INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL

OF PROFESSIONAL ENGINEERING STUDIES Volume VI /Issue 4 / AUG 2016

IMPLEMENTATION OF ITERATIVE COMPANDING TRANSFORM AND

FILTERING FOR PAPR REDUCTION FOR BETTER PERFORMANCE

PATNAM GAYATHRI (M.Tech.) 1

R. SHIVAJI, M.Tech, (Ph.D) 2

Dr. B.R. VIKRAM, M.E., Ph.D., MIEEE, LMISTE3

1
Department of ECE, Vijay Rural Engineering College, Nizamabad, Telangana, 503003, INDIA
2
Assistant professor, Vijay Rural Engineering College, Nizamabad, Telangana, 503003, INDIA
3
PRINCIPAl, Vijay Rural Engineering College, Nizamabad, Telangana, 503003, INDIA
1
gayathripatnam@gmail.com2shivaji147@gmail.com 3vikramom@gmail.com
Abstract

High data rate wireless communications in various ICTF is able to obtain both an improved Bit Error
compatible applications are possible because of the Rate (BER) and minimized Out-of-Band Interference
orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) (OBI) while reducing the PAPR significantly. A
and orthogonal frequency division multiplexing comprehensive theoretical analysis is presented, and
(OFDM) have two criterions required for the high some important results such as the achievable PAPR
speed wireless communications i.e. high data rate and gain, impact of companding distortion, and selection
mobility. Unlike traditional communication criteria for companding parameters and maximum
techniques orthogonal frequency division iteration number are derived. Simulations show that
multiplexing (OFDM) acts as both modulator as well compared to the classic Iterative Clipping and
as multiplexer and from past one decade Multiple Filtering (ICF) technique, ICTF can dramatically
Input Multiple Output (MIMO) wireless decrease the number of required iterations to reach
communication systems has gained tremendous the desired PAPR with low complexity.
importance which has ability to boost the data rate
Keywords: PAPR, OFDM, ICF, MIMO, OBI
and channel capacity. Although orthogonal frequency
division multiplexing (OFDM) has more advantages 1. INTRODUCTION
over conventional communications techniques but it
Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM)
too suffers from inter carrier interference and inter
and compatible usage in wireless standards like
symbol interference when multiple carriers are used
DVB, WIMAX, IEEE802.11a and LTE has been
and due to these interferences, loss of Orthogonality
gained interest from worldwide research
is observed. In this paper, an efficient Iterative
organizations. Recently an international meeting has
Companding Transform and Filtering (ICTF)
conducted in order to discuss importance of
technique is proposed for reducing the Peak-to-
orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM)
Average Power Ratio (PAPR) of Orthogonal
and its usage in advance wireless standards makes
Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) signal. By
Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM)
means of a specially designed iterative procedure,
as an emerging technology to meet the requirements

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in practical scenario. Orthogonal frequency division The evolution of the third Generation
multiplexing (OFDM) has high data rates compared Partnership Project (3GPP) development based on the
to traditional communications systems and it suited Long term evolution (LTE) supports two networks
well for frequency selective channels. Large delay namely Radio access network (RAN) and core
spreads is a drawback which commonly occurs in the network. The transformation of the 3G to 4G
high speed wireless communication system and observes the changes in terms of data rate and
orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) spectral efficiency. International Telecommunication
modulation scheme has ability to transform the wide Union Radio communication Sector (ITU-R)
th
frequency selective channel to narrow ones which initialized a set of requirements for the 4 generation
creates the robust environment to resists against cellular system and requirement of the high data rate
occurrence of the large delay spreads and preserves is specified by International Mobile
the Orthogonality in perfect way in the frequency Telecommunications Advanced project (IMT-
domain. Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing Advanced) for 4G. OFDM is a modulation scheme
(OFDM) has one more unique advantage to reduce which is one of the techniques employed in LTE to
the complexity in the system by introducing the enhance the data stream.
cyclic prefix at the transmitter end and performing
Transmission of the digital data through
scalar equalization at the receiver end in the wireless
multipath environments has been considered as area
standards like WIFI and WIMAX [1].
of concern in the future wireless communication
st
In 21 century, the role of the technology to system. Advancement in the technological aspects
offer high data rates and mobility is crucial and the paves way to design an advance modulation scheme
technology is changing its face every other because namely orthogonal frequency division multiplexing
of immense research work carried out on the advance (OFDM). Orthogonal frequency division
wireless communications. Actually the research on multiplexing (OFDM) modulation scheme has ability
parallel data transmission is traced out in the mid to transmit the information through multipath
1960s but it takes 25 long years to make it environments [2].
compatible to real time applications. The OFDM
The bandwidth utilization is called as
gradually seen its presence in the various application
spectral efficiency and the bandwidth occupied by the
and now various international standards consider it as
orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM)
promising modulation scheme which initially
is directly relates to transmission data rate. The
supports wireless standards like WIFI, WIMAX, LTE
commonly occurred question arise in the orthogonal
etc. The two important parameters required better
frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) modulation
transmission of data from one entity to another are
scheme is how to obtain better diversity levels and
data rate and the modulation scheme should support
mitigating the loss of signal in adverse fading
different channel conditions to obtain better spectral
environments.
efficiency.

2. BASIC OFDM SYSTEM

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The block diagram of OFDM system is shown in signal. In -law companding scheme the peak value
fig.1.The input high data rate streams are converted of the OFDM signal before and after companding
into number of low data rate streams. This parallel remains same, which keeps peak power of the OFDM
stream is then modulated using QPSK or QAM signal unchanged but the average power of the
modulation techniques, which is then applied as input OFDM signal after companding increases and
to IFFT block producing OFDM samples. These therefore the PAPR of the OFDM signal gets
samples are then converted into OFDM signal using decreased. But due to increase in the average power
Parallel-to-Serial converter (P/S).The signal is then of the OFDM signal the error performance of -law
encoded by adding Cyclic Prefix (CP) and is then companding scheme degrades.
transmitted over the channel. The reverse process is
3.3 Linear Companding Transform
done at the receiver

S/P and IFFT P/S Add Linear companding transform (LCT) has been
modulation Converter CP
proposed by Aburakhia et al. to reduce the PAPR of
the OFDM signal. LCT also treats large and small
Channel
signals on different scale but has two inflexion points
to achieve more Flexibility in designing the
P/S and FFT S/P Rem
modulation Converter CP companding function. The abrupt change in the
transformed signal at inflexion point degrades the
power spectral density (PSD). Trapezoidal

Fig. 1: Block diagram of Basic OFDM system companding (TC) proposed by Hou et al. is an
efficient method to reduce the PAPR of OFDM
3. PAPR REDUCTION TECHNIQUES signal with low BER. TC transforms the Rayleigh
distributed magnitude of original OFDM signal to a
3.1 Clipping
trapezoidal distribution and called Trapezoidal

The clipping is one of the simplest distortion based Companding. Trapezoidal companding utilizes a

technique to reduce the PAPR of OFDM signal. It piecewise function defined in three intervals of

reduces the peak of the OFDM signal by clipping the OFDM signal magnitude.

signal to the desired level but it introduces both in-

3.4 Trapezium Distribution
band distortion and out-of-band radiation. To limit
out-of-band radiation and PAPR, Jean Armstrong Jeng et al. proposed trapezium distribution based
proposed iterative clipping and filtering scheme. companding (TDBC) to transform the Rayleigh
distribution of original OFDM signal to biased linear
3.2 Companding
distribution called Trapezium distribution. All the

Companding is another popular distortion based companding schemes distort the shape of the original

scheme for PAPR reduction in OFDM system. In OFDM signal and PAPR reduction capability is

another work Wang et al. proposed a scheme based achieved at the cost of BER performance

on -law companding to reduce the PAPR of OFDM degradation.

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4. PAPR OF OFDM SIGNAL the companding and filtering operations are rehashed
a few numbers to acquire a trade-off among PAPR
The PAPR of OFDM signal represented in (1) is reduction, BER and out-of-band performances.
given by:

| ( )|
PAPR= = [| ( )| ]
(1)
QAM input

Where E [] denotes expected value. The value of X

PAPR is required to be as low as possible else the IFFT

(JN-points)
orthogonality of signal gets destroyed.
1 x
5. COMPLEMENTARY CUMULATIVE
RF
DISTRIBUTIVE FUNCTION (CCDF)
CT
LST/TPW
The performance evaluation of PAPR is done using C

the parameter named as Complementary Cumulative HPA

Distributive Function (CCDF). CCDF is defined as FF

(JN-Points) Carrie
the probability by which the PAPR is greater than the r

threshold value of given PAPR0.

PAPR Calculation
D/A
Filtering
CCDF is mathematically represented as: CCDF = Pr (H) Converter

[PAPR > PAPR0]

IFFT Insert CP
(JN-Points)
6. PROPOSED METHOD
2

The basic procedure of ICTF technique is as follows 1

a) Companding and Filtering in ICTF

The target of ICTF strategy is to get a critical PAPR Fig. 2 shows the basic block diagram of an OFDM

reduction, yet to the detriment of a less measure of in transmitter utilizing ICTF strategy for PAPR

band distortion and out-of-band spectral regrowth. reduction.

Initially, the peaks of original symbol are compacted

The information complex vector is in
subject to a predetermined signal weakening level
frequency domain. So, firstly the given information is
(attenuation) created by the companding distortion,
converted using an over-sampled Inverse Fast Fourier
which is straightforwardly identified with the BER
Transform (IFFT). In the first iteration, if the
degradation. Second, a frequency-domain filtering is
iteration number = 1, the original time-domain
embraced for minimizing the OBI. Besides, to stifle
OFDM symbol is given as the input to ICTF
the peaks regeneration because of the filtering, both

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unit when switch enters the iterative loop. Then, both K1 and K2 are
K1 is set to 1. For every K1 switching, ICTF set to 2.
processes the input signal on a symbol-by-symbol
Step 3: if m=1, Let = : otherwise let =
basis. When both K1 and K2 are set to 2, the
companding and filtering operations are iteratively
performed for the same symbol. In the last iteration Step 4: is companded by CT capacity to create
( = ), both changes are come back to position 1
and the craved symbol is yield, where M is Step 5: convert to frequency domain to create

the preseted most extreme number of iterations. Let using NJ points FFT.

and speak to the recurrence

Step 6:
space OFDM image previously, then after the fact the
separating operation at the m-th iteration, Perform the frequency domain filtering on using
respectively. to null the out of band spectral components.

The Signal Attenuation Factor (SAF) can be utilized Step 7: Convert to time domain symbol using
to evaluate the level of companding distortion [10], NJ points IFFT calculate the PAPR of denoted by
and the time-invariant for the non-stationary .
Gaussian flag and is figured as
Step 8:If or m>M set k2 to 1

1 transmit and reset m=1, return to step 2 to process
= ( ) ( ) , (2)
the next original symbol otherwise let m=m+1,return
to step 3 to repeat the iteration for the current symbol.
Where ( ) is the companding function. A littler
In Step 6, to disable the out-of-band parts, CT is
SAF value compares to a larger companding
taken after by the separating, which is characterized
contortion, i.e. a diminished BER performance. In the
by a rectangular window with the recurrence reaction
ICTF system, the desired PAPR decrease
as follows
and SAF limit are presented to choose the
ideal parameters in companding capacity. The PAPR 1, 1 1
= (3)
of current image is recalculated in every iteration. 0, 1
The proposed ICTF procedure is summarized as
The separating operation is planned as = ,
follows
where administrator " * " signifies component by-
Step 1. Initialization settings. Set , component product.

and the maximum iteration number . Select

B. Companding Function
companding parameters.
The determination measure for companding
Step 2. Convert the frequency-domain symbol to
parameters in Step 1 is determined in this subsection.
oversampled time-domain OFDM symbol using NJ
Two average straight companding profiles are
-points IFFT. Set K1 to 1 and let = 1 , a new symbol
received in ICTF method to assess its in general

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execution. Note that, other understood direct and

nonlinear CT capacities can likewise be embraced to
where = max {| |}. Besides, the change
supplant them.
pick up G is characterized as the proportion of the
CT 1. Linear Symmetrical Transform PAPR of unique image to that of the companded
image, as takes after
Direct Symmetrical Transform (LST) is the most
straightforward CT profile, whose companding
( ) = 10
capacity is characterized as

= 20 (8)
( ) = ( . | | + ). ( ) (4) ( . + )

where sgn () is a sign capacity, and two parameters

0< k<1 what's more, b >0 are utilized to indicate the
CT 2. Two-Piecewise Companding
companding profile. All together to keep up an
unaltered normal force after CT, it yields + Among four general direct and nonlinear CT profiles,

/ + = 1. In this manner, once k was chosen, b it was demonstrated that the Linear Nonsymmetrical
Transform (LNST) is the best as far as PAPR
can also be determined, and vice versa. The
decrease and BER execution [9]. Besides, Two-
corresponding decompounding function is given by
Piecewise Companding (TPWC) [14] is an enhanced
| | LNST to cure the 'unexpected bounce' issue, and its
( )= . ( ) (5)
companding capacity is characterized as

From (5), the SAF of LST function can be calculated

( )
as
| |. ( ) | |
=
( | | + ). ( ), | | >
(9)
1
= . ( ). ( )

= + . (6)
2 Where > 1,0 < < 1, = ( ) >
0, 0 is the cutoff point with =
max {| |}. The de-companding function of
For a solitary LST-CT approach, a definitive PAPR TPWC is given by
of the companded image is diminished to

[ , ]| |
( ) = 10
1
| |

. +
= 20 (7)

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( ) critical that, however the PAPR lessening and BER

1 execution influence each other oppositely, a powerful
| |. ( ), | |
= (10) exchange off with moderate element range between
1 (| | ). ( ), | | > them is advertised. Once the fancied PAPR and SAF

are appointed, by selecting the ideal parameters based
on the shut structure expressions in (9), (10), (14) and
(15), it is desirable over make the undesired sign
Further, the SAF of TPWC capacity is ascertained as
mutilation as little as conceivable before entering the
= ( )(1 + ) ( ) ICTF methodology.

+ exp( ) (11) C. Computation Complexity

For a single TPWC-CT approach, Its achievable The companding capacity can be numerically pre-
PAPR is given by processed what's more, performed by utilizing a turn
upward table as a part of practice [13]. In this way,
+
( ) = 20 (12) the calculation many-sided quality of ICTF strategy
is about the same as that of ICF [15], where M is the
The crresponding transform gain G is written by greatest number of emphases. Clearly, the expanded
number of cycles means expanded calculation
( ) = 20 (12) unpredictability, particularly when the quantity of
+
subcarriers is huge. At the point when contrasted with
Fig. 2 plots the change profiles of LST, NLST and ICF technique, as this paper demonstrates later, ICTF
TPWC. As appeared, LST treats the extensive and can significantly diminish the quantity of obliged
little flags with a same scale; generally, NLST and cycles to come to a sought PAPR. Its calculation
TPWC pack the huge signals while in part improving many-sided quality, in this manner, can be altogether
the little ones. decreased. What's more, the improved ICF [17]
taking into account the curved advancement has a
The hypothetical SAF estimations of LST and TPWC
high calculation many-sided quality, which
are appeared in Fig. 3. As watched, SAFLST
is ( +( + 1) )
diminishes rapidly alongside k diminishing.
Henceforth, LST can't offer an attractive PAPR and IV. COMPANDING DISTORTION ANALYSIS
BER execution because of the same-scale treatment
on all unique image and genuine sign bending. Be In this segment, the effects of the companding

that as it may, the signal lessening in TPWC may turn contortion on the BER execution in ICTF technique

out to be less obvious while or u2 expanding, i.e. are examined.

less flag bending. In Fig. 4, the hypothetical change

A. Companding Noise
increases of LST and TPWC are plotted. As
appeared, TPWC can offer a satisfactory adaptability In view of Bussgang hypothesis without a doubt and
by altering , u2 . From Fig. 3 and Fig. 4, it is complex Gaussian signal [18], the companded sign

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can be roughly disintegrated into two sections: the Where is the channel noise. The recuperation
lessened sign segment what's more, companding mistake is utilized to depict the sign mutilation of the
clamor , = + handled image, i.e

The transmitted symbol with m iterations using ICTF ( )

e = |x x | = |f (f(x ) + ) x |
can be approximately decomposed as = | /k| (20)

x = SAF . x + , (17) At the point when m >=1 , if m iterative de-

companding operations are performed symmetrically

Where is the collected companding commotion.
to recuperate the got image, the relating recuperation
Additionally, to keep up an unaltered normal sign
mistake is roughly given by
force after ICTF, i.e. = = , the force
( )
of
is given by =| / | (21)

= (1 ) , (18)

Considering 0 <1<=k, clearly the iterative de-

where signifies 2-standard. This recipe
companding operations altogether opens up the
demonstrates that a littler SAF implies heavier sign
channel clamor alongside m expanding. Thus, it is
lessening and bigger companding clamor.
desirable over forsake the de-companding at the
Specifically, it ought to be noticed that an excess of
recipient. It is essential this is entirely favorable for
emphases number improves the amassed companding
down to earth OFDM frameworks.
noise.

2. ICTF-TPWC
B. Channel Noise

Comparable examination is stretched out to ICTF-

In the spin-off, the issue of de-companding operation
TPWC. Accepting that m iterative de-companding
at the collector side is investigated. For examination
operations are performed at the recipient, the
effortlessness, an added substance white Gaussian
recuperation blunder is roughly given by
(AWGN) channel model is considered.

( ) | / |, ( )
1. ICTF-LST = (22)
| / |, ( )

In ICTF-LST, when the cycle number m = 1 , with

where ( ) = { , | _ | } and ( )=
the de-companding operation, they got signal
{ , | | > }. This recipe demonstrates that, for the
= + can be recuperated by the de-
little flags, the channel clamor is diminished because
companding capacity as takes after
of > 1 ; something else, the clamor is intensified
owing to (0 < < 1) . As indicated by the common
x =f (f(x ) + ) = x + (19)
k estimations of ( , ) recorded in Table I, it is
demonstrated that the clamor concealment is less
compelling; in any case, the intensification impact is

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huge. Along these lines, it is reasoned that ICTF

procedure without decompanding at the collector can
0
BER comparison for different PAPR-reduction schemes for QAM)
10
offer better BER execution than that of with de-
companding. In this manner, the companding
-1
10
commotion in ICTF is gathered just at the transmitter
instead of at the beneficiary. Moreover, in the

---BER
-2
10
multipath blurring channel, the companding
Original
commotion creates less BER debasement than that of LCT
-3
10 TPWC
Mu-law
the channel commotion, on the grounds that the ICT-LST
Exponential
companding clamor has the same blurring scale with -4
ICT-TPWC
10
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
the legitimate sign part. --Ebno(dB)

7. RESULTS Fig.5. BER comparison for different PAPR-reduction

schemes through AWGN channel for OFDM system
Profile of the Companding transforms
1
LST
(N=1024, 16-QAM).
0.9 LNST
TPWC
0.8
BER comparison
0
for different PAPR-reduction schemes for QPSK under Rician fading channel
10
0.7

0.6 -1
10
--f(x)

0.5

-2
0.4 10

0.3
---BER

-3
10
0.2

0.1 -4
Original
10 LCT
0 TPWC
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Mu-law
---x -5
10 ICT-LST
Fig.3. Transform profiles of LST, classic LNST, and Exponential
ICT-TPWC
-6
10
TPWC. 0 2 4 6 8 10
--Ebno(dB)
12 14 16 18

Theoretical transform Gain in PAPR.

10 Fig.6. BER comparison for different PAPR-reduction
LST
TPWC-Lam=1.2
8 TPWC-Lam=1.6
schemes through Rician fading channel for OFDM
TPWC-Lam=2
TPWC-Lam=2.4 system (N=1024, QPSK).
6
--Gain(dB)

-2
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
---u2(TPWC)/K(LST)

Fig.4. Theoretical transform Gain in PAPR

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10
0
BER comparison for different PAPR-reduction schemes for QPSK)
8. CONCLUSION

10
-1
In this paper, an ICTF technique has been proposed
-2
for reducing the PAPR of OFDM signal. In contrast
10

to existing CTs, by using an iterative procedure,

---BER

-3
10
ICTF is able to obtain both an improved BER and
-4
Original
10 LCT minimized OBI while reducing the PAPR
TPWC
Mu-law
10
-5
ICT-LST
significantly. Therefore, a favorable trade-off among
Exponential

-6
ICT-TPWC PAPR (power efficiency), BER and out-of-band
10
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
--Ebno(dB) performance (bandwidth efficiency) can be offered to
satisfy various design requirements. A
Fig.7. BER comparison for different PAPR-reduction comprehensive theoretical study is derived, and the
schemes through AWGN channel for OFDM system analytical results regarding the achievable PAPR gain
(N=1024, QPSK). G, impact of companding distortion, selection
Magnitude Response (dB)
criterion for companding parameters and iteration
Original
LST
-10

-20
TPWC
MU-law
number are presented. Simulations demonstrate that,
ICT-TPWC
-30

-40
ICT-LST
Exponential
compared to classic ICF method, the proposed ICTF
M agnitude ( dB)

-50

-60
technique not only obtains significant PAPR
-70

-80 reduction with improved BER and OBI performance,

-90

-100 but also dramatically decreases the iterations number.

-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
Normalized Frequency ( rad/sample)
In addition, ICTF procedure can also be extended to

Fig.8. Simulated PSDs of different PAPR-reduction other well known linear and nonlinear companding

schemes for OFDM system (N=1024, QPSK, and the profiles.

over-sampling ratio J=4).

REFERENCES
CCDF statistics of OFDM symbol for different PAPR-reduction for QPSK
0
10
proposed
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1694, May. 2009.

---CCDF

10
-2 [2] B. Ai, Z. Yang, C. Pan, T. Zhang, and J. Ge,
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Fig.9. CCDF statistics of OFDM symbol for different
power ratio reduction in OFDM systems: A survey
PAPR-reduction schemes (N=1024, QPSK, and the
over-sampling ratio J=4).

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