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Theory of Li
Nonlinear Wong
Structural
Analysis
Structural Analysis
Theory of Nonlinear
The Force Analogy Method
for Earthquake Engineering
Gang Li, Dalian University of Technology, China
Kevin K.F. Wong, Ph.D., University of California Los Angeles, USA
Theory of
Nonlinear structural analysis in civil engineering is not a new topic. The Force Analogy Method
as a relatively new algorithm was first developed in 1999 for solving nonlinear dynamic
analysis problems.
Nonlinear
Conventional methods for calculating the nonlinear behavior of civil engineering structures use
the analysis procedure of changing the structural member stiffness, while structural dynamics
is incorporated into the procedure through implicit time integration of the varying stiffness
matrices. Examples of these conventional methods include the Wilson- and Newmark-
methods. In these conventional methods, the major problem is that significant iterative
Structural
computations in updating the time-varying stiffness matrices have to be performed to ensure
numerical convergence once the structure experiences yielding and nonlinear deformation.
As a result, the iterative operation is time consuming and the entire dynamic analysis process
becomes practically uneconomical. By using the force analogy method, on the other hand, the
Analysis
state-transition matrix needs to be computed only once due to the constant use of the initial
stiffness of the structure, and this greatly simplifies the overall computation and makes the
nonlinear analysis readily available for solving various practical problems.
The book:
Introduces an analytical/computational method of nonlinear analysis of structure
the Force Analogy Method The Force Analogy Method
for Earthquake Engineering
Covers both the theoretical background and practical applications in seismic analysis
of structures
New topic, not currently covered in any books, authored by experts in the area
This book is essential reading for professional scientists, engineers and researchers in structural
engineering. Graduate and undergraduate students in civil engineering, software developers
Gang Li
Dalian University of Technology, P. R. China
Registered Office
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Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this
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ISBN: 978-1-118-71806-3
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
1 2014
Contents
Preface ix
1 Introduction 1
1.1 History of the Force Analogy Method 1
1.2 Applications of the Force Analogy Method 4
1.2.1 Structural Vibration Control 4
1.2.2 Modal Dynamic Analysis Method 6
1.2.3 Other Design and Analysis Areas 6
1.3 Background of the Force Analogy Method 6
References 14
Index 351
Preface
Although the seismic design for buildings is currently based on elastic analysis, nonlinear struc-
tural analysis has become increasingly important in the investigation of structural response to
environmental loads, especially during earthquakes. Nonlinear structural analysis in civil engi-
neering is not a new topic, but the existing method used for calculating the nonlinear behavior
of civil engineering structures is often by changing the structural member stiffness. With
respect to the dynamic analysis algorithms, the typical method is the time integral of variable
stiffness matrices, such as the Wilson- and Newmark- methods. For these conventional
methods, the primary problem is that significant iterative computations have to be carried
out to ensure numerical convergence once the structure experiences yielding and nonlinear
deformation. As a result, the iterative operation is time consuming and the entire dynamic anal-
ysis process becomes practically uneconomical. The Force Analogy Method as a relatively new
algorithm was first developed in 1999 for solving nonlinear dynamic analysis problems, in
which the state transition matrix needs to be computed only once due to the consistent use
of initial stiffness, and this greatly simplifies the overall computation and makes the nonlinear
analysis readily available for solving various practical problems.
This book focused on the Force Analogy Method, a novel method for nonlinear dynamic
analysis and simulation. A review of the current nonlinear analysis method for earthquake engi-
neering is summarized and its importance explained. Additionally, how the force analogy
method can be used in nonlinear static analysis will be discussed through several nonlinear
static examples. The emphasis of this book is to extend and develop the force analogy method
to performing dynamic analysis on structures under earthquake excitations, where the force
analogy method is incorporated in the flexural element, axial element, shearing element and
so on will be exhibited. Moreover, the geometric nonlinearity into nonlinear dynamic analysis
algorithm based on the force analogy method is included in this book. The application of the
force analogy method in seismic design for buildings and structural control area will be dis-
cussed combined with practical engineering. This book will be a milestone of nonlinear
dynamic analysis and may bring about significant advancement in earthquake engineering.
x Preface
The authors would like to express their appreciation to Professor Hong-Nan Li at the Dalian
University of Technology (DUT), for his advice and support, Professor Larry A. Fahnestock at
University of Illinois at Urbana & Champaign, Mr. Yu Zhang, a Ph. D candidate at DUT, and
Mr. Feng Zhang, a graduate student at DUT, for their collaborative works, and Mr. Ying Li, for
his early contributions. In addition, many thanks go to Zhi-Qian Dong, Yong-Qiang Jin,
Jia-Long Li and Li-Hua Zhu, present students at DUT, for their work on the figures.
Gang Li
About the Authors
Kevin K.F. Wong is a research structural engineer at the National Institute of Standards and
Technology (NIST) in the United States. He received a B.S. degree in civil engineering from
the University of Hawaii and M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in civil engineering from the University
of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). His research areas include structural dynamics, nonlinear
structural analysis, earthquake engineering, and structural control.
Dr. Wong was first exposed to the Force Analogy Method as a graduate research assistant
under the supervision of Dr. T. H. Lin at UCLA in 1992 while conducting research on the
development of plastic strains in high-cycle fatigue of materials. He successfully captured
the essence of the method and applied it to the nonlinear analysis of civil engineering structures,
where he summarized the work in his Ph.D. thesis titled Optimal Linear Control of Inelastic
Building Response During Earthquakes in 1996. Since then, he has published over 30 journal
articles and 30 conference papers related to the method.
Prior to joining NIST, Dr. Wong was an assistant professor at the University of Utah, USA,
for four years, and the Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, for six years. He coau-
thored the textbook Structural Dynamics for Structural Engineers for John Wiley & Sons in
2000 with his Ph.D. advisor, Dr. Gary Hart. Currently at NIST, he is a member of the National
Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program research group, conducting research on the develop-
ment of Codes and Standards on the use of nonlinear analysis for performance-based seismic
engineering.
xii About the Authors
Disclaimers:
The opinions expressed in this book are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the
opinions of the National Institute of Standards and Technology or the United States Govern-
ment. While the information in this book is believed to be correct, the National Institute of Stan-
dards and Technology and the authors assume no liability for, nor express or imply any
warranty with regard to, the information contained herein. Users of the information contained
in this book assume all liability arising from such use.
1
Introduction
Theory of Nonlinear Structural Analysis: The Force Analogy Method for Earthquake Engineering,
First Edition. Gang Li and Kevin K.F. Wong.
2014 John Wiley & Sons, Singapore Pte. Ltd. Published 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Singapore Pte. Ltd.