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    Chapter 1 - Atomic Structure

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    Nabindra Ruwali
    This document provides an overview of atomic structure including subatomic particles, isotopes, and how to deduce properties of atoms and ions. It discusses that atoms are made up of protons and neutrons in the nucleus and electrons in orbitals, and that isotopes are atoms with the same number of protons but different neutrons. It also outlines how to identify properties like atomic number, nucleon number, and numbers of protons, neutrons, and electrons based on isotope symbols or ion charges. The learning outcomes cover identifying subatomic particles, their behaviors in electric fields, atomic and isotope properties, and using isotope symbolism.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Chapter 1 - Atomic Structure

    Uploaded by

    Nabindra Ruwali
    170 views5 pages
    This document provides an overview of atomic structure including subatomic particles, isotopes, and how to deduce properties of atoms and ions. It discusses that atoms are made up of protons and neutrons in the nucleus and electrons in orbitals, and that isotopes are atoms with the same number of protons but different neutrons. It also outlines how to identify properties like atomic number, nucleon number, and numbers of protons, neutrons, and electrons based on isotope symbols or ion charges. The learning outcomes cover identifying subatomic particles, their behaviors in electric fields, atomic and isotope properties, and using isotope symbolism.

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    Original Title

    Chapter 1_ Atomic Structure

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    This document provides an overview of atomic structure including subatomic particles, isotopes, and how to deduce properties of atoms and ions. It discusses that atoms are made up of protons and neutrons in the nucleus and electrons in orbitals, and that isotopes are atoms with the same number of protons but different neutrons. It also outlines how to identify properties like atomic number, nucleon number, and numbers of protons, neutrons, and electrons based on isotope symbols or ion charges. The learning outcomes cover identifying subatomic particles, their behaviors in electric fields, atomic and isotope properties, and using isotope symbolism.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    170 views5 pages

    Chapter 1 - Atomic Structure

    Uploaded by

    Nabindra Ruwali
    This document provides an overview of atomic structure including subatomic particles, isotopes, and how to deduce properties of atoms and ions. It discusses that atoms are made up of protons and neutrons in the nucleus and electrons in orbitals, and that isotopes are atoms with the same number of protons but different neutrons. It also outlines how to identify properties like atomic number, nucleon number, and numbers of protons, neutrons, and electrons based on isotope symbols or ion charges. The learning outcomes cover identifying subatomic particles, their behaviors in electric fields, atomic and isotope properties, and using isotope symbolism.

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    CHAPTER 1: Atomic Structure

    1.1 Inside the Atom


    1.2 Isotopes

    Learning outcomes:

    (a) identify and describe protons, neutrons and electrons in terms of their relative charges and
    relative masses.
    (b) deduce the behaviour of beams of protons, neutrons and electrons in electric fields.
    (c) describe the distribution of mass and charges within an atom.
    (d) deduce the numbers of protons, neutrons and electrons present in both atoms and ions given
    proton and nucleon numbers (and charge).
    (e) (i) describe the contribution of protons and neutrons to atomic nuclei in terms of proton
    number and nucleon number.
    (ii) distinguish between isotopes on the basis of different numbers of neutrons present
    (iii) recognise and use the symbolism where x is the nucleon number and y is the proton
    number.
    1.1 Inside the Atom
    Sub-atomic particles

    1) Electrons revolve around in region of space called orbitals.

    2) Electrons do not move in fixed orbits.

    3) The nucleus is made up of protons and neutrons which contains almost all
    the mass of the atom. This is because the mass of electrons is very small
    compared to others.

    4) The nucleus is positively-charged because of the protons. Electrons, being


    negatively-charged, surround the nucleus.

    Particles Relative mass Relative Charge Charge / C


    -19
    Protons, p 1 +1 +1.6 x 10

    Neutron, n 1 0 0
    1 -19
    Electron, e -1 -1.6 x 10
    1836
    Behaviour of sub-atomic particles in electric field

    1) Proton will be deflected towards the negative


    plate because it is positively-charged.

    2) Electron will be deflected towards the positive


    plate because it is negatively-charged.

    3) Neutron will not be deflected and continue in their


    direction of motion because it is neutral(not charged).

    4) Angle of deflection of electron > Angle of deflection of proton because


    the mass of electron is smaller than proton. (angle of deflection is inversely
    proportional to charge/mass ratio)

    5) Conclusion:
    i. Protons are positively-charged
    ii. Electrons are negatively-charged
    iii. Neutrons are neutral
    iv. Protons are much heavier than electron

    Nucleon number and proton number

    1) Proton number is the total number of protons in an atom.

    2) Nucleon number is the total number of protons and neutrons in an atom.

    3) Proton number is also known as atomic number while nucleon number is also
    known as mass number.

    4) In a neutral atom, the total number of protons equals to the total number of
    electrons.
    5) When an atom gains or loses electrons, a cation or anion will be formed.

    6) Cation is a positively-charged ion. It is formed when an atom loses electron(s).


    In cation, the number of protons is more than the number of electrons.

    7) Anion is a negatively-charged ion. It is formed when an atom gains electron(s).


    In anion, the number of electrons is more than the number of protons.

    8) An atom or ion is said to be


    i. isoelectronic if they have the same number of electrons.
    ii. isotonic if they have the same number of neutrons.
    iii. isotopic if they have the same number of protons.

    To deduce the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in an atom/ion


    1.2 Isotopes
    Isotopes

    1) Isotopes are atoms of the same element with the same number of proton but
    different number of neutron.

    Example:

    2) Isotopes have the same:


    i. number of protons and electrons
    ii. electronic configuration
    iii. chemical properties(because they have the same number of electrons)

    3) Isotopes have different:


    i. number of neutrons and nucleon number
    ii. mass
    iii. density
    iv. molecular speed

    4) Isotopes can be stable or unstable. Unstable isotopes are called radioactive


    isotopes(radioisotopes).

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