bosls lafIa;%fha ksujqj,g

fhdod .kakd jHj, ;sh hq;=

02 .=Kdx.

f,dj mqrd iEu fudfyd;l u ksidf.a wjYH;djka i|yd Odldr jQ
;ekS" ksmo yd bls isf' fujeks ksmehq lsf ta i|yd fkdfhl=;a
wuq jH wjYHjk w;r ksmehqf ;sh hq;= hhs ie,iq l< .=Kdx. o ksmehqug
,efnk fia ksIamdok lghq;= lsu i|yd .e<fmk jH f;dard .ekSu .ek
ie,ls,su;a h hq;= h' wod< .=K iys; jH fkdue;s wjia:dj, wjYH .=Kh
tu jHhg ,efnk fia jHfha mj;akd .=K fjkia lsug ldl{hska fm<
we;'

bosls yd ;ekS i|yd Nd; lrk Odldr jQ jH w;ka jvd;a u iqiq
jH f;dard .ekSf tajdfha uQ,sl .=K ms<sn| j kqj;a u w;HjYH lreKla
f' tfia fkdjk f;dard .ekSul bls jHqyfha .=Kd;aul nj my< hdu" jeh
lrk uqo,g i,k m%;sM, fkd,eu' kv;a;= ho by< hdu wd whym;a m%;sM,
,efnkq we;'
;ks m,fha fyda m, foll jy,h iys; l=vd ksjil isg ksjdi ish .Kklska
hq;a uy,a ksjdi muKla fkdj" >k g oyia .Kkl Od;dfjka hq;a c,dY"
.nvd ixlSK" fmf<dj hg bls yd fjk;a O bls ksid iska kgu;a
lr we;s w;r bfha o tjka ;j;a b;d ixlSK bls isfjka mj;sk nj
YS% ,xldj we;=`M f,dalfha mqj;a yd jd;d wOHhkh lsfuka meye,s f'

2'1 rEmh - Odldr f,i ksudKh l< f.dvke.s,s lsysmhla

c,dY yd we,f,s blsu o b;d Ndrr fuka u ixlSK ;dlaIKsl

lghq;=jk nj Y%S ,xldj ;=< blr we;s yd bfjka mj;akd c,dYj, f;dr;=re

fkdf,a fnodyeu i|yd h'

wOHhkh lsfuka meye,s jkq we;' fjd w;r lafgdahd c,dYfha f,a,"
fld;auf,a Th yria lr ne f,a, m%Odk ;ekla .kshs'

2'2 rEmh - ynkaf;dg jrdh

^pkald Pdhd rEmhla&

2'3 rEmh - fld<U bfjkaa mj;sk

fk`M l=k ^wdlD;sh&

t;ekska Tng f;dr;=re fidhd nejfyd;a rg ;=< N+h ydrd ilia l<
ynkaf;dg ud.mqr jrdh o" uqyqo f.dvlr ;ekQ ol=Kq fld<U jrdh ixjOkh
lsf jHdmD;sh o" f.dvu ydrd ke .ukd.ukh lsug yelsjk fia ilia l<
iQjia we< ud.h o" WodyrK lSmhla f,i fmkajd osh yels h' wdrlaIdj .ek
i,lka 100% la ldkaj,ska f;dr mrudKql n,Yla;s uOHia:dk bosls b;d
iQlaIu f,i bxfkareuh Ys,amSh isoaOdka; yd iqiq u jH Nd;fhka bls
lghq;= lr we;s wjia:d f' f,dj mqrd fujeks uOHia:dk b;d j.lSulska hq;=
j blr we;s nj o ;j rg;a bfjka mj;sk nj o f,dj f;dr;=re uYkh
lsfuka ;yjqre f'
ta w;r f,dj mqrd gr ish .Kkska Wiska hq;= j nyqldh l=kq bls lr
we;' YS% ,xldf o tjeks nyqldh l=klajk "fk`M l=k" fld<U bfjka
mj;S' fuys fydag,a" idmamq ixlSK" lrlefjk wjka y,a" ,s ixfoaY moaO;s"
ia:dmkh lsug myiql we;s njg ta yd inkaO j ksl=;a lr we;s jd;dj,
i|yka f'
tfuka u fmdf<dj ugfuka by<g fuka u fmdf<dj ugfuka wNHka;rhg
o bls islr we;' Wux k.r" Wux h ud." Wux jdyk .d,a lsf
uOHia:dk" Wux .nvd" Wux we, ud. jeks fmdf<dj wNHka;rfha bls islr
we;s w;r bhg;a fujeks bls ;jrg;a isf'

fkdf,a fnodyeu i|yd h'

tfia u .=jka md," wf.S ud." .=jka f;dgqm< o bjkafka iqms ;dlaIKsl
Ys,amSh l%u" bxfkareuh isoaOdka; yd uQ, Ou o iqiq u jH fyda wjYH m .=K
msysgk fia ilia lr.;a jH Wmfhda.s lr .ksks'

2'4 rEmh - wf.s ud. yd .=jka md,

O jH Nd;fhka lrk bls muKla fkdj oej muKla Nd; lr

mqrdKfha isg bls yd ;ekS is lr we;' gemsg ud,s.d" fid,aor iys; ksjdi"
j lKqu; b jQ md, mqrdKfha isg b jQ w;r" fuu ldhhka wo jk g ilia
lr.;a fldkalS% ksmehq yd f,dayuh o`vq yd l|ka Wmfhda.s lrf.k o isf'
fujeks Odldr jQ ;ekS" bls lsf m%Odk jYfhka wjYH jkafka
jH f' fujeks jH ms<sn`oj;a" jHj, mj;akd .=K ms<sn|j;a" ksuejq lsug
wfmalaIs; ldhhg .e<fmk fia jHj, .=K fjkia lr .ekSu ms<sn|j;a" kqj;a
u jeo.;ajkq we;'
Nd;hg .kakd jH f,day h yelsh' wf,day h yelsh' f,day yd wf,dayuh
ksmehq jHj,ska h yelsh' idudkH Nd;fha jHj, mj;akd .=K ms<sn| j
idudkH kqulska hqla; j Nd;hg .;a;;a by; lajQ foj, Odldr jQ Ndrr
yd ixlSK bosls lghq;=j, ta i|yd 100% la u .e<fmk .=K iys; jH
u Nd;hg .ekSug ldl oHd{hka yd ldl Ys,amSka ks;r u fm<f' tu
;;a;ajhka hgf;a blrK ksujqu id:ljk w;r tajdfha meje;au o wfmalaIs;
wdldrhg isf'
fuu ;ekS" bls u; nrla" n,hla" f;rmqula fhk g blsu weug
,lau fkdh hq;= w;r tu ksid yevh fyda m%udKh fyda fjkia isu
wfmalaId fkdlrk w;r me<Su" mqmqrdhdu" lehdu o lsisfia;a u isfkdh hq;=
f'

fkdf,a fnodyeu i|yd h'

tneka bls yd ;ekS lsf tajdfha fldgiaj, fyda imQK moaO;sfha

u mej;sh hq;= ;;a;ajhka ms<sn| ksis wOHhkhlska miqj .e<fmk ksYa; jHh
u f;dard .ekSug lghq;= lsu jeo.;a f'
fuu wjYH;d wkqj jHj, mj;akd fyda ilia lr.; hq;= .=K ms<sn| j
uis,su;a f,i wOHkhl fhug fhduq lsu fuu my; lreKq foi wjOdrKfhka
ne,Sfuka ,efnkq we;'
f wkqj"
f,day .=K
wf,day .=K
j .=K
.fvd,a .=K
isfuka;s fldkalS%j, .=K ms<sn| j lreKq lsysmhla bhg
idlPd flf'
jH ksudKhg bjy,a jQ mrudKqj, fyda wkqj, msysf wdldrh tu
mrudKqj, msysgk Yla;s ug u; iliajk jHfha .=K we;s lsu flfrys
n,mEula we;' tfia u mrudKq Wmfhda.S fjka ;efkk wkqj, rgd hlsis
l%uhlg fjkia lsug yelsk tu jHhfha mj;akd .=K o fjkia lsug yels
h' f i|yd tu jH r;a lsu" .sksh lsu" j njg m;a lsu" j njg m;al<
jHhg w;sfl ;j;a uQ, jH tla lsu jeks ls%hdud. wkq.ukh lsu ;=<ska
jHhl mj;akd .=K fjkia lsug yelshdj ,ef'
jHj, mj;akd .=K m%Odk jYfhka fldgia lSmhlg fjka lrkq ,nhs' tajd
fuf,i lah yels h'
fN!;sl .=K -

(Physical Properties)

ridhksl .=K -

(Chemical Properties)

hdka;s%l .=K -

(Mechanical Properties)

;dmSh .=K

(Thermal Properties)

oHq;a .=K

(Electrical Properties)

fN!;sl .=K f,i"

nr - (Weight)
ialkaOh - (Mass)

10

>k;ajh ^ialkaOh yd mudj&

- (Density)

mDIal wd;;sh" iai%d;dj

(Surface tension - Viscosity)

fkdf,a fnodyeu i|yd h'

by; lafjkafka jHhl mj;akd uQ,sl fN!;sl .=K lSmhls' h jHhla

Nd;fhka lsish ksuejqula l<;a tys uQ,sl fN!;sl .=Kj, fjkiaula fndfyda
rg is fkdf'

ridhksl .=K f,i"

jdxlh -

(Melting Point)

;dmdxlh -

(Boiling Point)

u, neug olajk m%;sfrda;dj

ridhksl m%;sl%shd i|yd frdaOh

lah yels h'

(Corrosion resistance)

(Chemical inertness)

hlsis jHhl ;dmdxlh yd jdxlh ms<sn| j k.ekSu jeo.;a jkafka

jHhfha mj;akd uQ,sl .=K wjYH m fjkia lr .ekSug" Bg ;j;a uQ, jH tla
lr Y% f,day idod .ekSug jH j njg m;al< hq;=jk ksid h'
iajNdlj u fndfyda f,day j. u, neug ^Tlaihsv& ,eoshdjla olajhs'
fuu ;;a;ajh mej;Su ksmehqj, .= ld,Sk meje;aug ydkslr ;;a;ajhka neka
Bg m%;sfrda;dj olajk ldhhka lsug wod< .=K ms<sn| j k.ekSu hym;a
f'

;dmSh .=K jYfhka jHfha mj;akd"

YsIaG ;dmh
;dmSh yeisu $ m%idrKh
;dmSh Od;dj
-

(Specific heat)
(Thermal conductivity)
Thermal expansion)
(Thermal capacity)

ie,fla'
t<suyka blsj, yd Wka wdYs%; blsj, jHhl ;dmSh .=K yd
;dmh iu jHj, isjk yeis ms<sn| j k .ekSu w;HjYH f'

oHq;a .=K f,i jHfha mj;akd"

oHq;a ikakdhl;dj - (Electrical conductivity)
oHq;a m%;sfrda;dj - (Electrical resistance)

oHq;a .=K ms<sn| j wjOdkhg .ekSu jeo.;a jkafka fndfyda ksmo yd

bls lghq;=j, ,sh Nd;hg .kakd neka wjYH m ksh; ia:dkfha
muKla ,sh ikakhkh ug" ,s moaO;s ia:dmkh lsug jeo.;ajk neks'

11

fkdf,a fnodyeu i|yd h'

hdka;s%l .=K"
hdka;s%l .=K ms<sn| j k .ekSu jeo.;a jkafka ksmo fyda blsj,
tajdfha mj;ajdf.k hdug wjYHjk hdka;s%l m%;Ska bjy,a lr.; hq;= neks'
fuu hdka;s%l .=K f,i .efkk .=K lsysmhla my; laf'
wd;;sh
- ^Tension&
imSvkh
- ^Compression&
Nx.=r;dj
-
(Brittleness)
,hkSh;dj -
(Fusibility)
;kH;dj
- ^Ductility)
nj
-
(Hardness)
iqldh;dj -
(Plasticity)
m%;Hdia:;dj -
(Elasticity)

2'5 rEmh - O .=K iys; f,day o`vq Nd; lr lrk blsula

wd;;sh ^Tension&

2'6 rEmh

jHhl mj;akd weug we;s yelshdj ka woyia flf' fuu .=Kh l

we| ilia lsf jeo.;a jqj;a ,s ifma%IK /yeka wef yd we, jQ .ia weo
ne| ;ef j,;djhla jkq we;' Bg fya;=j l ;jrg;a weug yelshdjla
we;su j,;djla u f'
h lhla n, folla u.ska fome;a;g wef fyda fjkia fohla u;

12

fkdf,a fnodyeu i|yd h'

n, fhf fyda tajd fkdle isug we;s yelshdj wd;kH m%n,;dj ^Tensile
strength& f,i yekaf' bls lafIa;%fha fuu .=Kh b;d by< .=Khla f,i
i,lkq ,ef'

imSvkh ^Compression&

2'7 rEmh

hlsis mDIaGhla u; nrla fyda n,hla fhf th u; fhfok nr ksid

f;rmSug ,lau imSvkh hs' imSvkh f tys uq,a yevh fjkia fkdu
imSvk m%n,;dj f' tfia lsf fjkia u is jkafka k fyda ;e,Sug
,lajkafka k tjeks jH Nd;fhka bls lghq;= lsu M, rys; jkq we;'
ndysr n, fhdod uq,a yevh fjkiajk fia ksudKd;aul lghq;= islsu o is
f'

2'8 rEmh - wd;;sh yd imSvkh hk n, folgu Tfrd;a;= fok fia

fuu md,u b lr we;'

rEmKh ^Deformation&
h ksudKhla fyda boslsula weug ,lau fyda imSvkhg ,lau ksid

13

fkdf,a fnodyeu i|yd h'

uq,a yevfha fjkiau rEmKh f,i yekaf' h ksuejqula" blsula lsf

uQ,sl mshjrj, rEmK ls%hdj wjYH m islr.; hq;= jqj;a ;ekSu fyda
blsu ksud l< miq ;jrg;a th rEmKhg ,lajkafka k th Nd;hg .;a
jHfha mj;sk j,;djla f'

wd;;sfha n,mEu

imSvkfha n,mEu
2'9 rEmh

Nx.=r;dj ^Brittleness&

2'10 rEmh - Nx.=r;d .=Kh ksid fuu ksujqu le we;'

h fohlg fhdokq ,nk ndysr n,hla fya;=fjka th mqmqrdhdu" fldgiaj,g

lehdu" Nx.=r;dj f,i yekaf' re jeks jH o kp" ms;a;," ue
ksudK Nx.=r;dj fya;=fjka fldgiaj,g lehdug we;s yelshdj jeh' fujeks
isj, w;alS ms<sn| j ii|d n,kak'

,hkSh;dj (Fusability)
h jHhlg ;dmh ,ndf fya;=fjka tu jH j njg m;aug we;s
yelshdj ,hkSh;dj f' fndfyda jHj,g ksis ;dm m%udKh ,ndfuka j njg
m;a l< yels h'
>k jHj, .=K fjkia lr .ekSug yd fjk;a jH ;kd .ekSug O

14

fkdf,a fnodyeu i|yd h'

 jH tlg Y%lr .ekSug o"

wpqj,g j;alr jd;a;=lr ksh; yev ,nd .ekSug o"
fldgia tlg ;nd mEiaiq ls%hdj,sh lsug o"
,hkSh;d .=Kh m%fhdackj;a f'

;kH;dj ^Ductility&
jHhla fkdle" fkd weug yd keug ,lalsug we;s yelshdj fuhska
yekaf' WodyrKhla f,i fldkalS% lKq" nd,al blsf jer.ekakq i|yd
l wjYH m wjYH ia:dkfhka keug yelshdj ,e we;af;a ta i|yd Nd;hg
.kakd uDjdfka ^hlv& lj, mj;akd ;kH;d .=Kh fya;=fjks' msmsulska
f;dr j lr we;s fujeks yev.eka ms<sn|j wOHhkhl fhfokak' lefuka
f;dr j l .a .iaijd .ekSf yelshdj o f,dayj, mj;akd ;kH;d .=Kfha
we;s jdishls'

iqldh;dj ^Plasticity&

2'11 rEmh

f,dayuh ksudK" juh ksudK" ue ksudK jeks foaj,aj, tajdfha

mDIaGh u;g Odldr jQ yev ;nd nr fhfuka fyda laIKslj mSvkhg
,lalsfuka tu wod< yevh ksudKhg ,nd.ekSug yelshdj ,e ;sfnkafka
jHj, mj;akd fuu iqldh;d .=Kh ksid h'

m%;Hdia:;dj ^Elasticity&

15

fkdf,a fnodyeu i|yd h'

2'12 rEmh

bls lghq;= i|yd fhdod.kakd O jH" yev;, u;g nrla fhdod tys
uQ,sl yevh h ;rulg fjkia jqj;a fh nr bj;al< g kej; tys uq,a yevhg
meKSug yelshdj ,e we;af;a jHj, we;s m%;Hdia:;d .=Kh ksidh' rnj,
fuu m%;Hdia:;d .=Kh fydka msysgd we;' jh,ska" .sgd wd ix.S; NdKavj,
;;aj, o m%;Hia:;d .=Kh msysghs' hlsis fya;=jlska m%;Hdia:;d iSudj blaujd
.shfyd;a th leug ,lau o isf'
by; i|yka l< jH .=K w;ka tlla fyda lSmhla ksmehq $ bls
ldhhka i|yd fhdod.kakd f,day j. yd wf,dayuh fndfyda jHj,g wdfkslj
mj;S' ta wkqj ksmehq$ bls ls%hdj,sfha Bg iqiq u jH f;dardf.k Nd;hg
.ekSu olaI Ys,amshl=f.a we;s m%K;dj fmkajk ,laIKhla f'

jj, .=K ^Properties of Wood&

j wd ld,fha isg O bls lghq;= i|yd Nd;hg .kakd bls
jHls' lD;s%u f,i ilia lr.kakd f,day j. ^jdfka $ uDjdfka& yd fldkalS%
jeks bls jHj,g jvd fYaI jQ .=K jj, wvx.= f' fujeks .;s ,laIK
iys; jj, wvx.= .=K lsysmhla i,ld n,uq'

jKh yd wdfKsl iqj| ^Colour and Odour&

j j.j, l| fkdfrE ;;a;ajfha mj;sk g t<h f,i ykajkq ,nk
w;r th ,d ly meye;s jqj;a jh fudarK g we;sjk wrgqfjys ta ta j j.j,g
wdfksl ;o jKh ,ef'

16

t<h wdydr" c,h tyd fuyd f.k hk ^mj;kh& lrk i ffi,j,ska

fkdf,a fnodyeu i|yd h'

hqla; ksid f;;a .;sfhka hqla; f' fuys l,ameje;au wvq h' lD ydks ,Sr ydks
we;s f' frE yd w ffi,j,ska wrgqj hqla; h' l,a meje;au je h' lD yd
,Sr ydks fkdue;' jevg b;d iqiq f' t<h ffuka wrgqj njg m;a f'
fldia - ly
f;alal - ,d Uqre
l`Mjr - l`M
nqre; - ,d ly
wd jKj,ska wrgqj hqla; f'
tfia u jj,g wdfksl iqj|la o we;' Wod(- iq yka" imq" f;alal" fldia"
fodU jeks j j.j, iqj| meye,s j ykd.; yels f'

f;;uk m%udKh ^Moisture Content&

idudkH jdhqf.da,fha mj;sk c, jdIamj, m%;sY;h wkqj idfmalaI wd;dj
;SrKh f' ffi, ;a;s yd ffi, wNHka;r c,Sh uOHhlska ms mj;S' f ksid
Ydlhl nr jj, fuka 2 la fyda 2'5 la muK m%udKhlg c,h wjfYdaIKh
mj;S' Ydlhl mj;sk c, mudj m%;sY;hla f,i fuu iQ;%fhka .Kkh lr
,nd.; yels h'

w1 = jfha f;;a nr
f;;uk m%udKh ^mc& =

w1 w 2
100 w2 = jfha h<s nr
w2

idudkH jdhqf.da,Sh ;;a;ajh hgf;a mo l< jhl iqiq c, wkqmd;h

12% - 15% w;r m%udKhl mj;skafka k th bls lghq;= i|yd fhda.H f'
fmdarKqf mo lsfuka fuu wkqmd;h 6% - 7% olajd wvqlr .; yelsh' bls
lghq;= i|yd mo l< j j. Nd; lsu jvd M,odhs f'

Yla;sh ^Strength&
jhl mj;sk Yla;sh j uxYfha Yd Tiafia mlaId lsf fjkia fjkia
;;a;ajhka hgf;a mj;sk nj k.; yels h' j udxYfha jhsrug iudka;r jQ
fLd Tiafia jQ Yla;s ugu jhsrug ,nl jQ fyda jhsrug wdk;j we;s Yla;s
ugug jvd fjkia h'

17

fkdf,a fnodyeu i|yd h'

jhl udxYfha jhsrf la w;g we;s imSvk Yla;sh wvqjk w;r" tys
udxYfha ,nl ;, Tiafia mlaId lsf jejk nj o" tfia u j udxYfha la
w;g we;s wd;;sl Yla;sh jejk w;r udxYfha ,nl ;, Tiafia wd;;sl Yla;sh
wvqjk nj o mlaId lsj, ;yjqre f'

wkajdhdu wd;;sl n,h

wkajdhdu imSvk Yla;sh

2'13 rEmh

,nl wd;;sl n,h

,nl imSvk n,h

2'14 rEmh

yels<Su yd bu ^Shrinkage and Swelling&

w; lmd.;a .il iajNdl f,i mj;sk c, m%udKh jejk w;r iajNdl j fyda O l%u hgf;a h<Sug ,lalsfuka h c, m%udKhla bj;a
flf' fuf,i h<Sug ,lalrk g c,h bj;au ksid yels<Sug ,laf' j
l|l ffi, w;r wka;.; c,h wl%uj;a f,i bj;au ksid l| msmsu" brE j
fldgia msmsu yd Bg wu;r j we|u weUu jeks j,;d o yg.; yels h'
h<Sug Ndckh we;s jhla fmu ksid tys ffi, ;a;s yryd
wNHka;rhg c,h .uka lsfuka jh bug ,laf'
jhl yels<Su fyda bu hk ls%hdjka tys ffi,j, ffi, ;a;sfha
ls%hdld;ajh ksid isjk w;r ffi, mg,j, >klu fyda ;=kSnj wkqj yels<Su
yd bu isjk m%udKh fjkia f'
bls fyda ksmo lghq;= lsf fuf,i jj, isjk yels<Sf m%udK
yd bf m%udK ms<sn| j wOHhkhl fhu jdisodhl jkq we;'

18

fkdf,a fnodyeu i|yd h'

.fvd,aj, .=K ^Properties of Bricks&

;a;s" lKq" w;a;sjdr neu jeks O bls lghq;=j, je jYfhka
Nd;hg .kakd bosls jHls .fvd,a' mD mDIaGh u;=mska ,nd.kakd ue
moug wkd ilia lrf.k ksh; kq iys; wpq u.ska .fvd, ;kd mjfka
h<Sfuka miq mqiaid .ekSfuka .fvd,a j. ksmojd.kq ,nhs'
.fvd,aj, .=K lsysm wdldrhlg i,ld ne,sh yels h'
fN!;sl .=K
hdka;s%l .=K
l,amj;akd nj

-
-
-

Physical properties
Mechanical properties
Durability

fN!;sl .=K

yevh (Shape)

>kldNhl yevh .kS' tys iDcq odr yd iDcq uq`Mj,ska hqla;h' u;=msg mDIaG
iu;, yd taldldr nka hqla; h'

jKh (Colour)

mqiaid .;a ue .fvd,a r;g yqre Uqre meyefhka hqla;h' ;o wre meye;s
.fvd,a ms,siaiS jejk w;r ,d ly meyefhka hq;a .fvd,a ms,siaiS wvq ksid ykd
.ekSug myiqh' f ms<sn|j mlaId lr n,kak'

m%udKh (Size)

bxfkare .fvd,la i|yd m%;sfhka hq;= kq we;' bxfkare .fvd,l .

215 mm o" m<, 102'5 mm o" Wi 65 mm o h hq;= h'

19

fkdf,a fnodyeu i|yd h'

Wi

.
m<,

2'15 rEmh

>k;ajh (Density)
m%;shg wkqj ilia l< .fvd,l >k;ajh 1600 - 1900 m3/kg w;r h hq;=
h' .fvd,l ialkaOh 3'2 kg muK h hq;= h'

l,amj;akd nj (Durability)
m%;shg ilia l< .fvd,a l,a mej;Sula isf' l,a meje;Su flfrys lreKq
lSmhla n,mdhs' m%Odk jYfhka wuq jH ^ue& ms,siaiS we;s m%udKh n,mdhs'

c,h Wrd .kakd m%udKh (Absorption value)

.fvd,aj, mj;sk ijr;dj ^Porosity& c,h Wrd .kakd mudj flfrys
n,mEula we;' .fvd,lg c,h Wrd .kakd m%udKh m%;sY;hla f,i my; i|yka
iQ;%fhka .Kkh lr l.; yels f' .fvd,a mDIaGj, yd wNHka;rfha ;sh yels
isre m%udKh wju h hq;= hs'

20

fkdf,a fnodyeu i|yd h'


=
(w 2 - w1 )
w1 w 2

=
100
100
w
w 2 2
c,h Wrd .kakd m%udKh
(w1 - .fvdf,a h<s nr
w2 - c,fhaa .s,ajd meh 24 lg miq nr)

c,;Hd.s;dj (Effloresence)
c,h wjfYdaIKh lr.kakd yd c,fha oshjk ,jK j. iys; ue Nd;
lr .fvd,a ksIamdokh l< g fuu ;;a;ajh we;s f' idudkHfhka .fvd,aj,
olakg ,efnk r;=jka Uqre jKh fjkqjg jK .;shla fujeks .fvd,aj,
lsh yels h'
.fvd,aj, jKh fjkia u u.ska .fvd,a kdY u ms<sn|j k.; yels h'
jeis c,h ldkau" WKqiqu yd c,jdIam iys; ld,.=Ksl ;;a;ajhka we;su
.fvd,a kdY u flfrys n,mEula we;s lrhs'

Nd;hg fhda.H .fvd,l ;sh hq;= ,laIK

(Qualities of good brick)

ksh; ." m<," Wi hk kqj,g wod< h hq;= h'

iDcq odr iys; j ksu h hq;= h'
uqyqK;a iu;, h hq;= h'
ksh; ms ms,siaiS ;sh hq;= h' yrialv jKh taldld r;= Uqre
jKhlska h hq;= h'
.fvd,a folla tlg .ef f,day folla .efgk g kef.k Yohg
iudk Yohla ^Metalic rings& ksl=;a h hq;= h'
.fvd,l T`M uqyqK; me;a; ug m;s;jk fia g 1'5 l Wil isg ug
w;yeh g .fvd, fkdle ;sh hq;= h'
.fvd,a nef yd megf lefvk m%udKh 7% lg jvd wvqh hq;=
h'
.fvd,la meh 24 la c,fha .s,ajd ;enQ g Wrd .kakd c, m%udKh .fvdf,a
nka 15% l m%udKhla fkd blauh hq;= h'

;j o"
21

fkdf,a fnodyeu i|yd h'

.fvd,aj, by< imSvk Yla;shla ;su'

nr ork ;a;s iy nr fkdork ;a;s i|yd fhdod .; yels u'
blaukska jev ksulr .; yels u'
O ne rgd wkqj .fvd,a weish yels u'
.skakg Tfrd;a;= u iy ;dm mjrK ,laIK ;su'
foaYSh j ,nd .ekSf myiqj'
ksuy lsf myiqj'

fldkalS%j, .=K (Properties of concrete)

fldkalS% hkq r`M iudydr ^.,a len,s& ishq iudydr ^msis je,s& yd ne
jH ^isfuka;s& hk bls yd inkaO jHh ;=k hlsis wkqmd;hlg wkqj c,h
iu Y%lr ilia lr.;a ksIamd; jHhls'
ksh; m%;shg wkqj ;kd ksu lr mo lr.;a fldkalS% ksuejqug by<
imSvk m%n,;djla o" m%udKj;a wd;kH m%n,;djla o we;' fldkalS% nd,alj,
wd;kH m%n,;dj jelr .ekSu i|yd ksuh hq;= fldkalS% ksIamdokh ;=<g
.e<fmk jdfka l l+re we;=<;a lrkq ,ef' jer.eka jQ fldkalS%j,g wd;;shg
Tfrd;a;= f Yla;sh we;'
jdfkaj, m%idrK ix.=Klh yd fldkalS%j, m%idrK ix.=Klhg wdikak
jYfhka iudku ksid jer.eka jQ fldkalS% ksmoug jdfka l fhdod .ekSu
g yelsu fYaI jdishls'
fldkalS% i|yd Wmfhda.S lr.kakd ix>glj, m%;sh yd wkqmd;h" tajd
tlg Y% lrk l%uh yd fldkalS% ;ekam;a lrkq ,nk l%uh iy mo ls l%uh
yd mo lsug .;jk ld,h ksujk ,o fldkalS%ghl Yla;sh flfrys m%n, f,i
n,mEula we;'
fldkalS% hkq ishq iudydr ^Fine aggregate&" r`M iudydr ^Coarse aggregate&
ne jH ^Binding materials& c,h tlalr ilia lr .kakd bls jHhls'
fldkalS% i|yd fhdod .kakd ne jH iudydr yd c,h iu ixfhda.
iqld;djfhka hq;a Y%Khla ilia f' fuys isfuka;s yd c,h w;r ridhksl
m%;sls%hdj,shla isjk w;r iqld;dfjka hqqla;j ;snQ Y%Kh l%ufhka >k
;;a;ajhg m;a f'
fldkalS%j, imSvk m%n,;dj fldkalS% ksuejqu flfrys fhdok wlaISh
Ndrh wkqj ;SrKh flf' imSvk m%n,;djg reoaO .=Kh wd;kH m%n,;dj f'
fldgiaj, fjkaug we;s yelshdj jHdlD;s m%;Hdn,h ^Shear strength& f'

22

fkdf,a fnodyeu i|yd h'

imSvk m%;Hdn,h" wd;;sl m%;Hdn,h yd jHdlD;s m%;Hdn,h hk

n,mEj,g Tfrd;a;= u i|yd fldkalS% ksmehq ilia lsf ,siaiS yd
wej,ska f;dr uD jdfka o`vq Nd;hg .kq ,nhs'

2'17 rEmh

yevhula ;=< ;ekam;a lr fydka iqixyikh l< fldkalS%h ksis l%ufo

hgf;a mo lr.; hq;= f' fhdok ,o fldkalS%gh if ls%hdj,sfha isjk
ridhksl m%;sls%hdj ksid bj;ajk ;dmh fya;=fjka fldkalS%gfha msmqre we;sh
yels h' tfia u iQh ;dmhg ksrdjrKh u ksid fldkalS%gh Yla;su;aug wjYH
c,h jdIam hdug yels h' f ksid fldkalS%gh mof ldhh yd Yla;su;a
f ldhh ksis m is h fkdyels neka" f ;=< wka;.; f;;ukh
blaukska bj;a j hdu j<lajd .ekSug yelsjk fia f;; f.daks t<Su' fldkalS%gh
u;=msg c,h /f|k fia l=vd mia je fhu yd fijk ,ndu hk ls%hdldrl
wkq.ukh l< yels f' fldkalS% ksis m mou i|yd wju jYfhka k 14 l
ld,hlaj;a fuu ;;a;aj hgf;a u mj;ajdf.k hd hq;= f'
fldkalS% fydka mou ksid"
wl Yla;su;a nj ,eu'
fldkalS% ksmehqu l,amej;Su'
u;=msg fyd| m%;sfrdaOl wdjrKhla we;su'
u;=msg msms je<elau'
c, ldkaj wjuu'

23

fkdf,a fnodyeu i|yd h'

fldkalS%gfha fldgia .e,u wju u'

u;=msg ,s wvqu'
is f'
fydka ilia lr.;a fldkalS% ksmehq $ ^bls&
Yla;su;a h'
>k h'
Wmfhda.s lr.;a kq ia:dhs;djfhka hqla; h'
ijr nka hqla; h'
imSvkhg Tfrd;a;= foa'
wdl jYfhka jdisodhl h'
by< m%;sfhka hq;a fldkalS% ksmehq ilia lr .ekSug"
Nd;hg .kakd jHj, .=Kd;aul ;;a;ajh
iudydrj, m%;sh
fldkalS% Y%K wkqmd;h
c,h tl;= lrk m%udKh
jer .ekakq l wkqmd;h
iqixyikh lsu
fldkalS% mo lsu ms<sn| ie,ls,su;a h hq;= h'
fuu mfoh hgf;a bosls lghq;= i|yd fhdod.kakd jH lSmhl .=K
ms<sn| j idudkH wjfndaOhla Tn ,nd .kakg we;' ksh; ms;rhkag wkqj
m%;sfhka by< boslsula lsug ie,iq lsf Bg .e<fmk yd w;HjYH .=K
iys; iqiq u jH f;dard .ekSu jeo.;a nj ka meye,s h'
f ksid h ldhhla lsug ie,iq lsu" jH f;dard .ekSu ^.fvd,a" j"
uDjdfka" rn yd fjk;a bls jH&" wjfndaOhlska hq;=j l< hq;= f' tfia
fkdlsu ksid"
ksIamdokfha m%;sh j, u
im;a kdia;sh
ld,h wmf;a hdu
wdl jYfhka wjdis odhl u
isjk nj meye,s h'

24

fkdf,a fnodyeu i|yd h'