Breaking speed limits in reservoir simulation...

Global Case Studies

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Global Case Studies
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Occasionally someone comes along with a

truly new approach. And it is usually met
with disbelief, because the status quo is
always more comfortable. With over 35 years
experience in reservoir simulation, I would
like to say, that tNavigator have created this
Eureka moment and have taken simulation
into the 21st century.

Superfast processing comes with a

synchronised GUI for maps, line graphs
and well displays; it allows for immediate
timestep by timestep analysis of the history
match in progress.

Stop/Retrace/Start technology allows for ad

hoc intervention during a run, alleviating the
need to wait to the last timestep; effectively
conducting multiple runs in one.

Interrogation of the results is so improved,

that one now considers whole new data,
which were previously left untouched.

Truly a game changer!

Bruce Stevens
Reservoir Engineer - 35 years simulation experience

2005 2006 2007 2009

RFSim launched at end of 2005 First work on tNavigator First large scale software European Tech Tour Association
development contract with award for most perspective
Live runtime monitoring TNK-BP innovative high-tech
capability companies in the Russian
iFlood product launched Federation

Background of Rock Flow Dynamics

2 Rock Flow Dynamics
 Global ase Studies
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Company ethos
Formed in 2005 the vision was to create a software technology that put the power
back into the hands of technical experts.

For years, companies, decision makers and Rock Flow Dynamics supports todays best
decision providers have had to concede deep engineering and technical practices by creating a
understanding of their asset due to limitations of 21st century technology for today and tomorrow...
inefficient and costly software that does not keep
up with the continuous improvement of modern Better decisions, lower costs,
hardware. continuous improvement.

2010 2013 2015

Breakthrough year Intel Regional offices established Four NOCs acquire tNavigator 800+ active users in 125
Capital invest in RFD and worldwide to give global 24/7 companies
global expansion begins support Company move head
development office to Reservoir consultancy team is
BG Group sign corporate agreement accommodate massive team established

30 companies using tNavigator tNavigator is supported in 20

countries
First global agreements with
Occidental and BG Group

Parallel hydrodynamics for geological scale 3

 Global Case Studies
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Fully integrated memory based

subsurface software application

tNavigator can build static

geological models from scratch or
an imported RESCUE file. Seamlessly
from the static model, the software
can instantly run dynamic
simulations, and perform extended
uncertainty analysis as part of one
fully integrated workflow inside a
single graphical user interface.

The interactive features of the

user interface are ergonomically
designed by the industrys Geological
petrotechnical experts to reduce lag a in t y > models
ert
nc
time for importing, exporting and
analysing your data. U

Ge
ol o g
Uncertainty
Full integration ic al m o
Today
for big loop
>
es
Total Production

de
as

ls
C

>

on ti
ula Si m
Simulation
Time
cases

4 Rock Flow Dynamics

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Single integrated
technology platform

tNavigator is truly unique. It is the

first fully-parallel, memory-based
subsurface technology to take the
technical expert from static model
building to dynamic simulation
and into probabilistic forecasting
& uncertainty quantification inside
one seamless, fully integrated and
intelligent software package.

Support of the common input formats.

Seamless fit in the company workflows. No
concealed connectors. No painful data QC.
No time wasted.

Friendly licensing policy without extra

charge for features and parallel cores.
Significant cost saving for the clients!

Initially tNavigator began development

as a reservoir simulator. Bridging the gap
between outdated simulation software
coding and modern day advances in
hardware.

Every line of functional code is written in

parallel so there is near unlimited scalability
of model acceleration for hydrodynamic
calculations.

Due to the sophisticated techniques used

for the solver design tNavigator grew
into something far bigger than originally
conceived. Calculating black oil models
with compositional models and thermal
compositional models became not just an
idea, but a reality.

Multi-physics, coupled with multi-physics

in order to link your assets together is no
longer just a pipe dream.

Parallel hydrodynamics for geological scale 5

Global Case Studies
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Breaking speed limits in

reservoir simulation
The speed
Rock Flow Dynamics accessed one of the tNavigator holds the world record for parallel up
factor achie
worlds top 20 giant clusters to test the
reservoir simulation acceleration performance. ved
limits of the tNavigator algorithm. Using was 1328!
a commercial version of tNavigator to
run a reservoir simulation calculation on a
model with 21.8 million active grid blocks.
1024

Simulation runtime was reduced to 512

only 19 minutes from the previous 256

Acceleration

performance of 2 weeks. 128

Acceleration

64

The most encouraging aspect to this 32

project was that the tNavigator 16
algorithm showed no signs of saturation.
8
Adding more cores would have reduced
4
simulation time even further meaning
that no matter what your project 2

deadlines are, simulation software should 1

no longer be your bottleneck! 1 4 16 64 256 1024 4096

Number of cores
SPE 162090 Number of cores

6 Rock Flow Dynamics

 Global Case Studies
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Reservoir simulation
on the cloud

Rock Flow Dynamics have created the industrys first fully

fledged reservoir simulation cloud offering.

Examples of utilising near All of this can be done from a your laptop For large projects there are huge
unlimited hardware resources or workstation via standard internet benefits from economy of scale to block
connection. The end user can monitor book resources, eliminating the fear of
on the cloud are:
calculations in real time and pause the unexpected project creep.
simulation at any time step. The reservoir
Simulation of small to very large
engineer can add a well, add a tracer, The reservoir engineer can now feel
models
modify well controls during the paused empowered to put all those wonderful
Assisted history matching projects
simulation and restart at any point...all on ideas into practice!
Prediction cases
the cloud.
Optimization studies
Hundreds / thousands of runs in It takes only 30 minutes to allocate
Costs are simple to monitor and easy to hardware and setup the system
minimum timeframe
control.
ready for simulations!

tNavigator is the industrys

first fully fledged reservoir
simulation cloud solution.

Parallel hydrodynamics for geological scale 7

Global Case Studies
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Computer optimization
of development plans in
presence of uncertainty

Key Objective Parallel to the original plans of The subsurface team built a single
Maximize the value of the asset to the subsurface modeling team, geological model as part of their
the business workflow. In this separate experimental
an independent study was
study, 31 models were created in order
Target the P70 value of the NPV to
carried out in order to maximize to account for uncertainty based on the
avoid potential down-side problems the value of the North Sea gas reference case.
asset to the business.

Challenges
Thousands of simulations required
to capture various development
scenarios with account for
uncertainty

Solution
34,000 simulations with different
model realizations and development
scenarios were run on an HPC cluster

Outcome
Development plan was optimized
NPV was improved by 5% compared
to the engineering solution

The value added to the project was

estimated as 1 billion GBP

A large strain of this project was taken

We used about 34,000 simulations, over by the hardware. A third party cluster
a three week period on a cluster with 31 cloud solution was used which allowed
nodes each with 16 cores. We estimate the reservoir engineer more time to It is estimated that using this approach
that another well known simulator concentrate on additional work. the cost benefit to the company would
would have needed almost a whole be around GBP 1 billion.
year to complete the same task. The development scheme was
significantly optimized. The final well The methodology cannot be ignored
placements have some interesting and challenges the traditional
Dr. Jonathan Carter
features that challenge the normal approach to production forecasting
Head Technology and Innovation
design process. and optimization.
Center for E&P, E.On

8 Rock Flow Dynamics

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A typical UK Northern North Sea

oil field: waterflood in a very
heterogeneous Brent reservoir

The UK NNS Heather Field has Injection water broke through more Key Objective
been in production for 38 years quickly than expected, indicating Locating and quantifying the
considerable heterogeneity, in common remaining oil pockets, sufficiently
with some 90 wells; producers,
with many other Brent oil fields. large enough to warrant further
water injectors and re-completions.
development
The development plan called The computer capabilities at the time
for producers, supported conspired against a sophisticated
by (expected) aquifer influx, reservoir model description and this Challenges
however, early decline (left) lead to a [widespread] belief [before Only 26% recovery despite 38 years
2014], that modeling of the Heather Field of water-flood development
dropped parts of the field below
was a venture of such complexity, that
the bubblepoint, leading to the results would always be of limited Recent wells, based on mapping
liberation of gas: some producers use, because the remaining unresolved and material balance could only
were quickly converted to issues target under-developed edges
water injection, but were as
a consequence not always in For EnQuest, the arrival of tNavigator
meant, that Heather could be history
optimum positions. Solution
matched in a multi-layered model with
Use of tNAV to run 100s of
realistic heterogeneity, where water
All producers were gas-lifted, making sensitivities determining the
sweeps very small thiefzones, thus
gas production monitoring difficult. required heterogeneity to match
defining the remaining oil-in-place.
PVT was believed to vary considerably local water- breakthrough timing
Without prohibitive runtimes.
throughout the field. So, production and watercut development
of liberated gas was historically not
Rejuvenation of the field is now a real
considered a major issue. Material
possibility.
balance became doubtful.
date
Outcome
Fully History Matched model
identifies local thief zones with
water breakthrough versus layers
with remaining oil

Main field locations with sufficient

oil can now be targeted

Injector-producer pair: Water breakthrough 7 years late due to a

permeability description in the static model, that initially was too
homogeneous

date

Accurate water breakthrough and water-rate due

to HMd thiefzone heterogeneity description

Parallel hydrodynamics for geological scale 9

Global Case Studies
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Integrated uncertainty quantification

project with multiple history matches
prediction cases based on static and
dynamic parameters

Key Objective The workflow applied included different models that match the history
Probabilistic production forecast in various uncertainties from different and carry out detailed investigation on
a challenging field with account for conceptual steps: reservoir structure, the prediction scenarios in the field and
uncertainty based on the defined reservoir properties, permeability and optimize the development plan based
development scenario for 25 years relative permeability parameters in the on multiple history matching solutions.
period simulation model and well productivity These models were used as the basis
parameters that represent technological for probabilistic forecasting and
uncertainties. The key objective of the optimization of various development
Challenges project was to locate conceptually scenarios with account for uncertainty.
Huge demand in simulations

Lack of tools for integrated P10

P10
uncertainty workflows

P50
P50
Solution
Integrated assisted history matching
workflow involving static, dynamic
and technological uncertainties
P90
P90
Massive simulations with
tNavigator and HPC cluster

Outcome 3 structure One consolidated

300 83 history
Multiple history matching solutions models forecast for each
geological matched
and probabilistic production forecast 1 2 3solutions 4development
realizations
Better understanding of the scenario
reservoir 3 structure 300 geological 83 history matched One consolidated forecast for
models realizations solutions each development scenario

More reliable decisions about the

field development

Drilling plan reviewed with risk The project team has built a unique
management assisted history matching workflow
in tNavigator software package. The
High-speed simulations on the RFD cluster workflow allows for multiple solutions
allowed to run a very unique workflow with of the problem. High-speed reservoir
full specter of the uncertainty parameters simulations allowed to run more than
incorporated. Simulation results from 8000 realizations of the model in 2
8100 cases provided the asset team with
days. As the result of the simulations, 83
detailed information about various possible
realizations of the reservoir. The results different realizations of the model with
made it possible to make comprehensive equally good match quality were found.
probabilistic forecast of the reservoir
performance. 2000 cores, 100 nodes (dual Xeon E5 2680v2)
SPE-182008.
FDR Infiniband 56 Gb/s, RAM 12.8TB
Integrated uncertainty quantification for
Miroslav Budilin development planning of a large field
Senior Reservoir Engineer. Repsol.

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Fresh water injection

in brine reservoirs

A conceptually new mathematical Key Objective

model was developed in tNavigator Optimize development of the field
as a part of the project. The model with high salinity
includes a desalinization process as a
function of salt concentration, as well
as the changes in residual oil saturation,
Challenges
porosity and permeability. An essential
Effects of changes in reservoir
feature of the approach is the capability
properties due to dissolution of the
to define values of the process
rock salt play significant role
parameters as obtained from laboratory
experiments.
No technology with detailed
description of the physical process
1 available at the market
0.9

0.8
Solution
0.7
Unique features were implemented
Water cut, fr.

0.6 in tNavigator based on client

0.5 specifications

0.4
The model was tuned to match the
0.3 lab results
0.2
Tuned model was used for field
0.1
development planning
0
6.1.2008 2.26.2011 11.22.2013 8.18.2016 5.15.2019
Outcome
With the introduction of the Behind the displacement front, as The results of study showed
desalination factor in the numerical it was shown above, the active salt significant influence of the
model, it became possible to produce a dissolution and development of low desalinization process on oil water
more accurate calculation of the water filtration resistance zones takes place. displacement
front movement across the reservoir Subsequent injected water propagates
and the dynamics of water-cut in the faster through the zones freed from salt, Better understanding of the reservoir
wells of the sector. An increase in the with the rheological properties of the was achieved
viscosity and density of the injected injected water not changed or changed
fresh water due to salt dissolution, slightly. This results in more rapid Field development plan was
decreases the rate of the displacement increase in water cut in comparison optimized with account of all critical
front propagation, resulting in the with the results of model simulation effects
later breakthrough in comparison without desalinization.
with a model, where the factor of
water interaction with formation salt is
ignored.

SPE-162091. SPE-176630.
Numerical modeling of salty reservoir Laboratory and numerical study of
waterflooding with fresh water the dissolution process of salinization
clastic reservoirs

Parallel hydrodynamics for geological scale 11

Global Case Studies
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Monster model
simulations

Key Objective The main goals in modeling of Samotlor full-field model by taking advantage of
Optimize model grid resolution for field is putting together a self- all the inputs obtained from simulations
Samatlor - huge field in Western consistent system for sector and full- of local sectors. In the course of the
Siberia field modeling based on a single high entire lifetime of the field, global
resolution hydrodynamic model with monitoring of fluids and gas cap
Evaluate the hardware requirements no upscaling. This allowed addressing migration will be done simultaneously
for the project global and local issues within the with continuous field development
framework of one unified model. This planning activities performed at the
approach will help to improve a great level of local production units.
Challenges deal of the predictive qualities of the
Extreme simulation time
1000
High-performance computing is
required to run models with multi- Acceleration
million grids 100

10
Solution
Scalable tNavigator solver
combined with HPC cluster 1
1 10 100 1000
demonstrate reasonable
Number of cores
simulation time

To find optimal spatial resolution, It was shown, that the simulations

four grid realizations have been of the most complex hydrodynamic
Outcome
investigated. The initial case contains model ever attempted in the oil&gas
Simulation results from different grid
4.5 million active grid blocks (7 million industry with 404 million active grid
resolutions were compared
geological with horizontal resolution blocks and 1.4 million well connections
150x150 meters), the case with could be done and does not present
Recommendation on trade-offs
additional lateral resolution with 40 any major difficulties. The only practical
between simulation time and
million active grid blocks (70 million obstacle for using the Samotlor
accuracy were given
geological with horizontal resolution hyrdrodynamic model at this grid
50x50 meters), and two cases with resolution (unupscaled geological
Optimal model grids were chosen for
finer vertical resolution with 162 and model grid) is the very exteneded total
each specific task
404 million active grid blocks (280 and simulation time required. Nevertheless,
700 million geological, respectively). this model could still be used for one
The study was carried out on historical time simulations and special studies,
With tNavigator we managed to model with 45 years of production and which require full vertical resolution of
reduce the simulation time of the more than 14 000 wells. the geological grid.
Samotlor field model from one day to
39 minutes. It completely changes the Parallel acceleration coefficient for the SPE-162090. Application of sector
approach to development planning run with 64 nodes (1280 cores) with modeling technology for giant reservoir
and waterflood optimization of this respect to single CPU core performance simulations.
huge brown field. calculated for the model with 40 million SPE-163090. Advances in modeling of
active grid blocks equals 382 times. giant reservoirs.
Vladislav Dzyuba SPE-171225. Dynamic modeling of
Director of Reservoir Modeling, Samotlor field using high resolution
TNK-BP model grids.

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Accurate modeling of
fractured wells in full
field simulations

tNavigator introduces a new Hydraulic fracturing in tNavigator can Key Objective

approach to hydraulic fracture be defined quickly via the graphical Build a simulation model of a large
interface. User defines fracture field with 800+ wells that properly
modeling. The fracture is
parameters in the dialogue (azimuth captures behavior of wells with
considered as a part of the well, angle, length, width, proppant type hydraulic fractures
not a part of the reservoir as etc.). The fracture is immediately
with transmissibility multipliers. visualized in the 3D map as a plane.
To simulate fractures, a network Fracture geometry can be any shape. Challenges
of new "virtual" perforations The so-called flow function represents If the fractures are greater than grid
the fracture efficiency as a function block size, the only way to simulate
is generated in the grid blocks
of time to honor the effect of fracture it is transmissibility multiplier that
intersected by the assumed degradation. varies in time
fracture surfaces.
Lack of natural tools to model
fractured wells

Solution
A new approach for modeling
of fractured wells with virtual
perforations was implemented in
tNavigator

Outcome
Accurate description of fractured
The main benefits of such an approach Multiple realizations of fractures and wells dynamic for full field model
include a more realistic description of reservoir properties can be applied for scale was obtained
fracture physics featuring more direct uncertainty quantification of the reservoir.
coupling of the well and the parts of History matching cycles were
the reservoir connected through the This approach provides the most dramatically reduced
fracture. This approach offers a simple realistic calculation of fluid inflow to
way to define various complex fracture the well. This new technology was Schedule for fracture jobs was
properties as a function of time, and a successfully tested on large full-filled optimized based on more accurate
high degree of flexibility in the definition models of giant Western Siberia prediction models
and re-configuration of fracture network. reservoirs with a large number of
The orientation and shape of fractures hydraulic fractures. This technology
can be easily changed by modification of of fracture modeling can be easily
the few keywords in the model stack file. extended from single to multiple
All model input parameters have clear fractures per well. The approach is
physical meaning, which makes them found to be very efficient for simulation SPE-138071. A new approach in
easy to use in combination with data of unconventional reservoirs with modeling hydraulic fractures and auto
of different scale. The project revealed multistage fractured wells. fractures at injectors in full-field models
great usability of the model for history
matching and prediction purposes. SPE-147021. A new approach to
numerical simulation of fluid flow in
fractured shale gas reservoirs

Parallel hydrodynamics for geological scale 13

Global Case Studies
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Improve Productivity with

High Performance Reservoir
Simulation Technique

Key Objective The reservoir structures are very

Real time monitoring for history complex in the west part of China.
matching Water pattern flood method are
widely used in order to improve the
Optimize the injection pattern in a production in those reservoirs with
reasonable time poor properties. Its quite difficult to
build an efficient injection pattern for
Hydraulic fracturing event for those reservoirs. The old approach to
hundreds wells need to be simulated set the injectors locations is based on
the geological concept which has very
poor quality in the beginning before
Challenges history match, as well as the production
The old way to analyse the efficiency dynamic analysis. On one hand, the
of injection pattern is a time geological model may change a lot
consuming work after history match. Therefore we will
Injector Producer Allocation Factor(%)
have an obvious conflict with the EK16 69.24
Multiple hydraulic fracturing is well- concept of the design pattern. On the EK28 EK231 9.75

known issue in reservoir simulation other hand, the analysis based on the Reservoir 21.01
well productions cant give enough EK16 74.14
information of the pattern efficiency. EK29
EK209 9.34
EK237 1.64
Solution Reservoir 14.82
tNavigator introduces a easy
tNavigator was used to solve this EK233 26.83
and efficient approach to get the
problem EK238 16.83
producing-injecting well pairs. Users EK234 EK303 17.36
can focus on the history match to tune EK304 12.96
The producing-injection pairs are
the model and the information for the Reservoir 26.02
calculated automatically during the
injection efficiency will be calculated Output the partition coefficients accurate for
simulation
within the simulation. the injection well

Hydraulic fracturing technique is an

Outcome

common stimulation approach for

Reduce the time used for injection the wells which penetrate the low

optimization by 80%

permeable formations. In many oilfields,

lots of wells have been fractured several

Improve productivity of reservoir times per year to keep the production.

simulation used in the field plan Thats well-known issue in the reservoir

development by 100%. simulation for these kind of reservoirs

with multiple hydraulic fractures.
tNavigator includes finite difference tNavigator has powerful function for
and streamline simulation. The tNavigator utilizes an advanced technique hydraulic fracturing simulation. The
results are computed simultaneously/ which is called virtual completion and fracturing model can better match
consistently at every time-step. This overcomes the disadvantages in other reservoir properties. The optimization of
gives more accurate information for simulation techniques. It provides an development is in accordance with the
injection efficiency analysis. We can easy way to simulate multiple fracturing actual situation of hydraulic fracturing
get results using less time. events. Also the proppants properties can simulation in field.
also be simulated using this approach in
Chief Reservoir Engineer, order to get a better history match model. Chief Reservoir Engineer,
25 years experience 25 years experience

14 Rock Flow Dynamics

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Reduce Simulation Inaccuracy

with Fine Geological Model using
High Speed Simulation Technique

Reservoir simulation with fine Based on such a high efficient Key Objective
geological model is a better simulation technique, more uncertainty Finish geological model screening
parameters can be used in the within a reasonable time frame
way to enhance accuracy of
uncertainty analysis when using the
simulation research. When computer assisted history matching. Using fine geological model in
using a fine geological model, More information is provided and reservoir simulation research
there will be no grid upscaling it largely reduced the risk when
to change the geometrical improving the geological model. If
structures and effect the results. there is a lack of sufficient data, it could Challenges
cause too much estimations and lead to Hundreds of models will be
an over match. simulated during screening, will take
a very long time.
After the history match, new wells
required to be designed in the More parameters used in the CAHM
prediction plan. Based on the oil will also cause large number of cases
distribution and formation properties which need to be simulated
the user can extract well locations using
GUI tools. Not only for vertical wells but
also for horizontal and deviated wells.
Solution
More than 17 times faster to complete the history
matching simulation compared with other simulators
tNavigator deployed on a cluster
to use more computing resources

There are more than 40 formations in

Fine geological model is used in
the OF-1 reservoir, the total thickness
history match as well as prediction
of pay zone is longer than 1000m. The
properties of this reservoir are strongly
heterogeneous. Many layers with low
permeability distributes in different Outcome
parts of the reservoir. The old approach 17 times speed-up compared with
which uses the upscaled grid will cause industry standard simulators
too much inaccuracy because of the
changes to the grid. Use of fine geological model to
avoid grid upscaling and reduce the
tNavigator provides a very fast inaccuracy
solution. With very high performance
parallel computing technique, the Modifications in the fine grid
history-matched model runs more after history match will return to
than 17 times faster compared with geological process to improve the
other simulators using same # of tNavigator runs history model with entire research
parallel cores. 40 geological models 5 million cells less than 40 minutes on
are simulated within 2 days in order to the cluster. Its amazing speed. So we can
compare and get which model will be simulate more than 20 models per day
the most appropriate starting point for with the fine grid. It usually takes half a
history matching. day for only 1 run using other simulator.

OF-1 Project Manager

Parallel hydrodynamics for geological scale 15

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