectionsensor.
- Asetofmoduleswithasupportingframe:

Abatterycontrolmodule,12V,32A,withbattery.

Aloadmodulewithtwo12Vlamps,dichroic35WandLED3W,withindependentswitches.

A load module with two mains voltage lamps, dichroic 35W and LED 3W, with
independentswitches.

Anelectronicregulationmodule,withLCDscreen.

Arheostat.

Amoduleforthemeasurementofsolarirradiation(W/m2),solarpaneltemperature(C),
current,voltageandpower.

Amoduleformeasuringwindspeedanddirection.

Amotorkitforindooruseofthewindturbine.

Adctoacconverter,withsinusoidaloutputatmainsvoltage.Averagepower:300W.
Thetraineriscompletewithconnectingcablesandexperimentmanual.
Thetrainerisalsocompletewithdataacquisitionandprocessingsoftware.

Option:
DLSIMSUN:modulewithlampstoprovidesuitable lightingforthesolar
panelwhenusedindoor.

RENEWABLEENERGIES

HYBRIDSOLAR/WINDENERGYTRAINER

DLSUNWIND24VandDLSUNWIND12V

The main target of a hybrid power system is to combine multiple sources to deliver nonintermittent
electricpower,tryingtotakeadvantageofmultipleavailablerenewableenergies.

The Trainer is composed of two subsystems, one for the generation of electric energy from solar
photovoltaicenergythroughasolarpanelandtheotherforthegenerationofelectricenergyfromwind
energythroughawindturbine.

In this trainer, one of the two inverters, acting as master, synchronizes the frequency of the second
inverter,actingasslave,toallowcreatingaconnectionbetweenthetwooutputsthatoperateasasingle
linewithdoubleavailablepower.

RENEWABLEENERGIES

Thetrainersarecomposedof:

PFS

Photovoltaicmodulemountedonasupportwithwheelsand
completewithgraduatedscaleononesideforadjustmentof
the inclination and calibrated cell in the upper part for
measuringthesolarirradiation.
AEROGEN
160W wind turbine, with anemometer and wind direction
sensor mounted on a stand. The wind turbine is provided
with a motor kit in order to use the trainer inside the
classroomorincaseofabsenceofwind.
DL9012
Electronic regulator module for battery charging, with LCD
display for information on the status of the subsystem. It is
abletodisplaybothsolarvoltageandbatteryvoltageaswell
as charging current, AmpHour charge accumulation and
temperature.
DL9013MS DC/ACconvertermodule,withsinusoidaloutputtogenerate
anelectricalnetwork(mains).Withacircuitbreakertoswitch
on and off the inverter. It operates as master or slave.
Completewithcontrolpanel.
DL9015
Module for the parallel of the inverters. It allows up to one
masterand4slaves.
DL9044
Load module with a 20 W, 12Vdc halogen lamps and a 3W,
12Vdc LED lamp. Each lamp incorporates an On/Off control
independentswitch.
DL9017
Load module with a 35W, mains halogen lamp and a 3W,
mains LED lamp. Each lamp incorporates an On/Off control
independentswitch.
DL9018
Variable logarithmic rheostat module, 80, 6A max., to load
thephotovoltaicpanelinordertodetectthevoltagecurrent
characteristiccurves.
DL9021
Instruments module for measuring solar parameters. It
displays:voltagesandcurrents,solarirradiance,temperature
ofthesolarpanel,electricpower.
DL9022
Instruments module for measuring wind parameters. It
displays: voltages and currents, wind speed, wind direction,
electricpower.
DLSIMSUN Setoflampstolightthephotovoltaicsolarpanelinorderto
usethetrainerinsidetheclassroomorincaseofacloudysky.
The intensity of the light can be controlled by the operator
locally through a potentiometer or remotely through a DC
signal.
DL21001M Frameforthemodules.

Completewithasetofconnectingcablesandwithanexperimentmanual.

24Vversion
185W,24V

12Vversion
85W,12V

Twoof
1000Weach
withfour
12Vbatteries

Twoof
500Weach
withtwo
12Vbatteries

4supplied

2supplied

2supplied

1supplied

2supplied

2supplied

RENEWABLEENERGIES

ENERGYEFFICIENCYINELECTRICMOTORS

DLEFFICIENCYA

Trainerforthestudyoftheenergyefficiencyinthecontrolofelectricmotors.
Thetrainerallowsstudyingtheenergyefficiencyinahydrauliccircuitwithmotordrivenpumpcontrolled
byaninverter.
Thetraineriscomposedof:
A didactic panel on which the components of a hydraulic circuit are assembled. The circuit
simulates,inaschematicway,anaqueduct.Fromareservoirtankthewaterisflown,bymeansof
a pump, through an instrumented hydraulic circuit that ends with a set of 3 water intakes of
differentdiametersandcontrolledbyelectrovalves.
Acontrolmodulecontaining:aPLC,aninverter,anetworkanalyzerwithitsinterfacemodule

Technicalspecifications:
3phase motor driven pump, 0.37 kW, with cast iron body and brass impeller, max. flow rate 40
l/min.
Three2wayNCelectrovalves,directcontrol,brassbody
Flowratetransducer,1to40l/min.
Pressuretransducer,0to10bar,outputsignalrange010V
Pressureswitch,1to12bar
PLC,12digitalinputs,4analogueinputs,6relayoutputs
Inverter,0.4kW,PIDcontrolmodeasstandard,7userconfigurablepresetspeeds
Multifunctionnetworkanalyzer,linevoltagesandcurrents,totalactiveandreactivepower,power
factors,activeandreactiveenergies,etc.

RENEWABLEENERGIES

KEPPEMOTORHIGHEFFICIENCYUNIVERSALAC/DCMOTOR

DL2130B

System for the study of a new motor technology based on Prof. Keppes essential energy principles, set
forthinhisbookTheNewPhysicsDerivedFromADisinvertedMetaphysics.
Thesystemallowsperformingtestsonpowerandefficiency,comparedtotraditionalmotors.

Themotorsprinciple
ThisnewprinciplehasgivenorigintotheKeppeMotor,aresonantmagneticmotordrivenbypulsedDC.
TheKeppe Motorincludesoneormorepermanent magneticrotordiscstocapture magnetismfrom the
environment and conelike coreless coils that simulate in large scale the tiny natural vortexes of the
magneticdipoles.
Therefore,theKeppeMotorhasaswitchingsystemthatnaturallyrespondstotheinputpowersupplyuntil
resonanceisachieved.Anaturalconsequenceofthestateofresonancebetweenthemagneticforcesof
therotorandthestatorcoilsisthattheefficiencyofthemotorismaximized.

Theeducationalsystem
The DL 2130B has been designed for studying the efficiency of the Keppe motor when used to drive a
conventionalACfan.
Thesystemiscomposedof:
Afanwitha127VacKeppeMotor(D=85mm);maximumworkingspeedof1300rpmloadedbya
50cmdiameterblade,consuming40W.
Afanwitha127Vacconventionalacsinglephasemotorwiththesamebladeof50cmindiameter,
consuming140Watthemaximumworkingspeedof1300rpm.
Apanelwitha400W,12Vdc/115Vacinverter,severalanalogmeters,digitalacpowermeterand
Keppemotordriver.
Atransformerfora12Vbattery
A8WoutputKeppeMotor
Aspeedmeter

RENEWABLEENERGIES

SOLARPHOTOVOLTAICENERGYINSTALLATIONKIT
DLSOLARKIT

Photovoltaicsolarenergykitforthegenerationofelectricalenergy.

Composedof:

Aphotovoltaicinclinablepanel,85W,12V,completewithacellformeasuringthesolarirradiation
andwithatemperaturesensor.
Asupportingframeforthepanel.
Anelectroniccurrentregulationmodule,withLCDscreen,output12V,30A.
Aninverter,withoutputatmainsvoltage,12V,30A,300W.
Abatterycontrolswitch,0600V,32Awithsolarbattery.
Twomainsvoltagelamps,dichroic35WandLED3W,withindependentswitches.
Two12Vlamps,dichroic20WandLED3W,withindependentswitches.
Cables,connectorsandaccessories.
Aframeforsupportingtheelectricalcomponentsofthesystem:lamps,switches,protections,etc.

Thetraineriscompletewithconnectingcablesandinstallationmanual.

RENEWABLEENERGIES

DATAACQUISITIONSYSTEMFORRENEWABLEENERGIES
DLDAQRE

Composedof:
- Interfacefordataacquisition
- Softwarefordataprocessing

DL1893DataAcquisitionUnit
PowersupplyfromUSB,<100mA
2relayoutputs
2analogueoutputs,serial8bitD/Aconverter
Output:10/+10V
8analogueinputs,12bitA/Dconverter
Input:10/+10V
Maxspeedofconversion:10kHz

DL RESW Software for Renewable Energies

trainers
Data Acquisition for V, I, irradiation from the
solar panel and V, I, wind speed from the aero
generator
LabView GUI for semiautomatic acquisition:
acquisition control, data acquisition storage &
processing through mathematical models, 2D
graph output (IV, PIrr, Pwind speed), data
export

RENEWABLEENERGIES

CATHODICPROTECTIONTRAININGBENCH

DLMK1
TheCathodicprotectionisatechniquetocontrolthecorrosionofametalsurfacebymakingitworkasa
cathodeofanelectrochemicalcell.Thisisachievedbyplacingincontactwiththemetaltobeprotected
another more easily corroded metal to act as the anode of the electrochemical cell. Cathodic protection
systems are most commonly used to protect steel, water or fuel pipelines and storage tanks, steel pier
piles,ships,offshoreoilplatformsandonshoreoilwellcasings.
The theoretical study that precedes the experiments to undertake over the bench is reported into the
modularmanualbook.In thisbookitiseasilyexplained thebackgroundand moreoverthetargetofthe
experiment.
Thebench providesfacilitiestostudythecaseofisolatedsystems,aswellasthecaseofsystemswhere
differentmetalsarecoupledtogether.Particularattentionisgiventothepresenceornotofseveralkinds
ofinsulatingmaterialsoverthesurfacesofthesamples,inordertodemonstratethedifferentbehaviorof
thesamematerialwhencoatedorbare.
Thebenchprovidessuitabledevicestohighlighttheconceptofthefreecorrosionpotential,measuredwith
easy to use reference electrodes and means suitable to build with a certain accuracy the polarization
curves.
Protective techniques are represented as per sacrificial anodes systems of several type of metals as per
impressedcurrentCathodicProtectionsystemswiththepossibilitytoseewhichistheexplanationofthe
useofconstantvoltage,constantcurrentandconstantpotentialfeeders.
Thebenchisprovidedwithmeasuringfacilitiescharacterizedbysuitablesensitivityandaccuracy,inorder
to introduce which must be the basis of the laboratory tests to be executed, to recognize which is the
correct way in order to determine the behavior of a metal in contact with the electrolyte in different
conditionsoftemperature(thermostaticbath)andinhighoxygenconcentration(airinsufflationspump).
AsuitablemultichannelinterfacecanconnectthebenchtoaPCinordertorecordtheexperimentresults
andgivethetraceforfurtherstudies.

RENEWABLEENERGIES

LISTOFTHEEXPERIMENTS
The following list reports the proposed experiments and it corresponds to the manual structure. The
manualisadocumentaddressedtotheteacherinordertopreparethelessonandreportsthebibliography
andlinksforfurtherinvestigationsonthematter.
1)Theuseofthevoltmeter
ThemostimportantinstrumentinthefieldoftheCathodicProtectionistheVoltmeter;typically,thedigital
type is the most common. Because of the great impedance, it allows the measurement of voltages (the
potentials)duetosourceswithveryhighinternalimpedance.Themeasurementsfollowtheintroduction
totheelectricalmeasurementsandtotheintroductiontotheOhmslawthatregulatesthepassageofthe
currentintothefirstaswellasintothesecondspeciesconductors(metalsandelectrolytes).
2)Themeasurementofthedifferenceofpotentialofasampleintoanelectrolyte
This experiment introduces to the subject of the Cathodic Protection. The target of the discipline is to
modifythepotential(versusthereferencecell)ofthestructuretoprotectbyslowingthenaturaltendency
ofthemetaltopassinsolution.Thisexperimentemphasizestheelectrochemicalapproachtothecorrosion
phenomena.
3)Thereferencecell
Thisexperimentputsinrelationthepracticaluseofthethreetypesofreferencecellsmostcommoninthe
disciplinethataretheCu/CuSO4referencecell,theAg/AgClreferencecellandtheZincreferencecell.
4)TheDanielCell
IntheDanielcell,copper andzincelectrodesareimmersedin asolutionofcopper(II)sulphateandzinc
sulphaterespectively.Attheanode,zincisoxidizedperthefollowinghalfreaction:Zn(s)Zn2+(aq)+2e
Atthecathode,copperisreducedperthefollowingreaction:Cu2+(aq)+2eCu(s)
IntheDanielcellwhich,duetoitssimplicity,isoftenusedfordemonstrations,electronsthatarepulled
from the zinc travel through the wire, providing an electrical current that illuminates the bulb. In such a
cell,thesulphateionsplayanimportantrole.Havinganegativecharge,theseanionsbuilduparoundthe
anodetomaintainaneutralcharge.
Conversely,atthecathodethecopper(II)cationsaccumulatetomaintainthisneutralcharge.Thesetwo
processes cause copper solid to accumulate at the cathode and the zinc electrode to "dissolve" into the
solution.
5)Thefirstandsecondspeciesconductors
By using a simple circuit it is possible show the equivalence between the electrolytes and the common
conductorsasfarthepassageoftheelectricalcurrentconcerns.
6)IntroductiontotheCathodicProtectionCriteria
By using the electrolytic cell of the bench it is possible reproduce the application of the NACE criteria
thatconfirmthestatusofCathodicProtectionofastructure.
7)IntroductiontothesacrificialanodesinZn,Mg,andAl
Byusingtheelectrolyticcellofthebenchitispossiblereproducetheapplicationofthesacrificialanode
toasteelstructureandseeinthesametimethecomparisoninbetweentwospecimen,oneinCathodic
Protectionregimen,theotherinfreecorrosionregimen.
8)IntroductiontotheCathodicProtectionImpressedCurrentSystem
By using the electrolytic cell of the bench it is possible reproduce the application of the impressed
currenttoasteelstructureandseeatthesametimethecomparisonbetweentwospecimens,onein
Cathodic Protection regimen, obtained by means of sacrificial anodes, the other driven with the
impressedcurrentsystem.
9)Theconsumableimpressedcurrentanode(Fe)
By using the electrolytic cell of the bench it is possible to reproduce the application of the impressed
currenttoasteelstructureandseeintimetheeffectoftheconsumptionoftheanodeduetoitspassage
insolution.
10)Theinertimpressedanode(TiPtandMMO)
Notalltheanodicmaterialspassinsolution,twoexamplescanbeseenbyusingtheTitaniumPlatinized
anodeandtheMetalOxidecoveredTitaniumanode.

RENEWABLEENERGIES

11)Resistanceconcept,circuitforthefirstandsecondspeciesconductors
Byusingtheelectrolyticcellofthebenchitispossibletoproducethepassageofcurrentintothebath
andinthiswaytodemonstratethevalidityoftheOhmsLawinthefieldofCathodicProtection.
Ohm's law applies to electrical circuits; it states that the current through a conductor between two
points is directly proportional to the potential difference (i.e. voltage drop or voltage across the two
points)andinverselyproportionaltotheresistancebetweenthem.
Themathematicalequationthatdescribesthisrelationshipis:I=V/R
WhereIisthecurrentinamperes,VisthepotentialdifferenceinvoltsandRisacircuitparametercalled
theresistance(measuredinohms,alsoequivalenttovoltsperampere).Thepotentialdifferenceisalso
knownasthevoltagedrop,anditissometimesdenotedbyU,Eoremf(electromotiveforce)insteadof
V.
12)Introductiontothespecificresistanceconceptoverthreedifferentfirstspeciesconductors(Fe;Cu;
FeNi)
To drive the student to the concept of resistivity, an experiment can be executed by using three
geometrically identical samples of different material in order to identify the concept of specific
resistancethatinfieriistheresistivityorasinversetheconductivityconcept.
13)Introductiontotheconceptofinterferenceduetothepresenceofexternalelectricfieldsonburied
orsubmergedstructures(StrayCurrents)
The experiment reproduces the effect of an external electric field on a submerged structure with the
result of the formation of separated anodic and cathodic areas on the surface of the sample. It is the
introduction totheconceptofinterferencedueto thepresenceofanexternalandinterferingelectric
fieldonburiedorsubmergedstructures(StrayCurrents).
14)Airpresenceinfluenceonresistivity(insufflateaireffect)
This experiment explains and demonstrates the change of the resistivity with the increase of the
presenceofairdissolvedintotheelectrolyte.
15)CurrentdensityintroductionandTafelCurvesconstruction
The concept of current density is, like the difference of potential, the main concept in the Cathodic
Protection discipline and this experiment allows understanding that with this concept it is possible to
predicttheamountofcurrentneededtoobtaintheCathodicProtectionregimenoveraknownsurface
structureimmersedintheelectrolyte.
Byusingtheprovidedmultichannelinterfaceitispossibletorecordthechangeofthecurrentvaluesin
thetime,thenbuildthepolarizationcurvesinaplot.
16)TemperatureeffectovertheCurrentdensity(thermostaticcell)
This experiment explains and demonstrates the change of current density as a function of the
temperatureandintroducestheconceptofchemicalactivity.
17)AirpresenceinfluenceovertheCurrentdensity(insufflateaireffect)
Thisexperimentexplainsanddemonstratesthechangeofcurrentdensityasafunctionoftheincreasing
ofdissolvedoxygen.
18)CoatingandCurrentdensity
Theuseofcoatedsamplesallowsdemonstratingtheeffectofthecoatingsoverthesubmergedorburied
structures and gives the magnitude of the effect explaining that the synergy between the Cathodic
Protection and the Coating of the surfaces to be protected reduces the current density with all the
relevantadvantages.

RENEWABLEENERGIES

LISTOFMATERIALS

Benchwithwheels(1300x2000x800mm.)withelectricalconsoletoconnecttothemainsVacsupply
andlockableshelvestocontainthehereinafterlistedmaterial.Providedwithwaterprooftopsurface.
3setsofsafetyglassesandglows.
Digitalvoltmeter.
PCinterfaceforthemeasurementandrecordof5differentchannels.
Digitalvoltmeteronconsole.
2digitalammetersonconsole.
2Cu/CuSO4referencecells.
2Ag/AgClreferencecells.
2Znreferencecells.
10copperelectrodes,30x140mm.,thickness2mm.
10carbonsteelelectrodes(bare).
4transparentbasinstobuildtheelectrolytictestbath.
Simple circuit with sliding resistor and lamp provided with buklets for the insertion into the electrical
circuitoftheelectrolyticcell.
20Zincelectrodes8mm.,length140mm.
20Magnesiumelectrodes25mm.,length140mm,
20Aluminumelectrodes25mm,length140mm,
4DCfeeders(eachprovidedwithconstantvoltage,constantcurrent,constantpotentialfacilities).The
relevantinstrumentsareonthefrontconsoleofthebench.
4TiPtanodes(netanode50mmx140mm)
4MMOtubularanodes(25.4x140mm)
Cubar1mm.,length1m.
Febar1mm.,length1m.
FeNibar1mm.,length1m.
Resistivityfluidcell.
Waterproofresistorwiththermostaticdevice.
Airpumpwithrelevantsprayer.
10carbonsteelelectrodes(completelycoatedwithepoxycompound)
10carbonsteelelectrodes(partiallycoatedwithepoxycompound)
10variousreagentsinplasticcans(0,25kg/each)withtechnicalsheetaspertherequirementofCE.
Setofsparefuses.
Setofancillariesandconnectingleads(20pieces).
2 paper copies and 1 CD of the manual book for training of the teacher in order to undertake the
experiments.

RENEWABLEENERGIES

SINGLESTATIONCATHODICPROTECTIONTRAININGBENCH

DLMK2
TheCathodicprotectionisatechniquetocontrolthecorrosionofametalsurfacebymakingitworkasa
cathodeofanelectrochemicalcell.Thisisachievedbyplacingincontactwiththemetaltobeprotected
another more easily corroded metal to act as the anode of the electrochemical cell. Cathodic protection
systems are most commonly used to protect steel, water or fuel pipelines and storage tanks, steel pier
piles,ships,offshoreoilplatformsandonshoreoilwellcasings.
The theoretical study that precedes the experiments to undertake over the bench is reported into the
modularmanualbook.In thisbookitiseasilyexplained thebackgroundand moreoverthetargetofthe
experiment.
Thebench providesfacilitiestostudythecaseofisolatedsystems,aswellasthecaseofsystemswhere
differentmetalsarecoupledtogether.Particularattentionisgiventothepresenceornotofseveralkinds
ofinsulatingmaterialsoverthesurfacesofthesamples,inordertodemonstratethedifferentbehaviorof
thesamematerialwhencoatedorbare.
Thebenchprovidessuitabledevicestohighlighttheconceptofthefreecorrosionpotential,measuredwith
easy to use reference electrodes and means suitable to build with a certain accuracy the polarization
curves.
Protective techniques are represented as per sacrificial anodes systems of several type of metals as per
impressedcurrentCathodicProtectionsystemswiththepossibilitytoseewhichistheexplanationofthe
useofconstantvoltage,constantcurrentandconstantpotentialfeeders.
Thebenchisprovidedwithmeasuringfacilitiescharacterizedbysuitablesensitivityandaccuracy,inorder
to introduce which must be the basis of the laboratory tests to be executed, to recognize which is the
correct way in order to determine the behavior of a metal in contact with the electrolyte in different
conditionsoftemperature(thermostaticbath)andinhighoxygenconcentration(airinsufflationspump).
AsuitablemultichannelinterfacecanconnectthebenchtoaPCinordertorecordtheexperimentresults
andgivethetraceforfurtherstudies.

RENEWABLEENERGIES

LISTOFTHEEXPERIMENTS
The following list reports the proposed experiments and it corresponds to the manual structure. The
manualisadocumentaddressedtotheteacherinordertopreparethelessonandreportsthebibliography
andlinksforfurtherinvestigationsonthematter.
1)Theuseofthevoltmeter
ThemostimportantinstrumentinthefieldoftheCathodicProtectionistheVoltmeter;typically,thedigital
type is the most common. Because of the great impedance, it allows the measurement of voltages (the
potentials)duetosourceswithveryhighinternalimpedance.
Themeasurementsfollowtheintroductiontotheelectricalmeasurementsandtotheintroductiontothe
Ohms law that regulates the passage of the current into the first as well as into the second species
conductors(metalsandelectrolytes).
2)Themeasurementofthedifferenceofpotentialofasampleintoanelectrolyte
This experiment introduces to the subject of the Cathodic Protection. The target of the discipline is to
modifythepotential(versusthereferencecell)ofthestructuretoprotectbyslowingthenaturaltendency
ofthemetaltopassinsolution.
Thisexperimentemphasizestheelectrochemicalapproachtothecorrosionphenomena.
3)Thereferencecell
Thisexperimentputsinrelationthepracticaluseofthethreetypesofreferencecellsmostcommoninthe
disciplinethataretheCu/CuSO4referencecell,theAg/AgClreferencecellandtheZincreferencecell.
4)TheDanielCell
IntheDanielcell,copper andzincelectrodesareimmersedin asolutionofcopper(II)sulphateandzinc
sulphaterespectively.Attheanode,zincisoxidizedperthefollowinghalfreaction:Zn(s)Zn2+(aq)+2e
Atthecathode,copperisreducedperthefollowingreaction:Cu2+(aq)+2eCu(s)
IntheDanielcellwhich,duetoitssimplicity,isoftenusedfordemonstrations,electronsthatarepulled
from the zinc travel through the wire, providing an electrical current that illuminates the bulb. In such a
cell,thesulphateionsplayanimportantrole.Havinganegativecharge,theseanionsbuilduparoundthe
anodetomaintainaneutralcharge.
Conversely,atthecathodethecopper(II)cationsaccumulatetomaintainthisneutralcharge.Thesetwo
processes cause copper solid to accumulate at the cathode and the zinc electrode to "dissolve" into the
solution.
5)Thefirstandsecondspeciesconductors
By using a simple circuit it is possible show the equivalence between the electrolytes and the common
conductorsasfarthepassageoftheelectricalcurrentconcerns.
6)IntroductiontotheCathodicProtectionCriteria
By using the electrolytic cell of the bench it is possible reproduce the application of the NACE criteria
thatconfirmthestatusofCathodicProtectionofastructure.
7)IntroductiontothesacrificialanodesinZn,Mg,andAl
Byusingtheelectrolyticcellofthebenchitispossiblereproducetheapplicationofthesacrificialanode
toasteelstructureandseeinthesametimethecomparisoninbetweentwospecimen,oneinCathodic
Protectionregimen,theotherinfreecorrosionregimen.
8)IntroductiontotheCathodicProtectionImpressedCurrentSystem
By using the electrolytic cell of the bench it is possible reproduce the application of the impressed
currenttoasteelstructureandseeatthesametimethecomparisonbetweentwospecimens,onein
Cathodic Protection regimen, obtained by means of sacrificial anodes, the other driven with the
impressedcurrentsystem.
9)Theconsumableimpressedcurrentanode(Fe)
By using the electrolytic cell of the bench it is possible to reproduce the application of the impressed
currenttoasteelstructureandseeintimetheeffectoftheconsumptionoftheanodeduetoitspassage
insolution.
10)Theinertimpressedanode(TiPtandMMO)
Notalltheanodicmaterialspassinsolution,twoexamplescanbeseenbyusingtheTitaniumPlatinized
anodeandtheMetalOxidecoveredTitaniumanode.

RENEWABLEENERGIES

11)Resistanceconcept,circuitforthefirstandsecondspeciesconductors
Byusingtheelectrolyticcellofthebenchitispossibletoproducethepassageofcurrentintothebath
andinthiswaytodemonstratethevalidityoftheOhmsLawinthefieldofCathodicProtection.
Ohm's law applies to electrical circuits; it states that the current through a conductor between two
points is directly proportional to the potential difference (i.e. voltage drop or voltage across the two
points)andinverselyproportionaltotheresistancebetweenthem.
Themathematicalequationthatdescribesthisrelationshipis:I=V/R
WhereIisthecurrentinamperes,VisthepotentialdifferenceinvoltsandRisacircuitparametercalled
theresistance(measuredinohms,alsoequivalenttovoltsperampere).Thepotentialdifferenceisalso
knownasthevoltagedrop,anditissometimesdenotedbyU,Eoremf(electromotiveforce)insteadof
V.
12)Introductiontothespecificresistanceconceptoverthreedifferentfirstspeciesconductors(Fe;Cu;
FeNi)
To drive the student to the concept of resistivity, an experiment can be executed by using three
geometrically identical samples of different material in order to identify the concept of specific
resistancethatinfieriistheresistivityorasinversetheconductivityconcept.
13)Introductiontotheconceptofinterferenceduetothepresenceofexternalelectricfieldsonburied
orsubmergedstructures(StrayCurrents)
The experiment reproduces the effect of an external electric field on a submerged structure with the
result of the formation of separated anodic and cathodic areas on the surface of the sample. It is the
introduction totheconceptofinterferencedueto thepresenceofanexternalandinterferingelectric
fieldonburiedorsubmergedstructures(StrayCurrents).
14)Airpresenceinfluenceonresistivity(insufflateaireffect)
This experiment explains and demonstrates the change of the resistivity with the increase of the
presenceofairdissolvedintotheelectrolyte.
15)CurrentdensityintroductionandTafelCurvesconstruction
The concept of current density is, like the difference of potential, the main concept in the Cathodic
Protection discipline and this experiment allows understanding that with this concept it is possible to
predicttheamountofcurrentneededtoobtaintheCathodicProtectionregimenoveraknownsurface
structureimmersedintheelectrolyte.
Byusingtheprovidedmultichannelinterfaceitispossibletorecordthechangeofthecurrentvaluesin
thetime,thenbuildthepolarizationcurvesinaplot.
16)TemperatureeffectovertheCurrentdensity(thermostaticcell)
This experiment explains and demonstrates the change of current density as a function of the
temperatureandintroducestheconceptofchemicalactivity.
17)AirpresenceinfluenceovertheCurrentdensity(insufflateaireffect)
Thisexperimentexplainsanddemonstratesthechangeofcurrentdensityasafunctionoftheincreasing
ofdissolvedoxygen.
18)CoatingandCurrentdensity
Theuseofcoatedsamplesallowsdemonstratingtheeffectofthecoatingsoverthesubmergedorburied
structures and gives the magnitude of the effect explaining that the synergy between the Cathodic
Protection and the Coating of the surfaces to be protected reduces the current density with all the
relevantadvantages.

RENEWABLEENERGIES

LISTOFMATERIALS
Theproposedbenchcanbesuppliedreadytobeusedandprovidedwiththehereinafterlistedmaterial:
benchwithwheels(1200x1000x800mm.approx.)withelectricalconsoletoconnecttothemainsVac
supplyandlockableshelvestocontainthematerialfortheexperimentsandprovidedwithwaterprooftop
surface,safetyglassesandglows,digitalvoltmeter,PCinterfaceforthemeasurementandstorageofdata,
digitalvoltmeteronconsole,digitalammeteronconsole,Cu/CuSO4referencecell,Ag/AgClreferencecell,
Znreferencecell,copperelectrode,carbonsteelelectrode,transparentbasintobuildtheelectrolytictest
bath,simplecircuitwithslidingresistorandlampsuitablefortheinsertionintotheelectricalcircuitofthe
electrolytic cell, Zinc electrode, Magnesium electrode, Aluminum electrode, DC feeder (provided with
constantvoltage,constantcurrent,constantpotentialfacilities),TiPtanode,MMOtubularanode,Cubar,
Febar,FeNibar,resistivityfluidcell,waterproofresistorwiththermostaticdevice,airpumpwithrelevant
sprayer, carbon steel electrode (completely coated with epoxy compound), carbon steel electrode
(partially coated with epoxy compound), various reagents in plastic cans with technical sheet as per the
requirementofCE,setofsparefuses,setofancillariesandconnectingleads,papercopiesandCDofthe
manualbookfortrainingoftheteacherinordertoundertaketheexperiments.

NOTE:
TheDLMK2versionoftheCathodicProtectiontrainerdiffersfromtheDLMK1versiononthepossibility
of performing simultaneously the same experiment with different values of the parameters. In the DL
MK2version,theexperimentscanbeperformedinsequentialmode,thatis,ifyouwanttochangethe
value of a specific parameter, you can do it after performing the same experiment with the previous
value.Youmustthenrecordtheresultsonyournotebookandthencomparethedifferentresults.With
theDLMK1versionyoucanperformthesameexperimentwithtwodifferentparameterconfigurations
atthesametime.