Mental Math Grade 5

Mental Math
Mental Computation
Grade 5
Draft September 2006
MENTAL MATH
Acknowledgements
The Department of Education gratefully acknowledges the contributions of the following individuals to the
preparation of the Mental Math booklets:
Sharon BoudreauCape Breton-Victoria Regional School Board

Anne BoydStrait Regional School Board
Estella ClaytonHalifax Regional School Board (Retired)
Jane ChisholmTri-County Regional School Board
Paul DennisChignecto-Central Regional School Board
Robin HarrisHalifax Regional School Board
Keith JordanStrait Regional School Board
Donna KarstenNova Scotia Department of Education
Ken MacInnisHalifax Regional School Board (Retired)
Ron MacLeanCape Breton-Victoria Regional School Board
Sharon McCreadyNova Scotia Department of Education
David McKillopChignecto-Central Regional School Board
Mary OsborneHalifax Regional School Board (Retired)
Sherene SharpeSouth Shore Regional School Board
Martha StewartAnnapolis Valley Regional School Board
Susan WilkieHalifax Regional School Board
MENTAL COMPUTATION GRADE 5 DRAFT SEPTEMBER 2006
MENTAL MATH
Contents
Introduction....................................................................................................................................................1
Definitions......................................................................................................................................1
Rationale.........................................................................................................................................1
The Implementation of Mental Computational Strategies..............................................................................3
General Approach...........................................................................................................................3
Introducing a Strategy ....................................................................................................................3
Reinforcement ................................................................................................................................3
Assessment ......................................................................................................................................3
Response Time ...............................................................................................................................4
A. Addition Fact Learning .........................................................................................................................5
Facts and the Fact Learning Strategies ............................................................................................5
B. Addition Mental Calculations ...............................................................................................................7
Quick Addition No Regrouping................................................................................................7
Front End Addition ........................................................................................................................8
Finding Compatibles ......................................................................................................................8
Break Up and Bridge ......................................................................................................................9
Compensation ............................................................................................................................. 10
Make 10, 100, or 1000 ................................................................................................................ 11
C. Subtraction Fact Learning.................................................................................................................. 12
Review Subtraction Facts to 18 and the Fact Learning Strategies ................................................ 12
D. Subtraction Mental Calculations ....................................................................................................... 12
Using Subtraction Facts for 10s, 100s, 1000s, and 10 000s......................................................... 12
Quick Subtraction ....................................................................................................................... 12
Back Through 10/100 ................................................................................................................. 13
Counting on to Subtract.............................................................................................................. 14
Compensation ............................................................................................................................. 15
Balancing For a Constant Difference ........................................................................................... 16
Break Up and Bridge ................................................................................................................... 17
E. Multiplication Fact Learning.............................................................................................................. 19
Multiplication Fact Learning Strategies ....................................................................................... 19
F. Multiplication Mental Calculations.................................................................................................... 25
Quick Multiplication No Regrouping .................................................................................... 25
Division Using the Think Multiplication Strategy ...................................................................... 25
Using Multiplication Facts for Tens, Hundreds, and Thousands ................................................ 25
Division Where the Divisor is a Multiple of 10 ........................................................................... 26
Multiplying by 10, 100, and 1000............................................................................................... 26
Dividing by 0.1, 0.01, and 0.00) ................................................................................................. 27
Multiplying by 0.1, 0.01, and 0.001............................................................................................ 29
Dividing by 10, 100, and 1000.................................................................................................... 30
Front End Multiplication or the Distributive Property................................................................ 30
Compensation ............................................................................................................................. 31
Finding Compatible Factors ........................................................................................................ 32
Open Frames in Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication, and Division ........................................ 32
E. Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication, and Division
Computational Estimation........................................................................................................................... 34
Rounding..................................................................................................................................... 34
Rounding with Fives ................................................................................................................ 35
Front End .................................................................................................................................... 36
Adjusted Front End ..................................................................................................................... 38
Clustering of Near Compatibles For Addition and Mixed Computation .................................... 41
iii
MENTAL MATH
Introduction
Definitions
It is important to clarify the definitions used around mental math. Mental math in Nova Scotia refers
to the entire program of mental math and estimation across all strands. It is important to incorporate
some aspect of mental math into your mathematics planning everyday, although the time spent each
day may vary. While the Time to Learn document requires 5 minutes per day, there will be days,
especially when introducing strategies, when more time will be needed. Other times, such as when
reinforcing a strategy, it may not take 5 minutes to do the practice exercises and discuss the strategies
and answers.
While there are many aspects to mental math, this booklet, Mental Computation, deals with fact
learning, mental calculations, and computational estimation mental math found in General
Curriculum Outcome (GCO) B. Therefore, teachers must also remember to incorporate mental
math strategies from the six other GCOs into their yearly plans for Mental Math, for example,
measurement estimation, quantity estimation, patterns and spatial sense. For more information on
these and other strategies see Elementary and Middle School Mathematics: Teaching Developmentally by
John A. Van de Walle.
For the purpose of this booklet, fact learning will refer to the acquisition of the 100 number facts
relating the single digits 0 to 9 for each of the four operations. When students know these facts, they
can quickly retrieve them from memory (usually in 3 seconds or less). Ideally, through practice over
time, students will achieve automaticity; that is, they will abandon the use of strategies and give
instant recall. Computational estimation refers to using strategies to get approximate answers by
doing calculations in ones head, while mental calculations refer to using strategies to get exact
answers by doing all the calculations in ones head.
While we have defined each term separately, this does not suggest that the three terms are totally
separable. Initially, students develop and use strategies to get quick recall of the facts. These strategies
and the facts themselves are the foundations for the development of other mental calculation
strategies. When the facts are automatic, students are no longer employing strategies to retrieve them
from memory. In turn, the facts and mental calculation strategies are the foundations for estimation.
Attempts at computational estimation are often thwarted by the lack of knowledge of the related facts
and mental calculation strategies.
Rationale
In modern society, the development of mental computation skills needs to be a major goal of any
mathematical program for two major reasons. First of all, in their day-to-day activities, most peoples
calculation needs can be met by having well developed mental computational processes. Secondly,
while technology has replaced paper-and-pencil as the major tool for complex computations, people
need to have well developed mental strategies to be alert to the reasonableness of answers generated
by technology.
Besides being the foundation of the development of number and operation sense, fact learning itself
is critical to the overall development of mathematics. Mathematics is about patterns and relationships
and many of these patterns and relationships are numerical. Without a command of the basic
relationships among numbers (facts), it is very difficult to detect these patterns and relationships. As
well, nothing empowers students with confidence and flexibility of thinking more than a command
of the number facts.
MENTAL MATH
It is important to establish a rational for mental math. While it is true that many computations that
require exact answers are now done on calculators, it is important that students have the necessary
skills to judge the reasonableness of those answers. This is also true for computations students will do
using pencil-and-paper strategies. Furthermore, many computations in their daily lives will not
require exact answers. (e.g., If three pens each cost $1.90, can I buy them if I have $5.00?) Students
will also encounter computations in their daily lives for which they can get exact answers quickly in
their heads. (e.g., What is the cost of three pens that each cost $3.00?)
MENTAL MATH
The Implementation of Mental Computational

Strategies
General Approach
In general, a strategy should be introduced in isolation from other strategies, a variety of different
reinforcement activities should be provided until it is mastered, the strategy should be assessed in a
variety of ways, and then it should be combined with other previously learned strategies.
Introducing a Strategy
The approach to highlighting a mental computational strategy is to give the students an example of a
computation for which the strategy would be useful to see if any of the students already can apply the
strategy. If so, the student(s) can explain the strategy to the class with your help. If not, you could
share the strategy yourself. The explanation of a strategy should include anything that will help
students see the pattern and logic of the strategy, be that concrete materials, visuals, and/or contexts.
The introduction should also include explicit modeling of the mental processes used to carry out the
strategy, and explicit discussion of the situations for which the strategy is most appropriate and
efficient. The logic of the strategy should be well understood before it is reinforced. (Often it would
also be appropriate to show when the strategy would not be appropriate as well as when it would be
appropriate.)
Reinforcement
Each strategy for building mental computational skills should be practised in isolation until students
can give correct solutions in a reasonable time frame. Students must understand the logic of the
strategy, recognize when it is appropriate, and explain the strategy. The amount of time spent on each
strategy should be determined by the students abilities and previous experiences.
The reinforcement activities for a strategy should be varied in type and should focus as much on the
discussion of how students obtained their answers as on the answers themselves. The reinforcement
activities should be structured to insure maximum participation. Time frames should be generous at
first and be narrowed as students internalize the strategy. Student participation should be monitored
and their progress assessed in a variety of ways to help determine how long should be spent on a
strategy.
After you are confident that most of the students have internalized the strategy, you need to help
them integrate it with other strategies they have developed. You can do this by providing activities
that includes a mix of number expressions, for which this strategy and others would apply. You
should have the students complete the activities and discuss the strategy/strategies that could be used;
or you should have students match the number expressions included in the activity to a list of
strategies, and discuss the attributes of the number expressions that prompted them to make the
matches.
Assessment
Your assessments of mental math and estimation strategies should take a variety of forms. In addition
to the traditional quizzes that involve students recording answers to questions that you give one-at-atime in a certain time frame, you should also record any observations you make during the
reinforcements, ask the students for oral responses and explanations, and have them explain strategies
in writing. Individual interviews can provide you with many insights into a students thinking,
especially in situations where pencil-and-paper responses are weak.
MENTAL MATH
Assessments, regardless of their form, should shed light on students abilities to compute efficiently
and accurately, to select appropriate strategies, and to explain their thinking.
Response Time
Response time is an effective way for teachers to see if students can use the mental math and
estimation strategies efficiently and to determine if students have automaticity of their facts.
For the facts, your goal is to get a response in 3-seconds or less. You would give students more time
than this in the initial strategy reinforcement activities, and reduce the time as the students become
more proficient applying the strategy until the 3-second goal is reached. In subsequent grades when
the facts are extended to 10s, 100s and 1000s, a 3-second response should also be the expectation.
In early grades, the 3-second response goal is a guideline for the teacher and does not need to be
shared with the students if it will cause undue anxiety.
With other mental computational strategies, you should allow 5 to 10 seconds, depending upon the
complexity of the mental activity required. Again, in the initial application of the strategies, you
would allow as much time as needed to insure success, and gradually decrease the wait time until
students attain solutions in a reasonable time frame.
MENTAL MATH
A. Addition Fact Learning

Facts and the Fact Learning Strategies
At the beginning of grade 5, it is important to ensure that students review the addition facts to 18
and the fact learning strategies addressed in previous grades as listed below. Students will use these
facts and strategies when doing mental math addition with numbers in the 10s, 100s, 1000s and 10
000s in grade 5. Further information about these strategies can be found in the grade 3 mental math
booklet.
The strategies are:
1)
Doubles Facts
2)
Near- Doubles (1-Aparts) Facts
3)
Doubles Plus 2 (2-Aparts Facts)
4)
Plus 0-No Change
5)
Plus 2s or Next Even/Odd Number
Examples
1)
400 + 400 =
2)
300 + 400 = (300 + 300) + 100 = 700
3)
300 + 500 = (300 + 300) + 200 =
4)
700 + 0 =
5)
700 + 200 = 900 or 400 + 200 = 600
Examples of Some Practice Items

Here are some practice items:
40 + 40 =
90 + 90 =
50 + 50 =
300 + 300 =
7000 + 7000 =
2000 + 2000 =
70 + 80 =
50 + 60 =
7000 + 8000 =
3000 + 2000 =
40 + 60 =
50 + 30 =
700 + 500 =
100 + 300 =
7000 + 9000 =
8000 + 6000 =
3000 + 5000 =
4000 + 2000 =
55 + 0 =
0 + 47 =
376 + 0 =
5678 + 0 =
0 + 9098 =
811 + 0 =
70 + 20 =
30 + 20 =
60 + 20 =
800 + 200 =
100 + 200 =
4000 + 2000 =
MENTAL MATH
Some practice items for numbers in the 10 000 are:
20 000 + 30 000 =
60 000 + 30 000 =
10 000 + 80 000 =
40 000 + 40 000 =
70 000 + 70 000 =
50 000 + 60 000 =
80 000 + 90 000 =
50 000 + 70 000 =
90 000 + 70 000 =
30 000 + 50 000 =
60 000 + 0 =
0 + 40 000 =
40 000 + 20 000 =
60 000 + 20 000 =
70 000 + 20 000 =
20 000 + 50 000 =
MENTAL MATH
B. Addition Mental Calculations

Quick Addition No Regrouping
This pencil-and-paper strategy is used when there are more than two combinations in the
calculations, but no regrouping is needed and the calculations are presented visually instead of orally.
It is included here as a mental math strategy because students will do all the combinations in their
heads starting at the front end. It is important to present these addition questions both horizontally
and vertically.
Examples
1)
For 56 + 23, simply record , starting at the front end, 79.
2)
For 543 + 256, simply record, starting at the front end, 799.
3)
For 2 341 + 3 4 00, simply record, starting at the front end, 5 741.
4)
For 0.34 + 0.25, simply record, starting at the front end, 0.59 and remember, no
regrouping.

1)
2)
Here are some practice items for numbers in the 10s are.
71 + 12 =
63 + 33 =
44 + 53 =
37 + 51 =
15 + 6 2 =
66 + 23 =
43 + 54 =
234 + 52 =
Some practice items for numbers in the 100s are.

291 + 703 =
144 + 333 =
507 + 201 =
623 + 234 =
770 + 129 =
534 + 435 =
MENTAL MATH
3)
4)
Some practice items for numbers in the 1000s.

5200 + 3700 =
6200 + 1700 =
4423 + 1200 =
6334 + 2200 =
4067 + 4900 =
4300 + 2078 =
6621 + 2100 =
1452 + 8200 =
Some practice items for numbers in the 10ths and 100ths are.
0.3 + 0.6 =
0.5 + 0.1 =
0.6 + 0.2 =
0.7 + 0.1 =
0.2 + 0.5 =
0.23 + 0.43 =
0.71 + 0.16 =
0.45 + 0.33 =
0.93 + 0.04 =
0.07 + 0.52 =
2.34 + 0.54 =
7.36 + 0.51 =
2.45 + 3.33 =
7.15 + 2.84 =
6.04 + 2.82 =
Front End Addition

This strategy involves adding the highest place values and then adding the sums of the next place
value(s).
Example
For 37 + 26, think: 30 and 20 is 50, 7 and 6 is 13 and 50 plus 13 is 63.
For 450 + 380 think: 400 + 300 is 700, and 50 and 80 is 130 and 700 plus 130 is 830.
Some practice items are:
45 + 38 =
34 + 18 =
53 + 29 =
15 + 66 =
74 + 19 =
190 + 430 =
340 + 220 =
470 + 360 =
607 + 304 =
3500 + 2300 =
5400 + 3 400 =
6800 + 2100 =
2900 + 6 000 =
3700 + 3200 =
7500 + 2400 =
8800 + 1100 =
2700 + 7200 =
6300 + 4400 =
4.9 + 3.2 =
5.4 + 3.7 =
1.4 + 2.5 =
3.6 + 2.9 =
6.6 + 2.5 =
0.36 + 0.43 =
0.62 + 0.23 =
0.75 + 0.05 =
0.45 + 0.44 =
Finding Compatibles
This strategy for addition involves looking for pairs of numbers that add to powers of ten (10, 100,
and 1000) to make the addition easier. Some examples of compatible numbers are: 1 and 9; 40 and
60; 300 and 700; and 75 and 25, a readily known compatible. Compatible numbers are also referred
to as friendly numbers or nice numbers in some professional resources.
MENTAL MATH
Example:
For 3 + 8 + 7 + 6 + 2, think- 3 + 7 is 10, 8 + 2 is 10, so 10 + 10 + 6 is 26.
For 25 + 47 + 75, think: 25 and 75 is 100, so 100 and 47 is 147.
For 400 + 720 + 600, think: 400 and 600 is 1000, so the sum is 1720.
For 3000 + 7000 + 2400, think: 3000 and 7000 is 10 000, so 10 000 and 2400 is 12 400.
11 + 59 =
33 + 27 =
60 + 30 + 40 =
75 + 95 + 25 =
80 + 20 + 79 =
40 + 72 + 60 =
90 + 86 + 10 =
125 + 25=
475 + 25 =
625 + 75 =
290 + 510 =
300 + 437 + 700 =
800 + 740 + 200 =
900 + 100 + 485 =
4400 + 1600 + 3000 =
9000 + 3300 + 1000 =
3250 + 3000 + 1750 =
2200 + 2800 + 600 =
3000 + 300 + 700 + 2000 =
3400 + 5600=
0.6 + 0.9 + 0.4 + 0.1 =
0.2 + 0.4 + 0.8 + 0.6 =
0.7 + 0.1 + 0.9 + 0.3 =
0.2 + 0.4 + 0.3 + 0.8 + 0.6 =
0.4 + 0.5 + 0.6 + 0.2 + 0.5 =
0.25 + 0.50 + 0.75 =
0.80 + 0.26 =
0.45 + 0.63 =
Break Up and Bridge

This strategy for addition involves starting with the first number and adding the values in the place
values, starting with the largest of the second number.
Example:
1)
For 45 plus 36, think: 45 and 30(from the 36) is 75 and 75 plus 6(the rest of the 36) is 81.
For 537 plus 208, think: 537 and 200 is 737 and 737 plus 8 is 745.
2)
For example: For 5300 plus 2 400, think: 5300 and 2000 (from the 2400) is 7300 and 7
300 plus 400(from the rest of 2 400) is 7700.
3)
For example: For 3.6 plus 5.3, think: 3.6 and 5(from the 5.3) is 8.6 and 8.6 plus 0.3(the
rest of 5.3) is 8.9.

1)
Some practice items are.

37 + 42 =
72 + 21 =
88 + 16 =
74 + 42 =
325 + 220 =
301 + 435 =
747 + 150 =
142 + 202 =
370 + 327 =
MENTAL MATH
2)
3)
Some practice items for numbers in the 1000s are:

7700 + 1200 =
4100 + 3600 =
5700 + 2200 =
7300 + 1400 =
2800 + 6100 =
3300 + 3400 =
5090 + 2600 =
17 400 + 1300 =
Some practice items for numbers in the 10ths and 100ths are:
4.2 + 3.5 =
6.3 + 1.6 =
4.2 + 3.7 =
6.1 + 2.8 =
0.32 + 0.56 =
2.08 + 3.2 =
4.15 + 3.22 =
5.43 + 2.26 =
6.03 + 2.45 =
15.46 + 1.23 =
43.30 + 8.49 =
70.32 + 9.12 =
Compensation
This strategy for addition involves changing one number to a ten or hundred; carrying out the
addition and then adjusting the answer to compensate for the original change.
Examples
1)
For 52 plus 39, think, 52 plus 40 is 92, but I added 1 too many to take me to the next 10
(compensate - 39 to 40), so I subtract one from my answer, 92, to get 91.
For example: For 345 + 198, think: 345 + 200 is 545, but I added 2 too many; so, I
subtract 2 from 545 to compensate, to get 543.
2)
For example: For 4500 plus 1900, think: 4500 + 2000 is 6500 but I added 100 too many;
so, I subtract 100 from 6500 to get 6400.
3)
For example: For 0.54 plus 0.29, think: 0.54 + 0.3 is 0.84 but I added 0.01 too many; so, I
subtract 0.01 from 0.84 to compensate, to get 0.83.

1)
2)
3)
10
Some practice items

56 + 8 =
72 + 9 =
44 + 27 =
14 + 58 =
21 + 48 =
255 + 49 =
371 + 18 =
125 + 49 =
504 + 199 =
354 + 597 =
826 + 99 =
676 + 197 =
304 + 399 =
526 + 799 =
Some practice for numbers in the 1000s are:

1300 + 800 =
5400 + 2900 =
6421 + 1900 =
3450 + 4800 =
2330 + 5900 =
15 200 + 2900 =
4621 + 3800 =
2111 + 4900 =
2050 + 6800 =
Some practice items for numbers in the 10ths and 100ths are:
0.71 + 0.09 =
0.56 + 0.08 =
0.32 + 0.19 =
0.44 + 0.29 =
0.17 + 0.59 =
2.31 + 0.99 =
4.52 + 0.98 =
1.17 + 0.39 =
25.34 + 0.58 =
MENTAL MATH
Make 10, 100 or 1000.

These facts all have one addend of 8 or 9. The strategy for these facts is to build onto the 8 or 9 up to
10 and then add on the rest.
Examples
For 9 + 6, think: 9 +1(from the 6) is 10, and 10 + 5 (the other part of the 6) is 15 or
9 + 6 = (9 + 1) + 5 = 10 + 5 = 15.
The make 10 strategy can be extended to facts involving 7.
For 7 + 4, think: 7 and 3 (from the 4) is 10, and 10 + 1
(the other part of the 4) is 11or 7 + 4 = (7 + 3) + 1 = 10 + 1 = 11.
58 + 6 =
5 + 49 =
29 + 3 =
38 + 5 =
680 + 78 =
490 + 18 =
170 + 40 =
570 + 41 =
450 + 62 =
630 + 73 =
560 + 89 =
870 + 57 =
780 + 67 =
2800 + 460 =
5900 + 660 =
1700 + 870 =
8900 + 230 =
3500 + 590 =
2200 + 910 =
3600 + 522 =
4700 + 470 =
11
MENTAL MATH
C. Subtraction Fact Learning

Review Subtraction Facts to 18 and the Fact Learning Strategies
At the beginning of grade 4, it is important to ensure that students review the subtraction facts to 18
and the fact learning strategies addressed in previous grades as outlined below. It is necessary that
subtraction strategies are always related to students understanding of the basic addition facts and
strategies. Students will use these facts and strategies when doing mental math subtraction in the 10s,
100s, 1000s, ten-thousands tenths and hundredths.
D. Subtraction Mental Calculations

Using Subtraction Facts for 10s, 100s, 1000s, and 10 000s
This strategy applies to calculations involving the subtraction of two tens, hundreds or thousands
with only one non-zero digit in each number. The strategy involves subtracting the single non-zero
digits as if they were the single-digit subtraction facts. This strategy should be modeled with base ten
materials.
Examples
For 80 30, think- 8 tens subtract 3 tens is 5 tens, or 50.
For 500 200 , think- 5 hundreds subtract 2 hundreds is 3 hundreds, or 300.
For 6000 subtract 2 000, think: 6 thousands subtract 2 thousands is 4 thousands, or
4 000.
Some practice items:
90 - 10 =
60 30 =
70 60 =
40 10 =
80 30 =
700 300 =
400 100 =
800 700 =
600 400 =
300 200 =
1400 100 =
1800 900 =
Here are some practice items for numbers in the ten thousands are:
70 000 30 000 =
80 000 50 000 =
90 000 80 000 =
60 000 30 000 =
60 000 40 000 =
20 000 7000 =
30 000 9000 =
80 000 4 000 =
100000 - 20 000 =
Quick Subtraction
This pencil-and-paper strategy is used when there are more than two combinations in the
calculations, but no regrouping is needed and the calculations are presented visually instead of orally.
It is included here as a mental math strategy because students will do all the combinations in their
heads starting at the front end. It is important to present these subtraction questions both
horizontally and vertically.
12
MENTAL MATH
Examples
1)
For 86 - 23, simply record, starting at the front end, 63.

For 568 - 135, simply record, starting at the front end, 433.
2)
For 3 700 subtract 2 400, simply record , starting at the front end, 1 300.
3)
For 0.65 subtract 0.23, simply record, starting at the front end, 0.42.

1)
2)
3)

38 25 =
27 15 =
97 35 =
82 11 =
67 43 =
745 23 =
947 35 =
357 - 135 =
845 542 =
704 502 =
809 408 =
2654 341 =
Some practice items for numbers in the 1000s and 10 000s are.
9800 7200 =
5600 4100 =
4850 2220 =
8520 7200 =
56 000 23 000 =
78 000 47 000 =
390 000 200 000 =
460 000 130 000 =
0.38 0.21 =
0.66 0.42 =
0.78 0.50 =
0.96 0.85 =
3.86 0.45 =
17.36 0.24 =
Back Through 10/100

This strategy involves subtracting a part of the subtrahend to get to the nearest one, ten, hundred or
thousand and then subtracting the rest of the subtrahend. This strategy is most effective when the
two numbers involved are quite far apart.
Example
1)
For 15 8, think: 15 subtract 5 (one part of the 8) is ten and ten subtract 3 (the other part
of the 8) is 7.
For 530 - 70, think: 530 subtract 30 (one part of the 70) is 500 and 500 subtract 40(the
other part of the 70) is 460.
2)
For example: For 8 600- 700, think: 8 600 subtract 600(one part of the 700) is 8 000 and
8 000 subtract 100(the rest of the 700) is 7 900.

1)

74 7 =
97 8 =
53 5 =
420 60 =
340 -70 =
630 60 =
540 70 =
760 70 =
320 50 =
13
MENTAL MATH
2)

9200 500 =
4700 - 800 =
6100 300 =
7500 700 =
8 00 600 =
4200 800 =
9 500 600 =
3 400 700 =
2 300 600 =
Counting on to Subtract
This strategy involves counting the difference between the two numbers by starting with the smaller;
keeping track of the distance to the nearest one, ten, hundred or thousand; and adding to this amount
the rest of the distance to the greater number. This strategy is most effective when the two numbers
involved are quite close together.
Example
1)
For 613 594, think- It is 6 from 594 to 600 and 13 from 600 to 613; therefore, the
difference is 6 plus 13, or 19.
For example: For 84 77, think- It is 3 from 77 to 80 and 4 from 80 to 84; therefore, the
difference is 3 plus 4, or 7.
2)
For 2 310 1 800, think: It is 200 from 1 800 to 2 000 and 310 from 2 000 to 2 310;
therefore, the difference is 200 plus 310, or 510.
3)
For 12.4 11.8, think: It is 2 tenths from 11.8 to 12 and 4 tenths from 12 to 12.4;
therefore, the difference is 2 tenths plus 4 tenths, or 0.6.
4)
For 6.12 5.99, think: It is 1hundredth from 5.99 to 6.00 and 12 hundredths from 6.00
to 6.12 ; therefore, the difference is 1 hundredth plus 12 hundredths, or 0.13.

1)
2)
3)
14
Add your own items:

11 -7 =
17 8 =
13 6 =
12 8 =
15 6 =
16 7 =
95 -86 =
67 -59 =
46 38 =
88 79 =
62 55 =
42 36 =
715 698 =
612 596 =
817 798 =
411 398 =
916 897 =
513 498 =
727 698 =
846 799 =
631 597 =

5170 4800 =
3210 2900 =
8220 7800 =
9130 8950 =
2400 1800 =
4195 3900 =
7050 6750 =
1280 900 =
8330 7700 =
Some practice items for numbers in the 10ths are:

15.3 14.9 =
27.2 26.8 =
19.1 18.8 =
45.6 44.9 =
23.5 22.8 =
50.1 49.8 =
34.4 33.9 =
52.8 51.8 =
70.3 69.7 =
MENTAL MATH
4)
Some practice items for numbers in the 100ths are:

3.25 2.99 =
5.12 4.99 =
4.05 3.98 =
3.24 2.99 =
8.04 7.98 =
6.53 5.97 =
24.12 23.99 =
36.11 35.98 =
100.72 99.98 =
Compensation
This strategy for subtraction involves changing one number to a ten, hundred or thousand; carrying
out the subtraction and then adjusting the answer to compensate for the original change.
Examples
1)
For 17 9, think: 17 10 = 7; but I subtracted one too many; so I add 1 to the answer to
compensate to get 8.
For 36 8, think: 36 10 = 26; but I subtracted 2 too many; so I add 2 to the answer to
get 28 to compensate.
For 85 9, think: 85 10 + 1 = 76.
2)
For 145 99, think: 145 100 is 45; but I subtracted 1 too many; so, I add 1 to 45 to get
46.
For 756 198, think: 756 200 + 2 = 558.
3) For 5 760 - 997, think: 5 760- 1000 is 4 760; but I subtracted 3 too many; so, I add 3 to 4
760 to compensate to get 4 763.
For 3 660 - 996, think: 3 660 -1000 + 4 = 2 664.
1)
2)
3)

15 8 =
17 9 =
23 8 =
74 - 9 =
84 7 =
92 8 =
65 9 =
87 9 =
73 7 =

673 99 =
854 399 =
953 - 499 =
775 198 =
534 398 =
647 198 =
641 197 =
802 397 =
444 97 =
765 99 =
721 497 =
513 298 =

8 620 998 =
4 100 994 =
5 700 397 =
9 850 498 =
3 720 996 =
2 900 595 =
4 222 998 =
7 310 194 =
75 316 9 900
15
MENTAL MATH
Balancing For a Constant Difference

This strategy for subtraction involves adding or subtracting the same amount from both the
subtrahend and the minuend to get a ten, hundred or thousand in order to make the subtraction
easier. This works because the two numbers are still the same distance apart. Many students may need
to record at least the first changed number to keep track.
Examples
1)
For 87 -19, think: Add 1 to both numbers to get 88 20, so 68 is the answer.
For 76 32, think: Subtract 2 from both numbers to get 74 -30, so the answer is 44.
2)
For 345 198, think: Add 2 to both numbers to get 347 200; so the answer is 147.
For 567 203, think: Subtract 3 from both numbers to get 564 -200; so the answer is 364.
3)
For 8.5 1.8, think: Add 2 tenths to both numbers to get 8.5 2.0, so 6.5 is the answer.
For 5.4 - 2.1, think: Subtract 1 tenth from both numbers to get 5.4 2.0, so the answer is
3.3.
4)
For 6.45 1.98, think: Add 2 hundredths to both numbers to get 6.47 2.00, so 4.47 is
the answer.
For 5.67 2.03, think: Subtract 3 hundredths from both numbers to get 5.64 2.00, so
the answer is 3.64.

1)

In these items you add to balance.
85 18 =
42 - 17 =
36 19 =
78 19 =
67 -18 =
75 38 =
88 48 =
94 17 =
45 28 =
In these items you subtract to balance:
2)
83 21 =
75 12 =
68 33 =
95 42 =
72 - 11 =
67 51 =
67 32 =
88 43 =
177 52 =

649 - 299 =
563 397 =
823 298 =
912 797 =
737 - 398 =
456 198=
631 499 =
811 597 =
628 298 =
971 696 =
16
MENTAL MATH
3)
486 201 =
829 503 =
659 204 =
382 202 =
293 - 102 =
736 402 =
564 303 =
577 102 =
948 301 =
437 103 =
819 504 =
Some practice items for numbers in the 10ths where you add or subtract to balance are:
6.4 3.9 =
7.6 4.2 =
8.7 5.8 =
4.3 1.2 =
9.1 6.7 =
5.0 3.8 =
6.3 2.2 =
4.7 1.9 =
12.5 4.3 =
15.3 5.7 =
4)
Here are some practice items for numbers in the 100ths where you add or subtract to
balance:
8.36 2.99 =
7.45 1.98 =
6.92 4.98 =
27.84 6.99 =
5.40 3.97 =

7.58 3.02 =
8.49 4.03 =
8.53 6.02 =
38.66 5.03 =
6.25 2.01 =
Break Up and Bridge

This strategy for subtraction involves starting with the first number and subtracting the values in the
place values, starting with the highest, of the second number.
Examples
1)
For 92 26, think: 92 subtract 20(from the 26) is 72 and 72 subtract 6 is 66.
2)
For 745 203, think: 745 subtract 200 (from the 203) is 545 and 545 minus 3 is 542.
3)
For 8 369 - 204, think: 8 369 subtract 200 (from the 204) is 8 169 and 8 16 minus 4(the
rest of the 204) is 8 165 .

1)
2)
Some practice examples for numbers in the 10s are:

Add your own examples:
79 37 =
93 72 =
98 22 =
79 41=
74 15 =
77 15 =
95 27 =
85 46 =
67 - 42 =
56 31 =
86 54 =
156 47 =

Add your own examples:
736 301 =
848 207 =
927 605 =
17
MENTAL MATH
3)
18
632 208 =
741 306 =
758 205 =
928 210 =
847 412 =
746 304 =
647 102 =
3586 302 =
9564 303 =

9275 -8100 =
6350 4200 =
8461 - 4050 =
10 270 8100 =
15 100 3003 =
4129 2005 =
3477 1060 =
38 500 -10 400 =
137 400 6100 =
MENTAL MATH
E. Multiplication & Division Fact Learning

Multiplication and Division Fact Learning Strategies
In grade 4 students learned the multiplication facts to a 3 second response after careful instruction of
the strategies. Review of the multiplication facts and the related fact learning strategies should be
done at the beginning of grade 5. See grade 4 booklet for multiplication facts. Students will then
apply these strategies to the related division facts and work toward a 3 second response.
1. The Doubles Facts
Multiplication: This strategy involves using knowledge of the addition doubles to learn the related
multiplication facts. The multiplication facts that have 2 as a factor are known to students as
addition doubles. It is important to make sure students are aware that 2 7 is a double as is 7 2
(think: 2 7 is 7 + 7 the double). Flash cards displaying the 2s facts and the times 2 function on the
calculator are effective tools to used when learning the multiplication doubles.
Here are the items for multiplication doubles facts:
22=
32=
42=
52=
62=
12=
72=
21=
82
Division: After the students have mastered their doubles multiplication facts, it is appropriate to have
them learn the corresponding division facts. The strategy for learning the division facts is thinkmultiplication.
Examples
For 16 2, think: 2 times what equals 16; it is 8, so 16 2 = 8.
4 2=
10 2 =
14 2 =
82=
16 2 =
62=
12 2 =
18 2 =
22=
2. The Nifty Nines

Multiplication: There are two strategies for learning the nines facts.
1) Using the example of 9 6, the tens digit in the product( 9 6 = 54) is one less than the variable
factor (6- the factor other than 9) and the sum of the digits in the product ( 5 + 4) equals 9.
Therefore, for 6 9, 1 less than 6 is 5, and 5 + ___ = 9 and it is 4, so 6 9 = 54. This strategy
can be used to learn the nines facts to 9 9.
2) This strategy involves thinking of 10 instead of 9 and subtracting the number you are multiplying
nine by.
Example
9 3, think: 10 3= 30, subtract 3 (variable factor or the other factor), so 30 3 = 27.
19
MENTAL MATH

Here are the items for multiplication of nifty nines:
9 9=
95=
97=
94=
96=
98=
90=
92=
93=
91=
59=
09=
89=
19=
79=
29=
49=
69=
Division: After the students have mastered the nifty nines multiplication, it is appropriate to learn the
corresponding division facts.
The strategy for learning the division facts is by think-multiplication.
Example
For 36 9 , think: 9 times what equals 36; it is 4, so 36 9 = 4
18 9 =
99=
27 9 =
63 9 =
81 9 =
36 9 =
72 9 =
45 9 =
54 9 =
3. The Five Facts

Multiplication: There are several ways to teach fives facts.
1) Have students skip count 5s to at least 45 and relate it to rows of 5, for example:
5 (one row of 5 is 5)
10 two rows of 5 is 10)
15
2) Products of an even number and 5 always end in zero, for example: 2 5 = 10; 6 5 = 30 etc.
3) Products of an odd number and 5 always end in five, for example: 3 5 = 15; 9 x5 = 45 etc.
4) Use referents when teaching the fives facts; for example use the 5s on an analog clock. Teach
students to identify the related facts.
20
MENTAL MATH

Here are the items for multiplication of the fives facts.
51=
53=
59=
58=
52=
57=
56=
54=
55=
Note: use nickels as referents, for example; 5 nickels, how much money?
10 nickels = $0.___
7 nickels = $0.___
4 nickels = ______ cents
9 nickels = $_____
Division: After the students have mastered their nifty nines multiplication facts, it is appropriate to
have them learn the corresponding division facts.
Example
45 5 =
55=
40 5 =
10 5 =
20 5 =
35 5 =
15 5 =
25 5 =
30 5 =
Nickel referents:
25 cents = ____ nickels
45 cents = _____ nickels
1 loonie = ______ nickels
1
dollar = _____ nickels
2
1
dollar = _____ nickels
4
3
dollar = ______nickels
4
35 cents = ______ nickels
_____ nickels = a toonie
$5 = ______ nickels
4. The Ones Facts

Multiplication: To understand the ones facts, knowing what is happening when we multiply by one
is most important. For example 6 1 means six groups of 1 or 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 and 1 6 means
one group of 6. It is important to avoid teaching arbitrary rules such as any number multiplied by
one is that number. Students will come to this rule on their own given opportunities to develop
understanding. When teaching the ones facts, make sure to present questions correctly, both visually
and orally; for example, 4 groups of 1 are (4 1 = 4) or 1 group of 4 is (1 4 = 4). The ones facts are
the no change facts.
Here are the items for the ones facts:
15=
12=
19=
11=
18=
10=
14=
13=
16=
17=
91=
51=
21=
81=
01=
21
MENTAL MATH
Division: After the students have mastered the ones multiplication facts, it is appropriate to have
them learn the corresponding division facts.
Example
For 6 1, think: 1 times what equals 6; it is 6, so 6 1 = 6
51=
21=
01=
81=
31=
11=
61=
11=
41=
91=
71=
5. The Tricky Zeros Facts

Multiplication & Division: To understand the tricky zeros facts, knowing what is happening when
we multiply by zero is important. When teach the tricky zeros facts, connecting to meaning is
necessary, for example; Think: 6 0 means six 0s or six sets of nothing or 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0.
Zero times six (0 6) is much more difficult to conceptualize, but if students are asked draw two sets
of 6, then one set of 6, and finally zero sets of 6 where they dont draw anything, they will realize why
zero is the result. Similar to the previous strategy for teaching the facts, it is important not to teach a
rule like any number multiplied by zero is zero. Students will come to this rule on their own given
opportunities to develop understanding.
Here are the items for multiplication and division of the tricky zeros facts:
40=
04=
70=
07=
00=
10=
01=
40=
20=
02=
50=
05=
6. The Threes Facts

Multiplication: The way to teach the threes facts is to use a double plus one more set strategy.
Example
Think of 3 7 is thought of as 2 sets of 7(double) plus one set of 7 or 7 2) + 7 = 14 + 7
= 21. This strategy will require review of the doubles facts and then discussion of quick
addition strategies for the third set.
Here are the items for the threes facts.
22
43=
23=
93=
73=
39=
53=
35=
37=
32=
MENTAL MATH
Division: After the students have mastered the threes multiplication facts, it is appropriate to have
them learn the corresponding division facts.
Example
9 3=
3 3=
27 3 =
12 3 =
24 3 =
6 3=
21 3 =
18 3 =
15 3 =
7. The Fours Facts

Multiplication: The fours facts are taught using a double-double strategy.
Example
Think: 4 7 is thought of as 2 7(double) to get 14 and then 2 14 to get 28. Discussion
of quick mental strategies for the doubles of 12, 14, 16 and 18 will be required for students
to master their fours facts. For 4 6, 2 6 equals 12 (think one dozen) then two 12s are
24, or 2 10= 20 plus 2 2 = 4 which equals 24. This strategy could be used with all of
these doubles.
Here are the items for the fours facts.
24=
84=
44=
74=
14=
64=
34=
54=
49=
Use money referents, a quarter, 4 quarters = one dollar.

0ne loonie = _____quarters 3 loonies = ______quarters
one toonie = _____quarters
$5 = ______ quarters
$7 = ______ quarters
$10 = _____ quarters
Division: After the students have mastered the fours multiplication facts it is appropriate to learn the
corresponding division facts.
Example
36 4 =
84=
28 4 =
44=
24 4 =
32 4 =
20 4 =
12 4 =
16 4 =
23
MENTAL MATH
The Last Nine Facts (6 6; 6 7; 6 8; 7 7; 7 8; 8 8; 7 6; 8 7; and 8 6)

The last nine facts may be learned by using decomposition and helping facts.
1) For 6 6, think: 5 sets of 6 plus 1 set of 6; therefore, (6 5 ) =30 plus 6 which equals 36.
2) For 6 7(7 6), think: 5 sets of 6 plus 2 sets of 6; therefore, (6 5) 30 plus (2 6) 12 equals
30 plus 12 which equals 42.
3) For 6 8(8 6), think: 5 sets of 8 plus 1 set of 8; therefore, (5 8) = 40 plus 8 equals 48.
Another strategy is to think of 3 sets of 8 doubled, therefore; (3 8) 24 doubled which equals 48.
4) For 7 7, think: 5 sets of 7 plus 2 sets of 7; therefore, (5 7) 35 plus (2 7) 14 equals 49.
Another strategy for 7 7 is double and one more; think: (3 7) 21 double 21 which is 42 and
one more group of 7 equals 49.
5) For 7 8, think: 5 sets of 8 plus 2 sets of 8; therefore, (5 8) 40 plus (2 8) 16 equals 56.
6) For 8 8, think: 4 sets of 8 doubled; therefore, (4 8) 32 doubled which equals 64.
Some practice examples
Here are the examples for the last nine facts:
66=
67=
68=
77=
76=
86=
78=
87=
88=
Division: After the students have mastered the last nine multiplication facts, it is appropriate to learn
the corresponding division facts.
Example
For 56 7, think: 7 times what equals 56; it is 8, so 56 7 = 8
24
36 6 =
42 7 =
42 6 =
48 6 =
49 7 =
48 8 =
56 8 =
64 8 =
56 7 =
MENTAL MATH
Multiplication and Division Mental Calculations

Quick Multiplication No Regrouping
Note: This pencil-and-paper strategy is used when there is no regrouping and the questions are
presented visually instead of orally. It is included here as a mental math strategy because students will
do all the combinations in their heads starting at the front end, recording the sub-steps.
Examples
For 52 3, simply record, starting at the front end, 150 + 6 = 156.
For 423 x 2, simply record, starting at the front end, 800 + 40 + 6 = 846.
43 x 2 =
72 3=
84 2 =
142 2 =
803 3 =
342 2 =
12.3 3 =
143 2 =
63 000 2 =
1220 3 =
42 000 4 =
43.4 2 =
Division Using the Think Multiplication Strategy

This is a convenient strategy to use when dividing mentally. For example, when dividing 60 by 12,
think: What times 12 is 60? This could be used in combination with other strategies.
Example
For 920 40, think: 20 groups of 40 would be 800, leaving 120, which is 3 more groups
of 40 for a total of 23 groups.
240 12 =
3600 12 =
660 30 =
880 40 =
1260 60 =
690 30 =
1470 70 =
6000 12 =
650 50 =
Using Multiplication Facts for Tens, Hundreds and Thousands

1) This strategy applies to tens, hundreds and thousands (with one non-zero digit in the number)
multiplied by a 1-digit number.
Examples
For 3 70,think: 3 times 7 tens is 21 tens, or 210.
For 6 900, think: 6 times 9 hundreds is 54 hundreds, or 5400.
For 4 6000, think: 4 times 6 thousand is 24 thousand, or 24 000.
25
MENTAL MATH

10s:
100s:
1000s:
4 30 =
8 40 =
9 30 =
6 50 =
70 7 =
90 40 =
6 200 =
8 600 =
9 800 =
300 4 =
800 7 =
5 900 =
3 2000 =
4 5000 =
8 3000 =
6 6000 =
4000 7 =
8000 9 =
2) Another strategy also involves combining the two non-zero digits as if they were single-digit
multiplication facts, and then attaching the appropriate place value name to the result.
Examples
For 30 80, think: tens by tens is hundreds, so 3 tens by 8 tens is 24 hundreds, or 2 400.
For 20 300, think, tens by hundreds is thousands, so 2 tens by 3 hundreds is 6
thousands, or 6 000.
40 80 =
60 20 =
30 50 =
90 60 =
40 40 =
70 90 =
10 400 =
30 600 =
80 200 =
100 50 =
700 30 =
900 50 =
Division Where the Divisor is a Multiple of 10 and the Dividend is a

Multiple of the Divisor
Division by a power of ten should be understood to result in a uniform shrinking of hundreds, tens
and units which could be demonstrated and visualized with base -10 blocks.
Example
For 400 20, think: 400 shrinks to 40 and 40 divided by 2 is 20.
500 10=
700 10 =
900 10 =
900 30 =
600 20 =
4000 10 =
8000 40 =
120 10 =
240 40 =
12 000 20 =
2000 50 =
18 000 600 =
Multiplying by 10, 100, and 1000

Multiplication: This strategy involves keeping track of how the place values have changed.
26
MENTAL MATH
Multiplying by 10 increases all the place values of a number by one place. For 10 67, think: the 6
tens will increase to 6 hundreds and the 7 ones will increase to 7 tens; therefore, the answer is 670.
Multiplying by 100 increases all the place values of a number by two places. For 100 86, think: the
8 tens will increase to 8 thousands and the 6 ones will increase to 6 hundreds; therefore, the answer is
8 600. It is necessary that students use the correct language when orally answering questions where
they multiply by 100. For example the answer to 100 86 should be read as 86 hundred and not 8
thousand 6 hundred.
Multiplying by 1000 increases all the place values of a number by three places. For 1000 45, think:
the 4 tens will increase to 40 thousands and the 5 ones will increase to 5 thousands; therefore, the
answer is 45 000. It is necessary that students use the correct language when orally answering
questions where they multiply by 1000. For example, the answer to 1000 45 should be read as 45
thousand and not 4 ten thousands and 5 thousand.
10 53 =
10 34 =
87 10 =
10 20 =
47 10 =
78 10 =
92 10 =
10 66 =
40 10 =
100 7 =
100 2 =
100 15 =
100 74 =
100 39 =
37 100 =
10 10 =
55 100 =
100 83 =
100 70 =
40 100 =
1000 6 =
1000 14 =
83 1000 =
$73 1000 =
$20 1000 =
16 $1000 =
5m = ___ cm
8m = ___cm
3m =___cm
$3 10 =
$7 10 =
$50 10 =
3 m = _____mm
7m = ____mm
4.2m = ___mm
6.2m = ____mm
6cm = ___mm
9km = ____m
7.7km = ____m
3dm = ____mm
3dm = ____ cm
10 3.3 =
4.5 10 =
0.7 10 =
8.3 10 =
7.2 10 =
10 4.9 =
100 2.2 =
100 8.3 =
100 9.9 =
7.54 10 =
8.36 x10 =
10 0.3 =
100 0.12 =
100 0.41 =
100 0.07 =
3.78 100 =
1000 2.2 =
1000 43.8 =
1000 5.66 =
8.02 1000 =
0.04 1000 =
Dividing by 0.1, 0.01, and 0.001

When students fully understand decimal tenths and hundredths they will be able to use this
knowledge in understanding multiplication and division by tenths, hundredths and thousandths in
mental math situations.
27
MENTAL MATH
Multiplying by 10s, 100s and 1000s is similar to dividing by tenths, hundredths and thousandths.
Division tenths (0.1), hundredths (0.01) and thousandths (0.001).
Dividing by tenths increases all the place values of a number by one place.
Dividing by hundredths increases all the place values of a number by two places .
Dividing by thousandths increases all the place values of a number by three places.
Examples
1)
Tenths:
For 3 0.1, think: the 3 ones will increase to 3 tens, therefore the answer is 30.
For 0.4 0.1, think: the 4 tenths will increase to 4 ones, therefore the answer is 4.
2)
Hundredths:
For 3 0.01, think: the 3 ones will increase to 3 hundreds, therefore the answer is 300
For 0.4 0.01, think: the 4 tenths will increase to 4 tens, therefore the answer is 40.
For 3.7 0.01, think: the 3 ones will increase to 3 hundreds and the 7 tenths will increase
to 7 tens, therefore the answer is 37.
3)
Thousandths:
For 3 0.001, think: the 3 ones will increase to 3 thousands, therefore the answer is 3000.
For 0.4 0.001, think: the 4 tenths will increase to 4 hundreds, therefore the answer is
400.
For 3.7 0.001, think: the 3 ones will increase to 3 thousands and the 7 tenths will
increase to 7 hundreds, therefore the answer is 3700.
Examples of Some Practice Items:

1)
2)
3)
28
Tenths:
5 0.1 =
7 0.1 =
23 0.1 =
46 0.1 =
0.1 0.1 =
2.2 0.1 =
0.5 0.1 =
1.8 0.1 =
425 0.1 =
0.02 0.1 =
0.06 0.1 =
0.15 0.1 =
14.5 0.1 =
1.09 0.1 =
253.1 0.1 =
4 0.01 =
7 0.01 =
4 0.01 =
1 0.01 =
9 0.01 =
0.5 0.01 =
0.2 0.01 =
0.3 0.01 =
0.1 0.01 =
0.8 0.01 =
5.2 0.01 =
6.5 0.01 =
8.2 0.01 =
9.7 0.01 =
17.5 0.01 =
5 0.001 =
7 0.001 =
1 0.001 =
0.2 0.001 =
3.4 0.001 =
0.1 0.001 =
Hundredths:
Thousandths:
MENTAL MATH
Multiplying by 0.1, 0.01, and 0.001

Multiplying by tenths, hundredths and thousandths is similar to dividing by tens, hundreds and
thousands.
This strategy involves keeping track of how the place values have changed.
Multiplying by 0.1 decreases all the place values of a number by one place.
Multiplying by 0.01 decreases all the place values of a number by two places.
Multiplying by 0.001decreases all the place values of a number by three places.
Examples
1)
Tenths:
For 5 0.1, think: the 5 ones will decrease to 5 tenths, therefore the answer is 0.5.
For, 0.4 0.1, think: the 4 tenths will decrease to 4 hundredths, therefore the answer is
0.04.
2)
Hundredths:
For 5 0.01, think: the 5 ones will decrease to 5 hundredths, therefore the answer is 0.05.
For, 0.4 0.01, think: the 4 tenths will decrease to 4 thousandths, therefore the answer is
0.004.
3)
Thousandths:
For 5 0.001, think: the 5 ones will decrease to 5 thousandths; therefore, the answer is
0.005.

1)
2)
3)
Tenths:
6 0.1 =
8 0.1 =
3 0.1 =
9 0.1 =
1 0.1 =
12 0.1 =
72 0.1 =
136 0.1 =
406 0.1 =
0.7 0.1 =
0.5 0.1 =
0.1 10 =
1.6 0.1 =
0.1 84 =
0.1 3.2 =
6 0.01 =
8 0.01 =
1.2 0.01 =
0.5 0.01 =
0.4 0.01 =
0.7 0.01 =
2.3 0.01 =
3.9 0.01 =
10 0.01 =
100 0.01 =
330 0.01 =
46 0.01 =
3 0.001 =
7 0.001 =
80 0.001 =
21 0.001 =
45 0.001 =
12 0.001 =
62 0.001 =
9 0.001 =
75 0.001 =
4mm =_____m
9mm = _____m
6m = ______km
Hundredths:
Thousandths:
29
MENTAL MATH
Dividing by 10, 100, and 1000

Dividing by 10 decreases all the place values of a number by one place.
Dividing by 100 decreases all the place values of a number by two places.
Dividing by 1000 decreases all the place values of a number by three places.
1)
Tens:
For,60 10, think: the 6 tens will decrease to 6 ones; therefore, the answer is 6.
For, 500 10; think: the 5 hundreds will decrease to 5 tens; therefore, the answer is 50.
This is an opportunity to show the relationship between multiplying by one tenth and
dividing by 10.
2)
Hundreds:
For, 7 500 100; think: the 7 thousands will decrease to 7 tens and the 5 hundreds will
decrease to 5 ones; therefore, the answer is 75. This is an opportunity to show the
relationship between multiplying by one hundredth and dividing by 100.
3)
Thousands:
For, 75 000 1000; think: the 7 ten thousands will decrease to 7 tens and the 5 thousands
will decrease to 5 ones; therefore, the answer is 75. This is an opportunity to show the
relationship between multiplying by one thousandth and dividing by 1000.

1)
2)
3)
Tens:
70 10 =
90 10 =
40 10 =
200 10 =
800 10 =
100 10 =
400 100 =
900 100 =
6000 100 =
4200 100 =
7600 100 =
8500 100 =
9700 100 =
4400 100 =
10 000 100 =
600 pennies = $_____
1 800 pennies =$_____
56 000 pennies = $____
82 000 1000 =
98 000 1000 =
12 000 1000 =
66 000 1000 =
70 000 1000 =
100 000 1000 =
430 000 1000 =
104 000 1000 =
4 500 1000 =
77 000m = _____km
84 000m = ____km
7 700m = _____km
Hundreds:
Thousands:
Front End Multiplication or the Distributive Principle

This strategy involves finding the product of the single-digit factor and the digit in the highest place
value of the second factor, and adding to this product a second sub-product.
Examples
30
1)
For 3 62, think: 3 times 6 is 18 tens, or 180, and 3 times 2 is 6; so, 180 plus 6 is 186.
2)
For 2 706, think: 2 times 7 hundreds is 14 hundreds, or 1400; and 2 times 6 is 12; so 1
400 plus 12 is 1 412.
MENTAL MATH
3)
For 5 6100, think: 5 times 6 thousand is 30 thousands, or 30 000; and 5 times 100 is
500; so 30 000 plus 500 is 30 500.
4)
For 3.2 6, think: 3 times 6 is 18 and 6 times 0.2 is 12 tenths or 1 and 2 tenths; so 18 plus
1.2 is 19.2.
For 62 0.2, think: 2 tenths times 60 is 120 tenths or 12; and 2 tenths times 2 is 4 tenths
or 0.4; so 12 plus 0.4 is 12.4.
For 47 0.3, think: 3 tenths times 40 is 120 tenths or 12; and 3tenths times 7 is 21 tenths
or 2.1; so 12 plus 2.1 is 14.1.

1)
2)

53 3 =
32 4 =
41 6 =
29 2 =
83 3 =
75 3 =
62 4 =
92 5 =
35 4 =
Some practice items in the 100s are:

3 503 =
209 9 =
703 8 =
606 6 =
503 2 =
8 04 6 =
309 7 =
122 4 =
320 3 =
410 5 =
3)
4)
Some practice items in the 1000s are:

3 4200 =
4 2100 =
6 3100 =
5 5100 =
2 4300 =
3 3200 =
2 4300 =
7 2100 =
4 4200 =
Some practice items in the tenths are:

4. 6 2 =
36 0.2 =
8.3 5 =
43 0.5 =
7.9 6 =
96 0.3 =
3.7 4 =
52 0.4 =
8.9 5 =
75 0.8 =
3.3 7 =
83 0.9 =
Compensation
This strategy for multiplication involves changing one of the factors to a ten, hundred or thousand;
carrying out the multiplication; and then adjusting the answer to compensate for the change that was
made. This strategy could be used when one of the factors is near ten, hundred or thousand.
Examples
1)
For 6 39, think: 6 times 40 is 240, but this is six more than it should be because 1 more
was put into each of the six groups; therefore, 240 subtract 6 is 234.
For 7 198, think: 7 times 200 is 1400, but this is 14 more than it should be because there
were 2 extra in each of the 7 groups; therefore, 1400 subtract 14 is 1 368.
31
MENTAL MATH
2)
For 19 60, think: 20 times 60 is 1200, but this is 60 more than it should be because 1
200 includes one more set of 60 than it should; therefore 1200 60 is 1 140.

1)

Tens:
6 39 =
8 29 =
5 49 =
2 79 =
6 89 =
7 59 =
4 49 =
9 69 =
Hundreds:
2)
5 399 =
3 199 =
4 198 =
9 198 =
8 698 =
7 598 =
29 50 =
39 40 =
89 20 =
49 90 =
79 30 =
59 60 =
Finding Compatible Factors

This strategy for multiplication involves looking for pairs of factors whose product is a power of ten
and re-associating the factors to make the overall calculation easier. This is possible because of the
associative property of multiplication.
Examples
For 25 63 4, think: 4 times 25 is 100, and 100 times 63 is 6 300.
For 2 78 500, think: 2 times 500 is 1000, and 1000 times 78 is 78 000.
For 5 450 2, think: 2 times 5 is 10, and 10 times 450 is 4500.
5 19 2 =
2 43 50 =
4 38 25 =
500 86 2 =
250 56 4 =
40 25 33 =
Open Frames in Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication and Division

Open frames are introduced in grade 4 and will be a mental math activity in grade 5. Sometimes
there will be a missing digit and sometimes a missing number. Following are a variety of examples
using the four operations.
Some practice examples are
Think Subtraction
25 +
= 85
163 +
0.4 +
= 0.9
0.32 + 0.
29 000 +
32
= 30 000
= 363
6 = 0.88
000 + 30 000 = 87 000
426 + 2
3.555 +
$67 +
2 = 668
= 4.000
= $100
MENTAL MATH
Think Addition
36 -
= 29
46 2
487 -
35 = 252
70cm -
3 567
222 = 1345
= 23
= 22cm
0.35mm -
mm = 0.15mm
7 35 = 22
2.24 -
= 2.00
$3.64 $1.
= $2.24
Think Division
25
= 50
= 81
30
= 60
40
0 = 2 000
52
3 = 168
$50
= $150
750cm =
0 3 = 750
3 = 99
= 5.2
365mm =
7 000m =
km
Think Multiplication
10
120
34cm =
6.3
=5
= 12
mm
= 63
3=8
3
7=7
5=6
5 000mm =
$240
= $40
$240
= $4
0.05
=5
0.019
= 1.9
33
MENTAL MATH
Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication and Division

Computational Estimation
It is essential that estimation strategies are used by students before attempting pencil/paper or
calculator computation to help them find ballpark or reasonable answers.
When teaching estimation strategies, it is necessary to use the language of estimation with your
students. Some of the common words and phrases are: about, just about, between, a little more than,
a little less than, close, close to, and near.
Rounding
Note: This strategy involves rounding each number to the highest, or the highest two, place values
and adding the rounded numbers. . Rounding to the highest place value would enable most students
to keep track of the rounded numbers and do the calculation in their heads; however, rounding to
two highest place values, as presented in rounding with 5s in the next section (B), would probably
require most students to record the rounded numbers before performing the calculation mentally.
Examples
1)
To estimate 348 + 230, think: 348 rounds to 300 and 230 rounds to 200, so 300 plus 200
is 500.
To estimate 4276 + 3937, think: 4276 rounds to 4000 and 3937 rounds to 4000, so 4000
plus 4000 is 8000.
2)
To estimate 594 - 203, think: 594 rounds to 600 and 203 rounds to 200, so 600 subtract
200 is 400.
To estimate 6237 2945, think: 6 237 rounds to 6000 and 2945 rounds to 3000, so 6000
subtract 3000 is 3000.
3)
Some examples of rounding multiplication questions with a double or triple digit factor by
a single digit factor.
To round 7 64, think: 64 rounds to 60 and 7 times 60 is 420.
To round 8 693, think: 693 rounds to 700 and 8 times 700 is 560.
4)
Some examples of rounding multiplication questions when the two factors are 2-digit with
the ones digits 5 or more, consider rounding the smaller factor up and the larger factor
down.
To round 76 36, round 76 (the larger number down to 70) and round 36 (the smaller
number up to 40) which equals 70 40 = 2800. This produces a closer estimate than
rounding to 80 40 or 80 30.
5)
Some practice examples of rounding division questions to estimate the quotient where it is
necessary to look for compatible numbers.
To round 471 6, think: 480 6, which is 80 because 6 8 = 48, therefore, 60 8 = 480.
To round 822 9, think: 810 9, which is 90.
34
MENTAL MATH

1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
Some practice items for rounding addition of numbers in the 10s, 100s and 1000s.
28 + 57 =
41 + 34 =
123 + 62 =
303 + 49 =
137 + 641 =
223 + 583 =
490 + 770 =
684 + 824 =
530 + 660 =
8879 + 4238 =
6853 + 1280 =
3144 + 4870 =
6110 + 3950 =
4460 + 7745 =
1370 + 6410 =
Some practice items for rounding subtraction of numbers in the 10s, 100s and 1000s are.
36 22 =
43 8 =
54 18 =
68 34 =
99 47 =
93 12 =
427 198 =
984 430 =
872 399 =
594 301 =
266 98 =
843 715 =
834 587 =
947 642 =
780 - 270 =
4768 3068 =
6892 - 1812 =
7368 4817 =
4807 1203 =
7856 1250 =
5029 4020 =
8876 3640 =
9989 4140 =
1754 999 =
4 59 =
7 22 =
8 61 =
9 43 =
295 6 =
7 402 =
889 3 =
5 503 =
2 888 =
7 821 =
1 795 =
712 4 =
57 29 =
49 28 =
38 27 =
66 57 =
87 19 =
36 58 =
27 68 =
87 37 =
96 78 =
370 9 =
732 8 =
243 6 =
458 5 =
331 4 =
191 2 =
638 7 =
731 9 =
268 3 =
409 6 =
341 5 =
630 8 =
Here are some practice items:
Rounding with Fives

When the digit 5 is involved in the rounding procedure for numbers in the 10s, 100s and 1000s, the
number should be rounded up or down depending upon the effect the rounding will have in the
overall calculation. When both numbers are about 5, 50, 500, or 5 000 rounding one number up
and one number down will minimize the effect the rounding will have in the estimation.
35
MENTAL MATH
Example
To estimate 45 + 65, it would be best to round to 40 + 70; to estimate 452 + 329, it would
be best to round to 500 + 300; and to estimate 4520 + 4610, it would be best to round to
4000 + 5000.
Some practice items using the rounding procedure for adding numbers with fives are:
35 + 55 =
45 + 31 =
26 + 35 =
250 + 650 =
653 + 128 =
179 + 254 =
2500 + 4500 =
4550 + 4220 =
6810 + 1550 =
Front End
This strategy involves combining only the values in the highest place value to get a ballpark. Such
estimates are adequate in many circumstances.
Examples
1)
To estimate 4276 + 3237, think: 4000 plus 3000 is 7000
2)
To estimate 37 260 + 28 142, think: 30 000 plus 20 000 is 50 000.
3)
To estimate 5475 3128, think: 5000 subtract 3000 is 2000.
4)
To estimate 58 123 22 144, think: 50 000 subtract 20 000 is 30 000.
5)
To estimate 3.8 + 2.1, think, 3 + 2 = 6.5 (nearest whole number).

To estimate 8.95 + 3.21, think, 8 + 3 = 11 (nearest whole number).
To estimate 0.41 + 0.27, think, 0.4 + 0.2 = 0.6. (nearest tenth).
6)
For example: To estimate 4.7 3.1, think, 4 3 = 1. (to nearest whole number)
To estimate 8.88 4.21, think, 8 4 = 4. (to nearest whole number)
To estimate 0.92 0.61, think, 0.9 0.6 = 0.3. (to nearest tenth)
7)
For example: To estimate 93 4, think: 90 4 is 4 groups of 9 tens, or 360.

To estimate 231 5, think: 200 5 is 200 groups of 5 hundreds, or 1000.
8)
To estimate 8 823.24, think: 8 800 or 6400.
9)
To estimate 59 3, think: 59 is about 60 and 6 3 is 2, so 60 3 is 20.

To estimate 241 4, think: 241 is about 240 and 24 4 is 6, so 240 4 is 60.

1)
36
Some practice items for estimating addition of numbers are:

54 + 33 =
12 + 51 =
71 + 14 =
24 + 73 =
341 + 610 =
647 + 312 =
632 + 207 =
703 + 241 =
423 + 443 =
816 + 111 =
2467 + 5106 =
4275 + 2105 =
6125 + 2412 =
3321 + 6410 =
1296 + 6388 =
MENTAL MATH
2)
3)
4)
5)
Some practice items for estimating addition of numbers in the 10 000s are.
23 404 + 19 123 =
47 409 + 22 222 =
71 246 + 23 511 =
39 332 + 41 100 =
79 012 + 9 123 =
53 199 + 31 001 =
18 945 + 23 135 =
68 987 + 12 321 =
78 043 + 49 075 =
92 463 + 68 987 =
Some practice items for estimating subtraction are:

72 33 =
84 61 =
54 21 =
73 44 =
639 426 =
718 338 =
248 109 =
823 240 =
431 - 206 =
743 519 =
639 426 =
718 338 =
248 109 =
823 240 =
431 - 206 =
743 519 =
Some practice items for estimating subtraction of numbers in the 10 000s are:
68 403 39 005 =
43 115 19 432 =
77 859 32 443 =
98 846 59 319 =
19 432 11 115 =
71 812 9 856 =
51 273 39 180 =
99 437 19 841 =
37 673 8 950 =
82 402 71 673 =
Some practice items for estimating addition of numbers in the tenths and hundredths are:
Estimate to nearest whole number.
5.2 + 3.8 =
6.7 + 1.2 =
4.8 + 4.1 =
6.2 + 0.85 =
0.2 + 4.9 =
0.1 + 0.2 =
3.01 + 2.86 =
5.32 + 0.97 =
13.40 + 3.89 =
26.67 + 3.21 =
0.86 + 0.93 =
1.01 + 2.13 =
0.23 + 0.38 =
0.81 + 0.09 =
0.72 + 0.21 =
0.13 + 0.61 =
0.01 + 0.81 =
3.22 + 2.31 =
2.49 + 0.08 =
10.09 + 0.09 =
0.02 + 0.01 =
Estimate to nearest tenth.
6)
Some practice items for estimating subtraction of numbers in the tenths & hundredths are.
Estimate to nearest whole number.
6.1 2.2 =
5.9 3.1 =
8.3 5.8 =
4.1 - 0.9 =
12.3 10.1 =
6.2 0.8 =
1.9 0.2 =
4.3 0.8 =
15.1 14.9 =
37
MENTAL MATH
Estimate to nearest tenth.
7)
8)
9)
0.98 0.11 =
0.79 0.01 =
0.09 0.01 =
0.31 0.08 =
0.71 0.29 =
0.53 0.27 =
0.88 0.09 =
3.41 0.28 =
5.69 2.31 =
Some practice examples for estimating multiplication of numbers in the 10s and 100s are:
78 2 =
57 6 =
63 8 =
92 2 =
73 8 =
44 7 =
176 3 =
809 5 =
613 6 =
287 8 =
467 4 =
481 9 =
Some practice items for estimating multiplication of numbers in the tenths and hundredths
by a single digit whole number are:
3 78.8 =
6 20.14 =
5 29.84 =
9 19.04 =
7 486.35 =
2 490.86 =
4 490.86 =
8 572.33 =
6 97.53 =
Some practice items for estimating division of numbers in the 10s and 100s are:
92 3 =
83 2 =
102 5 =
119 3 =
121 6 =
357 5 =
407 8 =
141 7 =
75 3 =
Adjusted Front End

This strategy begins by getting a Front End estimate and then adjusting that estimate to get a better,
or closer, estimate by either (a) considering the second highest place values or (b) by clustering all the
values in the other place values to eyeball whether there would be enough together to account for
an adjustment.
Examples
1)
To estimate 437 + 541, think: 400 plus 500 is 900: but 37 and 41 would account for
about another 100; therefore, the adjusted estimate is 900 + 100 or 1000.
To estimate 6237 2954, think: 6000 subtract 2000 is 4000, and 954 would account for
about another 1000; therefore, the adjusted estimate is 6000 - 2000 1000 or 3000.
2)
To estimate 819 - 399, think: 800 subtract 300 is 500; but 99 would account for about
another 100; therefore, the adjusted estimate is 800 300 -100 = 400.
To estimate 6237 2954, think: 6000 subtract 2000 is 4000, and 954 would account for
about another 1000; therefore, the adjusted estimate is 6000 - 2000 1000 or 3000.
3)
Sometimes the numbers in the ones do not account for another ten and therefore, do not
affect the estimation.
To estimate 31 + 22, think: 30 plus 20 is 50, and 1plus 2 would not account for another
10, so the estimate is 30 + 20 or 50, with no adjustment.
51 + 33 = 50 + 30 + (4 which would not account for another 10) = 80
38
MENTAL MATH
4)
Sometimes the number in the ones in the subtrahend does not account for another ten
and therefore, does not affect the estimation.
To estimate 89 31, think: 80 subtract 30 is 50; and 1 would not account for another 10,
so the estimate is 50 with no adjustment.
76 53 = 70 50 (3 which would not account for another 10) =20
5)
Sometimes the numbers in the tens and ones do not account for another hundred and
therefore, do not affect the estimation.
To estimate 512 + 207, think: 500 plus 200 is 700, and 12 and 7 would not account for
another 100, so the estimate is 500 + 200 or 700, with no adjustment.
305 + 614 = 300 + 600 + (19 which would not account for another 100) = 900.
6)
Sometimes the numbers in the ones and tens in the subtrahend do not account for another
hundred and therefore, do not affect the estimation.
To estimate 819 310, think: 800 subtract 300 is 500, but 10 would not account for
another 100, so the estimate is 800 300 = 500, with no adjustment.
625 410 = 600 400 (10 which would not account for another 100) = 200
7)
Sometimes the numbers in the hundreds, tens and ones do not account for another
thousand and therefore, do not affect the estimation.
To estimate 4105 + 1045, think: 4000 plus 1000 is 5000, and 105 and 45 would not
account for another 1000, so the estimate is 4000 + 1000 or 5000, with no adjustment.
6040 + 2110 = 6000 + 2000 + (40 + 110) which would not account for another 1000) = 8
000.
8)
Sometimes the numbers in the ones, tens and hundreds in the subtrahend do not account
for another thousand and therefore, do not affect the estimation.
To estimate 5055 2010, think: 5000 subtract 2000 is 3000, but 10 would not account for
another 1000, so the estimate is 5000 2000 = 3000, with no adjustment.
8040 3121 = 8000 3000 (121 which would not account for another 1000) = 5 000
9)
To estimate 8.64 + 5.28, think: 8 plus 5 is 13, and 0.64 plus 0.28 would account for
another 1 whole; therefore, the adjusted estimate is 8 + 5 + 1= 14.
10) To estimate 7.12 3.89, think: 7 3, but 0.89 would account for about another 1 whole;
therefore the adjusted estimate is 7 3 1 = 3.
11) To estimate 8 823.24, think: 8 800(6400) + 8 20(160) = 6400 + 160 = 6560.
or 8 800(6400) + 8 25(200) = 6400 + 200 = 6600.
1)
Some practice items for estimating addition are:

251 + 445 =
589 + 210 =
320 + 275 =
642 + 264 =
519 + 180 =
148 + 450 =
5695 + 2450 =
4190 + 1850 =
4550 + 3445 =
5240 + 3790 =
1910 + 5125 =
39
MENTAL MATH
2)
3)
Some practice items for estimating subtraction are:

645 290 =
720 593 =
834 299 =
935 494 =
6210 2987 =
8040 5899 =
9145 4968 =
7120 4975 =
6148 3920 =
Some other practice items for estimating addition of numbers in the 10s demonstrating this
are:
42 + 22 =
4)
Some other practice items for estimating subtraction of numbers in the 10s demonstrating
this are:
45 -12 =
5) Some other practice items for estimating addition of numbers in the 100s demonstrating
this are:
407 + 303 =
214 + 320 =
6)
Some other practice items for estimating subtraction of numbers in the 100s demonstrating
this are:
468 215 =
937 612 =
7)
8)
9)
Some other practice items for estimating addition of numbers in the 1000s demonstrating
this are:
8105 + 1210 =
1120 + 7140 =
4087 + 2120 =
3034 + 4230 =
1250 + 3100 =
6060 + 3140 =
5125 + 3085 =
2220 + 5120 =
4140 + 5050 =
Some other practice items for estimating subtraction of numbers in the 1000s
demonstrating this are:
5025 2 050 =
7100 4040 =
9150 5045 =
6140 3 110 =
8202 5222 =
4004 1259 =
7334 6 009 =
3 067 1367 =
9254 8321 =
Here are some practice items for estimating addition of numbers in the hundredths.
7.45 + 1.56 =
5.89 + 2.10 =
3.20 + 2.75 =
6.43 + 2.67 =
3.19 + 2.81 =
3.48 + 4.50 =
$2.45 + $4.60 =
$3.95 + $4.07 =
$2.73 - $2.22 =
10) Some practice items for estimating subtraction of numbers in the hundredths are:
40
7.43 4.95 =
5.29 2.99 =
6.18 1.97 =
8.05 4.92 =
8.11 4.98 =
9.21 5.99 =
$6.45 - $5.98 =
$7.20 - $5.97 =
$8.34 - $2.99 =
MENTAL MATH
11) Some practice items for estimating multiplication of numbers in the tenths and hundredths
by a single digit whole number are:
7 341.25 =
2 722.56 =
5 331.43 =
3 943.19 =
8 776.43 =
4 609.98 =
6 280.53 =
9 371.05 =
568.99 7 =
Clustering of Near Compatibles for Addition and Mixed Computation

When adding a list of numbers it is sometimes useful to look for two or three numbers that can be
grouped to make 10, 100s and 1000s (compatible numbers). If there are numbers that can be
adjusted slightly (near compatibles) to produce these groups, it will make finding an estimate easier.
Examples
For 44 + 62 + 33 + 71, think: 44 + 62 is almost 100 and 33 + 71 is almost 100; the
estimate would be 100 + 100 = 200.
For 692 204 + 298, think: 692 + 298 is almost 700 + 300 = 1000, and 1000 subtract
200 is about 800.
412 + 32 + 611 =
252 + 131 + 757 =
499 + 76 + 503 =
301 + 251 + 710 + 749 =
998 + 495 + 509 =
399 + 203 + 608 =
3100 + 2100 + 7050 =
1334 + 2501 + 7510 =
710- 62 41 + 320 =
921 38 63 + 121 =
7200 403 599 + 3200 =
8950 211 798 + 985 =
41

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What strategies are discussed for addition and subtraction?

What strategies are discussed for addition and subtraction?

What are some examples given of estimating addition and subtraction?

What are some examples given of estimating addition and subtraction?

Mental Math

Sharon BoudreauCape Breton-Victoria Regional School Board

MENTAL COMPUTATION GRADE 5 DRAFT SEPTEMBER 2006

MENTAL COMPUTATION GRADE 5 DRAFT SEPTEMBER 2006

MENTAL COMPUTATION GRADE 5 DRAFT SEPTEMBER 2006

MENTAL COMPUTATION GRADE 5 DRAFT SEPTEMBER 2006

The Implementation of Mental Computational

MENTAL COMPUTATION GRADE 5 DRAFT SEPTEMBER 2006

MENTAL COMPUTATION GRADE 5 DRAFT SEPTEMBER 2006

A. Addition Fact Learning

Near- Doubles (1-Aparts) Facts

Doubles Plus 2 (2-Aparts Facts)

Plus 0-No Change

Plus 2s or Next Even/Odd Number

300 + 400 = (300 + 300) + 100 = 700

300 + 500 = (300 + 300) + 200 =

700 + 200 = 900 or 400 + 200 = 600

Examples of Some Practice Items

MENTAL COMPUTATION GRADE 5 DRAFT SEPTEMBER 2006

Some practice items for numbers in the 10 000 are:

MENTAL COMPUTATION GRADE 5 DRAFT SEPTEMBER 2006

B. Addition Mental Calculations

For 56 + 23, simply record , starting at the front end, 79.

Examples of Some Practice Items

Some practice items for numbers in the 100s are.

MENTAL COMPUTATION GRADE 5 DRAFT SEPTEMBER 2006

Some practice items for numbers in the 1000s.

Front End Addition

MENTAL COMPUTATION GRADE 5 DRAFT SEPTEMBER 2006

300 + 437 + 700 =

800 + 740 + 200 =

900 + 100 + 485 =

4400 + 1600 + 3000 =

9000 + 3300 + 1000 =

3250 + 3000 + 1750 =

2200 + 2800 + 600 =

3000 + 300 + 700 + 2000 =

0.2 + 0.4 + 0.8 + 0.6 =

0.7 + 0.1 + 0.9 + 0.3 =

0.2 + 0.4 + 0.3 + 0.8 + 0.6 =

0.4 + 0.5 + 0.6 + 0.2 + 0.5 =

0.25 + 0.50 + 0.75 =

Break Up and Bridge

Examples of Some Practice Items

Some practice items are.

MENTAL COMPUTATION GRADE 5 DRAFT SEPTEMBER 2006

Some practice items for numbers in the 1000s are:

Examples of Some Practice Items

Some practice items

Some practice for numbers in the 1000s are:

MENTAL COMPUTATION GRADE 5 DRAFT SEPTEMBER 2006

Make 10, 100 or 1000.

MENTAL COMPUTATION GRADE 5 DRAFT SEPTEMBER 2006

C. Subtraction Fact Learning

D. Subtraction Mental Calculations