SP6 Part4 PDF
SP6 Part4 PDF
SP6 Part4 PDF
1995
) SP : 6 (4) 1969
(
RI HAND-BOOK
FOR
STRUCTURAL E-NGINEERS
.
As in the Original Standard, this Page is Intentionally Left Blank
ISI HANDBOOK
FOR
STRUCTU~RAL ENGI~NEERS
CONTENTS
PAGE
FOREWORD ......... . .. 7
1. INTR~D~OTI~N ......... . .. 9
1.1 History ............ .. 9
1.2 General Principles ......... ... 9
1.3 Advantages of High Strength Bolts ... .. . 10
1.4 Code of Practice ... ...... ... 15
2. DESIGN OF JOINTS ...... ... ... 15
2.1 General ......... ... ... 15
2.2 Shear Connections ......... . .. 15
2.3 External Tension ...... ... .. . 24
2.4 Combined Tension and Shear ... ... .. 28
2.5 Aloment Connections ... ... ,.. 35
2.6 Repeated \nriatiorl of Forces ...... ... 35
A~I_E.UDIX
B TNDIAN STANDARDSAND OTHER PUBLICATIONS
OF ISI
REI.ATING TO STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING ... .. 54
.
As in the Original Standard, this Page is Intentionally Left Blank
SP:6 (4)-1969
FOREWORD
This handbook, which has been processed by the Structural Engineer-
ing Sectional Committee, SMBDC 7, the composition of which is given in
Appendix A, had been approved for publication by the Structural and
Metals Division Council and the Civil Engineering Division Council of
ISI.
Over sixteen years of continuous study in India and abroad, and the
deliberations at numerous sittings of committees, panels and study groups,
have resulted in the formulation of a number of Indian Standards in the
field of steel production, design and use, a list of which is given in
Appendix B.
T
SP:6 (4)-1969
The design of joints carrying different types of forces has been dealt
with in 2. The advantages of high tensile friction grip bolts in resisting
dynamic forces and fluctuating stresses are described. D,esign examples
have been included to make the different concepts clear.
No handbook of this kind can be made complete for all times to come
at the very first attempt. As designers and engineers begin to use it, they
will be able to suggest modifications and additions for improving its utility.
They are requested to send such valuable suggestions to IS1 which will be
received with appreciation and gratitude.
SP: 6 (4)-1969
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 History-Rivets have been used in the fabrication from the very
beginning of the history of structures. In their use, it was common to
notice a clamping force between the joint whidh generated as tje rivets
cooled down. This clamping force tended to produce a better performance
of the joint in the prevention of slip due to the load applied. From a study
of riveted and bolted joints, it was found that the riveted joints showed
better fatigue resistance. The cause for this behaviour could not be
detected in the early stages.
After the 1Vorlcl War I, the high strength bolts manufactured from
quenched and drawn carbon steel came to be used as fitting up bolts when
the parts to be bolted were brought together by tightening the high
strength bolts. Further to this, these bolts were used in the same manner
in steel fabrication. The concept of tightening the high strength bolts to
proof load was, however, not developed at the time.
Based on the above studies the use of high strength bolts \vas first
made on an ore bridge in 1948. In 1949 t.he American Society for Testing
and Materials issued a specification, ASTM A325 for high strength carbon
steel bolts for joints, including su.itable nuts and plain hardened washers.
It was subsequently revised in 1951.
1.2 General Principles - In an ordinary bolted joint the force from one
side is transferred to the other side through the interlocking and bearing ot
the bolts. In a friction grip joint, however, the force is transferred by
virtue of the friction between the interfaces. TO develop this friction
a normal load is applied to the joint by using high strength bolts tightened
to proof load. A study of Fig. 1 will make the point clear.
9
SP:6(4)-1969
-5
By the usual law of friction it may be seen that S = CLx 7. It means that
if a load equal to S or less is applied, the joint will withstand it, and transfer
it without any slip. This is because of the normal load T and the friction
between the faying surfaces. This is in effect a friction grip joint. The
coefficient of friction is also termed slip factor. The slip factor is defined
has the ratio between the force causing the large displacement between the
two interfaces of the plates connected together and the force normal to the
interfaces due to the tension in the bolts. ii slip factor of 0.45 is stipulated
by IS :4000-1967 for surfaces which are free-of paint, dirt, loose rust or
mill scale.
*C:ode 01 practice for the aswrnbly of structural ,joints using high tensile friction grip
I-artCIltl s.
10
SP:6 (4)-]g6g
2. DESXGN OF JOINTS
2.1 General - In the early stages of the development of the friction grip
.joints, it was normal to design the joints by assuming the use of ordinary
bolts or rivets and substitute them by high tensile bolts. Because of this
practice all the inherent advantages of the bolts could not be fully utilized.
However, in competitive spheres this was not much welcomed because of
the higher cost of the high strength bolts. During this time, the research
and development work was progressing. It lead to the formulation of the
codes of practice.
The special leatllrcs of lligh tensile bolts are their frictional properties
ill the joint by the virtue of applied preload in the form of tension in the
bolts. This fcatllrc: has made possible the use of fewer number of high
tcansile l)olts than that of rivets or ordinary bolts.
15
SP:6 (4)-1969
Slip factor
Shear per bolt = ~~ x No. of effective interfaces x Proof load
Factor of safety
where
The factor of safety assumed is I.4 for all loads except wind load in
which case it may be reduced to l-2. The factor of safety allows for the
stress relaxation in the bolts which may be of the order of 10 percent.
Research has proved that stress relaxation in the bolt occurs mostly during
first few days after the bolt is tightened. The slip factor, may be taken as
O-45 for surfaces which are free of any paint, or other applied finish, oil;dirt,
loose rust or mill scale. The proof loads of the bolts are given in Table 1.
12 5 900 5 058
14 8 050 7 500
16 10 790 9 120
18 i3440 11520
17 150 14 700
;: 21210 18 180
24 23 710 21 180
~32 130 27 450
:;: 39 270 33 660
48 580 41640
:: 57 190 49 020
39 68 320 58 560
NOTE - Proof load of the 10 K bolt is based on 70 kgf/mm* and that of 8 G bolt is
based on the 60 kgf/mms on the stress area of the bolt.
*Specification for high tensile friction grip fasteners for structural engineering purposes.
16
!%I:6 (4)-1969
Design a doubly bolted lap joint for a plate 20 mm thick to carry its full load. .. Design
the same joint as a doubly bolted butt joint.
In a lap joint there is only one interface to transmit shear. The full load per pitch of
the joint is first calculated. The tension in the bolt is then calculated using the formula
given in 4.3 of IS : 4000-1967*. The type and best size of the bolt is related from Table 1.
=p x 2.0 %, 1 500
= 3 000 p kg
Since there are two bolts per pitch, the load carried by each bolt
= 1 500 /Ikg
From 4.3 ofIS : 4000-1967* and since there is only one interface,
0.45
1 500 /, = R x 1 x Proot load
,
n 1
All dimensions in millimetres.
( Cmlinued)
*Code ot practice for assembly of structural juinbs using high tensile friction grip fmtruera.
17
SP:6 (4)-1969
The design of a double bolted butt joint is similar to the design of a lap joint except
that there will be two interfaces to transmit the shear.
I
,
+ Cl t
I
_+ + ; + + .-FG BOLT M16(10K)
-cd 40 -9-
c--t + ; + +
18
SP:6 (4)-1969
12 ,500
Load per cm of plate s 30-- = 416 kg
19
SP:6 (4)-1969
Design a suitable moment connection to transfer a moment of 45 000 cm.kg from the
top column to the column below.
,.---&3000 cm.kg
Assuming that the direct load is transferred to the lower colmnn by the Deb conncc-
tions, the flange connections should be designed to transfrr the bending nlomrnt.
The bolts are in single shear and the picking material does not ha\e any structural
function.
0.45
:. ,-e x Proof load = 1 287
20
SY<6(4)-1969
P .4 Y
q = - kg:cm
I
where
P = -lotal shrar in kg,
4 = Area of the element to be connected in ems,
1~ Distance between the neutral axis of the section and the centre of gravity
of rhr element to be connected in cm,
I = Moment of inertia of the entire section in cm,
125000 x 270 x 95
:.q=
1 323 000
= 2 420 kgrm
5 13635kg
ptr),
1 = !3635= j.(; cm
2 420
Provide the bolts at a pitch of55 mm.
FGBOLT
M22flOK)
a55
21
SP:6 (4)-1969
Desim EXiW?Ude 5 - Column Bracket
A bracket to a column is supporting a gantiy girder, as shown in the figure. The
reaction from the gantry girder is 28 000 kg at 350 mm from the centre of the column.
Design the bolted connection for the bracket.
28 000 kg
ISMB 250
22
SP:6 (4)-1969
~ECCENTRICITI 350+
r-l
BOLT POSITION
In addition to the shear due to the bending moment the bolts also carry the normal
load.
14 000
Normal load on each bolt = 14 = 1OOOkg
.&de Of DE3CtiCC for assembly of structural joints uslug high tensile Rlction grip tirsteners.
23
SP:6 (4)-1969
2.3.1 The strength of a joint with high tensile friction grip (HTFG)
bolts is developed as a result of th e clamping force induced in the joint.
This clamping force is cattscd by the tension in the shank of the bolt
tightened to its proof load.
In certain types ofjoints the external load acting parallel to the shank
of the bolts increases tension in the bolts thtts reduces the clamping
force. An example of such a loading is in the case of the dead erld ot
a pressure vessel. When there is no internal pressure, the clampinri_ 1brc.e
between the flange and the Ilange plate is fully effective. .As the internal
pressure increases, the flange plate is pushed a\t:ay from tile flange
introducing an additional tension on the bnlt shank. This tension, kno\<n
as the external tension, reduces the ciamping fierce.
If, however, the external tension is increased to 6 000 kgf, tlte c.latrtpirlg
force is completely neutralized causing separation of the interfaces. 111(.
24
SP:6 (4)-1969
Any further increase in the external tension will increase the bolt
tension also and separation of interfaces continues.
The behaviour of the high tensile friction grip bolts subjected to the
external tensipn discllcsed above may be summarized as follows:
*Code of practice fur assembly ol structural joints using high tensile friction grip
fasteners.
25
SP:6 (4).1969
20 000 e2
- 1500
ISMB 150
A
V SECTION Ab
All dimensions in millimetres.
26
SP:6 (4)-1969
The pressure in a gas cylinder of internal diameter 100 cm varies between 4.5 kgf/cm
and 6 kgf/cma. It is required to design the flange connection.
BOLT M16(10K),9OFF
7T X 1002
= x 6.0
4
= 47 000 kg
The bolts are in tension which is fluctuating between 4.5 and 6.0 kgf/cm*. The
maximum permissible external tension should, therefore, be limited to 0.5 times the proof
load according to 4.4 of IS : 4000-1967*.
*Code of practice for asembly of dnvzturd joiuts using high tensile friction grip fasteners.
27
SP:6 (4)-1969
Calculated
_ ___--. shear
$ Calculated tension x F
Slip-factor x No. of interfaces
Proof load
Factor of sarety
*Code of practice fol. assmbly of structural joints using high tensile friction grip
fasteners.
28
SP:6 (4)-1969
A gantry girder transfers a load of 26.5 tonnes through a bracket with an eccentri-
city of 19.5 cm. Design the bracket.
26.5 T
FG BOLT M16(lOK)
MS PLATE
10 mm THICK
= 520 cm.t
( Confinued j
29
SP:6 (43-1969
520000 x ti
\Iaximum bending stress = .-
10 x 46%
147 x 36
Bending stress at 5 cm from Che trip filer z _ ---- --
46
z= 115 kgficn?
This average bending stress cou!~l tie cor.sidelcd the external tension in the bolt.
26 WO
Applied shear - 717 B 1200 kg
s 6 600 kg
-924Okg
This is well within the actual proof load for M 16 ( 10 K) bolts. Hence OK.
30
,SP:6 (4)-1969
Design the flange connection for a pipe line of internal diameter 200 cm to carry a
shear of 20 000 kg and a bending moment of 20 000 000 krcm.
FG BOLT M16(8G)
Trv HTFG bolts ;\I 16 ( 8 G ) - 120 in number at a pitrh circle diameter of 214 cm,
outer diameter of the flange beirfg 228 cm.
When the load on the flange is absent there will only be pure compression due to the
pre-load in the bolts. With the application of the load the compression is relieved on
one-half of the flange and is increased on the other half. Since the flange is designed with
no separation criterton the usual beam theory could be applied.
20 x 10 x 114
Maximum bending stress = = 42 kgf/cms
54 x 10
Assuming bending stress uniform over the interface maximum tension on each bolt
= 42 x 78.4
= 3 300 kg
20 x 10
Shear per bolt = .--~ - = 167 kg
120
From the formula given in 2.4.1
Proof load
-_ .- = F45
? + 3300 x 1.2
1.4
= 4 323 kg
Required proof load = 1.4 x 4323 = 6 050 kg
The bolts M 16 ( 8 G ) will be adequate since their actual proof load is 9 150 kg.
31
SP:6 (4)-1969
The bolts may he divided into three groups, namely, A, B and C:. as shown in tile
sketch.
12 000
Vertical load carried by each bolt = -12 = I 000 kg
32
SP:6 (4)-1969
The bolt group B may similarly be designed to resist a shear of 45 000 kg and a bend-
ing moment of 7.5 000 cm.kg. It will be found HTFG bolts M 16 (8 G) - 4 in number
would be suitable. But for the sake of uniformity for both A and B groups M 16 ( 10 K)
bolts may be provided.
*Code of practice for as~emblv of structural joints using hightensile friction grip fasteners.
( Continued)
---
33
SP:6 (4)-1969
bending moment and shear force on each interface. There will, however, be an increase
in the tension in hllf the number of bolts when the moment is applied on both the sides.
Since the external tension in the bolts is limited to 0.6 times the proof load and since the
percent increase in the bolt tension is very small its effect may be neglected:
Bolts on the ISLB 250 side:
Shear = 45 000 kg
Bending moment = 75 000 kg.cm.
Following the procedure given in Design Example 9,
75000 x 6
Maximum stress at the bolt = ___- -70 kg/cm*
25x 16a
Total tension in the bolt = 70 x 4 x 6.25 = 1 750 kg
4 500
Shear in each bolt = 16 = 280 kg
Bending
= 350 000 kg
hloment
1
The bolts may be designed adopting the same procedure as for the bolts on the
ISLB 250 side.
Required proof load = 11 760 kg
Taking into account the fact that the pre-load would increase because of moments
from both sides and, HTFG bolts M 16-10 K (actual proof load 10 790 kg) may be used
even though they are overstressed by 970 kg.
34
SP:6 (4)-1969
2.5.3 The moment may induce either. tension or shear depending on the
\<ay the bolts are placed. If there is only shear one should check that there
is adequate factor of safety against slip. For this, the formula in 4.3 of IS:
+OOO-1967t needs to be apphed. If the bolts are such as to induce tension
in them due to moment, the tension on the bolt should first be calculated
assuming that there is no separation at the interface. This tension should
then be limited to 0.6 of the proof load to ensure that no separation takes
place. Mhere a shear is existing in addition to tension, the combined
effect should he considered as shown in Design Examples 7, 8, 9 and IO.
2.6.1 The reduction of the strength of the structural joint and a member
which is subjected to a cyclical loading depends very much, interalia, on
the probable zone of higher stress concentration and the range of the
induced stresses. The friction grip joint possesses special properties by virtue
of its mechanism whereby the zone of higher stress concentrations are
eliminated and the range of variation of the stress within the bolt and joint
material is reduced for any given applied load cycle.
*Code of practice for use of structural steel in general building construction (revised).
tcode of practice for assembly of structural joints using high tensile friction grip
fasteners.
35
SP:6 (4)-1969
2.6.2 In friction grip joint, the bolt does not bear against the holes in the
plates to react the applied load. This avoids the heavy stress concentration
that occur in ordinary bolt and rivet due to slip and bearing against
plates. Further, as all the load is transferred by friction; shear, brarlng or
bending stresses are not present in the bolt. Slight variation in the axial
stress may exist due to Poissons effect but this effect will be comparatively
small. As detailed in 2.3 on joints subjected to external tension the actual
variation of the axial stress of the bnlt is much smaller than the variation of
the external tension expressed as percentage. This is because the whole of
the~joint acts monolithically to react the tension. Also, the high clamping
force tends to distribute the applied load over a relatively large area there-
by reducing the range of the induced stresses. Furthermore, repeated
variation offorces tends to loosen the ordihary nuts. In a high tensile bolt
the nuts are held in position by the reaction against threads Lvhich are
similar in effect to a bolt tightened using a spring washer.
2.6.3 It will be thus seen that high strength bolts are especially suitable
for the conditions where repeated reversals of load are encountered as in
roadand railway bridges, gantry girders, machine foundations, etc. A great
deal of research has been done on this property of the friction grip bolts.
It has been shown that the fatigue strength of the friction grip joint is about
25 percent greater than that of the ordinary riveted joint. It i-s for this
reason that IS : 4000-1967* does not reduce the working stresses for joints
subjected to repeated variation of loads except the connections subjected to
external tension. In such a case there will be sliaht lrariation in the axial
stress, and the maximum permissible external tension on any bolt is limited
to 0.5 of the proof load.
3. FABRICA-ilON
*Code of practice for assembly of structural joints using high tensile friction <lip
fasteners.
SP:6 (4)-1969
In the subsequent articles the methods of tightening the bolts and the
assembly of the joint will be described in detail.
*Code of practice !;JY assembly of structural joints using high tensile friction grip
fasteners.
SP:6 (4)-1969
Such calibration is made once or more per shift depending on the 1vnr.k
load, It is also necessary when the condition of the bolt, size, length,
grade, etc, are changed. It may, therefore, be necessary to keep differently
calibrated equipment ready for speedy work.
cl On a job whew different grades and sizes of the bolts are used tile
method becomes unwieldly.
38
SP:6(4) -1969
7 TORQUE SPAIVNER
39
SP:6 (a)-1969
41
SP:6 (4)-1969
In this method the illterfaces are cleaned of all dirt, l>urrs, loose mill-
scale, etc, by using suitable tools. The membrrs fornG,lg the joint are then
carefully broIlgIlt toqrthcxr lvithout using ally forccx or making llndue
deformation. The irLtrrfaces are again inspected to see whether any loose
particles like that of sand, metal, etc, are lodged lvithin or not. lhe LoIts
are then introduccad and subjected to preliminary tightenin,g so that they are
just tight and it becomes impossil)le to turn -them any further l)y fixlgcrs.
If power operated wrenches are used, they are set to 5 percent of the total
torque as required by the torque control method. This ci percent is taken
as a just tight bolt condition before giving the final turn as specified.
After this mark is made on the nut and the protruding thread portion
of the bolt to record the initial position, the nut is tightened SO that the
relative turn corresponds to that specified in Table 2.
SPr6 (4)-1969
Not Less Than l/2 Turn Not Less Than 314 Turn
M 16 up to 114
M 20 $3 ,, 114 Over 114 to 216
M 22 1. >, 114 ,, 114 ,, 280
M 24 >, 1, 16.5 ,, 165 ,, 360
M 27 9, ,, 165 ,, 165 ,, 360
M 33 ,, ,. 165 ,, 165 ,, 360
As will be seen, this method does not require any sophisticated tools
to achieve a preload as ordinary spanners may be used for tightening. The
method gives freedom to engineers on site to choose any lubricant or the
condition of the bolt without affecting the final result. The inspection is
also made easy as this need.s to check the final position of the marks previously
made on the nuts and the bolts. However, the efficiency of this method
very much depends on the initial condition of the joint before giving the
final turn.
3.4.1 General -The methods described in 3.2 and 3.3 are indirect
methods of achieving the bolt tension. They require some form of
supervision and special tools as in the case of a torque control method.
With this basis, the variation in the results achieved is between 15 to 30
percent.
With this background, GKN Bolts and Nuts Ltd, UK; Cooper and
Turner Ltd, UK; and others developed suitable bolts and washers to ensure
a correct tension with little variation.
44
SP:6 (4)~1969
3.4.4 Apart from the above mentioned methods GKN Bolts and Nuts Ltd,
have developed a torshear bolt. The correct tension is achieved by a
grooved extension machined to a calculated depth which shears off when
the correct tension is applied preventing further tightening. This ensures
that the correct tension is automatically applied and makes inspection easy
and visual. The bolt needs a special tool for tightening.
3.5.1
Bolt ,~izrs-Once the bolt diameter has been decided upon it is
necessary to calculate the length of the bolt for ordering the material from
the suppliers. The length of the bolt is given by the following formula:
1=Grip+m+t+3@
where
I= required length of the bolt,
45
SP:6 (4)-1969
46
SP:6 (4).1969
47
SP:6 (4)-1969
LENGTII E (J17) Ml2 Ml6 M20 M22 M24 M27 M30 h433 IL136 M39
MU
30 31.0 29.0 x - - - - - - - .- -
35 36.5 34.0 x - - - - - - - --
I.0 41.5 39.0 x x - - - - - - --
45 46.5 44.0 x x - - - - - - --
50 51.5 49.0 x x - - - - - - __ -
55 56.5 53.5 x X X - - - - - - __
60 61.5 58.5 x x X X - -
65 66.5 63.5 X X X X X -
70 71.5 68.5 Y X X X x X
75 765 73.5 -- X X X X X
80 81.5 78.5 - X X X X X * - --
90 92.0 88.5 - X X X X X x - --
48
SP:6 (4)-1969
grip does not exceed three, the diameter of the hole shall be 16 mm larger
than that of the bolt. Where the number of plies exceed three, the diameter
of the holes in the outer two plies shall be as above and the diameters of the
holes in the inner plies shall be not less than 1.6 mm and not more than 3.2
mm larger than those of the bolts.
Therefore, the only way to protect the steelworks is to clean the inter-
face and bolt them tightly, wirebrush the completed assembly and apply the
paint.
Among these, grit blasting improves the coefficient of friction of all the
interfaces and eilectively remove a!1 the traces of oil and paint if still
persistent after stripping. It consists of blasting the surface with abrasive
material accelerated to a high velocity by the pressure of air or a rotating
wheel. In some cases, a suspension of the abrasive in water is used which
IS then accelerated by using high pressure air.
*Code of practice for assembly of structural joints using high tensile friction grip
fasteners.
49
SP:6 (a)-1969
If high strength bolts get slackened off for any reason they should be
cliscarded. If, however, load indicating bolts or washers are used, they
may be re-tightened to the desired gap.
3.8 Inspection
3.8.1 Bolts, Nuts and Washers-Samples of the bolts are taken and tested
for proof load in accordance with IS : 3757-1966*.
*Specification for high tensile friction grip fasteners for structural engineering purposes.
50
SP:6 (~4)-1969
3.8.4.2 Part turn method- The inspection will include checking the final
turn as indicated by the displacement of the original marks on the nut and
the bolt shank.
3.8.4.3 Torshear bolt-The bolt shank should be broken off at the pre-
determined location on the shank.
51
SP:6(4)-1969
APPENDIX A
( see Foreword )
( ~onrmurd on pop 53 )
52
SP:6 (4)-1969
21funbers ~Refiresenting
Convener
Members
SHRI J. CIIATTERJEE Braithwaite & Co Pvt Ltd, Calcutta
JOINT DIRECTOR STANDARDS Ministry of Railways
(B&S)
SIIRI V. KAPOOR Guest, Keen, Williams, Ltd, Calcutta
PKOF P. V. PAWAR Engineer-in-chiefs Branch, Ministry of Defence
PROF G. S. RAMASWAMY Structural Engineering Research Institute, Roorkee
SHRI C. H. SHAH Garlick & Co Pvt Ltd, Bombay
BP:6 (4).1969
APPENDIX B
( see Foreword )
ISI has so far issued the following Indian Standards in the field of
production, design and utilization of steel:
Structural Sections:
IS : 808 - 1964 Rolled steel beam, channel and angle section ( revised)
IS : 811- 1965 Cold formed light gauge structural steel sections (revised)
IS: 1153-1967 Hot rolled and slit steel tee bars (revised)
IS: 1252- 1958 Rolled steel sections bulb angles
KS: 1730- 1961 Dimensions for steel plate, sheet and strip for structural
and general engineering purposes
IS: 1731 - 1961 Dimensions for steel flats for structural and general engi-
neering purposes
IS: 1732: 1961 Dimensions for round and square steel bars for structural
and general engineering purposes
IS : 1852 - 1967 Rolling and cutting tolerances for hot-rolled steel products
( revised )
IS: 1863- 1961 Dimensions for rolled steel bulb plates
IS: 1864- 1963 Dimensions for angle sections with legs of unequal width
and thickness
IS: 2314- 1963 Steel sheet piling sections
IS:2713- 1964 Tubular steel poles for overhead power lines
IS: 3443- 1966 Crane rail sections
IS : 3908- 1966 Aluminium equal leg angles
!S : 3909 - 1966 Aluminium unequal leg angles
S: 3921- 1966 Aluminium channels
S:3954- 1966 Hot rolled steel channel sections for general engineering
purposes
S:3964- 1967 Light rails
S:5384-1969 Aluminium I-Beams
54
SF:6 (4j-1969
Codes of Practice:
Handbooks
General
APPENDIX C
( see Foreword )
The use of computers wil! Freatly simplify the procedure if the joints
to be designed are of the repetitive nature. For example, in a multi-storey
building most of the joints will be of column-to-beam type with applied
moment and shear. Such joints would occur in multitude and would
recluire too much of time in the design offices.
The use will of course introduce some form of restriction of the trivial
nature like the total number, maximum size and general arrangement of
the bolts. For example, the restriction may be a maxinitim of 16 bolts,
M 3@size and an arrangement of two rows with the minimum pitch.
Aflocv diagram (see Fi?. 14) is sltggested herewith. Accordingly, the
computer is fed with the mltial data, that is, the bolt diameter, pitch, end
distance and prooi load. The computer then reads the forces and the
moments actin? on a particular joint. Additional information, that is,
fatigue, number of shear faces, grades of bolts, is then fed to it. Now,
the computer is ready to design a particular joint. It assumes a low bolt
size and their numbers, calculates the polar moment of inertia based on
the prcconceivtd no:ion of arrangement of bolts. A combined effect of
all forces and moments is worked out by using well-known expressions.
The result is checked. 1-f it is not satisfactory or if the resultant load on
a bolt becomrs greater than the prrof load, the computer increases the
number of bolts and tries again until the conditions are satisfied. If dur-
ing this operation the total number of bolts becomes larger than the
stipulated number, the computer takes the next larger bolt size and tries
all over again. Even after this if no result is possible the computer will
print out a NIL report and proceed to the next joint. The designer may
pick these unsolved joints and use his better skills to designer such joints
and .if possible improve the programme so that a solution is available next
time.
It may be seen that a reiterative procedure has been adopted which
probably is the easiest method for computers. It is estimated that one
joint should not take more than I*5 seconds for solution.
56
Sf:6(4)-1969
i
READ JOINT DESIGNATION,
SHEAR,TENSION.MOMENT
CAUSING TENSION
I
EAO ADDITIONAL
+
DATA REGARDIN I
YES
JOINT,THAT IS,FATIGUE.SHEAR
INTERFACES,GRAOES OF BOLTS
i
FIND EFFECT OF COMBINED FORCES
NO
-NO-
vSTOP
57
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