Back To Basics PDF
Back To Basics PDF
Back To Basics PDF
Fig. l-Irwolutes applied to two one-tooth gears. indicating that the involute
has its origin at the base drde, but is not limited in length.
In designing involute gear teeth. it is essential that the fun- It will be noted in Fig. 1 that each of the two Involutes con-
damental properties of the involute ClUVebe clearly understood. stitutes an unsymmetrical tooth. If B ads as a driver and rotates
A review of "the Fundamental Laws of the Involute Curve" in the direction indicated by the arrow, A will rotate in the
found in last issue will help in this respect. It has previously opposite direction. Contact will take place along the line of ac-
been shown that the invol.ute curve has its origin at the base tion which, in ,this particular case, is !the ci.rcumference of the
circle. Us length, however. may be anything from zero at the base cirdeand also the base pitch of the involute.
origin or starling point onto infinity. The problem. therefore, The circular pitch of these two involutes developed from a
in designing gear teeth, is to select that portion of the involute, base circle of only 11/1 inches is 15.537 inches, The drametral
which will. best meet all requirements. pikh is 0.2022. It is of passing interest that the pressure angle
must always be 72 degrees, 21 minutes, when a single involute
Involute Curve Not Limited In Le.ngth. effects complete rotation ofa single engaging involute. The
Fig. 1shows a pair of one-tooth involute gears in theoretically pressure angle of 72 degrees, 21 rrunules is, of course. excessive,
perfect action. The application of th involute curve, as here and these engaging involutes are obviously incapable of
presented, offers an interesting study. Although of little or no transmitting any bulthe lightest loads.
practical value as driving members, ,the extremities at which
involute action may take place are here made plain andthe Fadol'S Ito be Con.sidered in Gear-Tooth Design
nature of the involute curve made clearer. It has previously been shown thatth ~transmission of smooth
OOtobe.r~November 1984 37
In those cases where a pmron having a relatively small
number of teeth must operate with a gear having three or more
times as many teeth, a condition known as interference is
sometimes encountered. Several solutions to this problem have
already been given. One method is to use long-and short-
addendum 'teeth as indicated at C in Fig. 2. This form of tooth
cannot be standardized as the lengths of rheaddendums on
pinionand gear are governed by the ratio of the number of
teeth in mesh, and the pressure angle used. For average applica-
tions, the maximum enlargement and reduction of the outside
~.
.:~
.. ---- diameters of pinion and gear, respectively, seldom exceeds 10 %
of the standard outside diameters .
Still. another form of tooth is indicated at D in Fig. 2. This
'fULL'R,I.~ is known as the "full-radius fiUet" form. This form of tooth is
used quite extensively for aircraft gears and pump gears, The
LONG-AND SHORT' FULL-RADIUS /
IIOOENDUM TEETH mLEl TEClH advantages are that it provides not only a stronger tooth, but
c D also one-whi.ch is not so liable to have fradure cracks develop
at the root of the tooth as a result of heat treatment.
F,ig. 2-Di<lgram illustrating various forms of involute gear teeth. Of course, other pressure angles, in additionto the standard
14 Vz and 20 degree tooth shapes are used, hut, a simple change
in pressure angle, cannot in reality be considered as a differenl
positive power requires that there must be a number of engag- form of tooth. There are, however, other forms of teeth, but
ing teeth on driver and driven members. Also, that the follow- these are chiefly to meet special requirements, as wit! be
ing requirements must be satisfactorily met. discussed later.
1. That there is no involute interference.
2. That there is no fillet interference. Pressure Angle Depends en Portion of Involute Used
3. That there is ample overlap of tooth action.
In designing gear teeth a primary consideration is to select
4. That a suitable pressure angle has been selected. that portion of the involute for the teeth which will best meet
5. That excessive slippage is avoided. requirements. In Fig. 3 a series of parallel involutes, A,B,Ca.nd
Most of these requirements were briefly explained in the last D. have been developed from the same base circle, and on these
issue, and we will now deal with their relationship to gear tooth involutes, teeth of the same dlametral pitch have been con-
design. structed. These teeth, as shown, have 14 l/Z, 20, 25 and 30
degree operating pressure angles. It will be noted that as the
Gear-Tooth Shapes
pressure angle is increased, a different section of the involute
There are in use today several forms of gear teeth; such as:
is employed for that portion of the tooth above the base cir-
]4112 full-depth teeth, 20 full-depth teeth; and 20 c stub teeth.
0
Full-depth teeth, as shown at A in Fig. 2, have a working depth pitch circles relative to the base circle as the operating pressure
equal to: angles are increased. This would, of course, necessitate an in-
crease in the center distance when mating with another gear.
2.000 inch In the case of the 14112 degree pressure angle tooth, there
"Diarnetral Pitch is an undercut of the Hank of the tooth which almost reaches
to the pitch circle. This undercut condition naturally reduces
There are also two stub-tooth forms, bolh having a pressure
angle of 20 degrees. The so-called "Fellows" stub-loath system,
originated in 1906, is a combination of two diarnetral pitches.
/
For example, 6/8 pitch; in which the numerator of the fraction I-A
controls the number of teeth, circular pitch and pitch diameter; I
and the denominator of the fraction controls the working depth PITCHCIRCl~'" 20'
and the clearance. The American Gear Manufacturers Associa- ~
tion has adopted a stub-tooth standard, see B, Fig. 2, in which
the working depth is a constant proportion throughout the en-
tire range and is equal to:
14/ \ =J
1.600 inch
[Diarnetral Pitch
Fig. 3-Diagr am ill ustrating ,that pressure angle is governed by portion of in-
[Refer to Table VII. vol ule used for gear tooth.
RI -\I R(R - a)
In which:
R - Pitch radius of pinion
R] - Base radius of pini.on
a- Addendums of rack and pinion teeth
Assuming that the pitch radius of the pinion is 6 inches, and
the addendums are I-inch,then:
Oetober-November1984 39
gives 0.950 + 2.868, or approximately 33 % overlap of action.
At C and D, Fig. 5, the addendums of the rack. and pinions,
respectively, have been shortened to 0'.800 inch. In other words,
the teeth are of stub-tooth form. At C. it will be noticed that ,B<\SE RADIUS or' PINION
con tad between rack and pinion tooth does not start at the
interference point, as was the case 031 A, but further along the
line of ad ion. At C the length of contact exceeds the base pitch
by 0.670 inch. This gives 0.670' ..,..2.868, or approximately 23 %
overlap of action. At D, contact of the two 12tooth pinions
is weI! inside the interference points, and hence the line of con-
tact is shorter than in aU the previous cases, There is only 0.292
inch difference between H1ebase pitch and the length of 001'1- CENTER DI STANe L C
tact. Hence, the overlap of action is only 0.292 ..,..2.868, or
approximately 10%. It will be seen from these diagrams that MAXIMUM OUTSIDE 'RADIUS
OF GE:AFlTO "'IIDI!! INTRr,tRtNC[
a pressure angle of 24 6' avoids interference and at the same
R~
time provides sufficient overlap of tooth action for the entire
range of ]2 teeth to a. rack.
Fig; 6-~ illustrating interference of gear tooth with flank of pinion tooth, ches. Then, the pitch radius - y + A., or 1.4951 w +
40 'Gear Technology
O.tOOO~ - 1.595] inches, and the pitch diameter - 1.5951 * The length of the line of contact, .ignoring the presence O'f
x 2 - 3.190' inches. The number of teeth - pitch diameter interference, which should be determined separately. as
X dlarnetral pitch, or 3.190 x 10 - 31.9, or 32 teeth.
N
previously explained, can be found by the following formula:
The minimum number of teeth for 200 full-length is 18, and (For notation see Fig. 9).
for 200 stub teeth. with 811,0 addendum, is 14:.
L -V r/ -,-2 +V Rll - Rl -V C2 - (R + rY
Relation of Pressure .Angle, .Addendum and .Pitch In which:
to Length of Co,ntad L - Active length of line of contact
There is a limit to the amount that the tooth can be modified, r - Base radius of pinion
the pressure angle increased. or the teeth shortened, if con- r] Outside radius of pinion
tinuous action is to result. As shown in Fig. 9, the length of R- Base radius of gear
contact L must be greater than the base pitch B to avoid lack R]- Outside radius of gear
of continuous action. With this partkuiar tooth ratio, pitch, C - Center dista~ce
pressure angle and tooth length, the theoretical length of the
line of action extends from points e to f. The actual usable length Example: Assume that it is necessary to determine the length
of the line of action-or line of contad-is determined by the of the line of contact L of a 1O.pitch gear and pinion, the pinion
outside radii of both gear and pinjon. If interference were pre- having 15 teeth and the gear 30 teeth, the tooth :form being
sent however, this would not be the case. The starting point 20' degrees full-depth,
of action is at point Ii where the outside radius of the pinion
cuts the line of action, and could extend to point e without in- Dimensions Pinion Geur
terference. In this case, however. the other limit of contact is Pitch radii 0.750" 1.500"
at point .Ie, where the outside radius of the gear cuts the line Outside radji, rl and R, 0.850* 1.600"
of action. Base radii, '" and R 0.70'48" 1.40'95 ..
In general practice, it is considered that Ior the best action, Center distance, 2.250'". Then:
the length of the line of contad should be at least 11,1, times
the base pitch (the base pitch is the circular pitch fransferred L -v' 0.850'2 - 0'.70'482 +Y 1.6002 - 1..40'952 -
to the base circle). The length of the line of con~ad can be deter-
mined graphically as shown in Fig. 9. or it can be cekulaeed.
II 1.250z - (.70'48 + 1.40'95)2
In those cases where a small. pressure angle and long adden- L -1/ 0'.2258 +V 0.5733 -V.5921
dums are used, and especiatly in conjunceien with a small
number of teeth in the pinion and a high ratio, the length of
L 0'.4752 + 0'.7572 - 0.7695
L - 0'.4629"
the line of con tad is not controlled by the length of the adden-
dums of both gear and pinion due to interference, If for in-
stance, the pinion has such at small number of teeth that the
distance It! if, representing the .interference point) is Jess than
the distance hk, interference would be present to reduce the
effective length of the line of contact.
October~ovemberl'984 41
PIINI()N T!
Ii T[ETH,IO OF!'
th.at 1.4 and 42 teeth of lOdiametral pitch
The calculated pitch diameters would then
have been selected.
be: 1.40()iinches for
the pinion, .and4.200 inches for the gear. The center distance
would then be:
4.200 + 1.400 or 2.800 inches.
2
To proceed, we layout a diagram. on an enlarged scale, as
shown in Fig. 10, space off the center distance, and assume a
pressure angle of 20 degrees. "this establishes the line of action
and the interference points. In cases of an unequal ratio. i't is
always the larger of the two gears that is liable to cause in
lerference. Hence, the outside circle of the gear should not ex-
tend beyond the interference point on the pinion tooth.
Assuming that the pinion is the driver, we can now proceed
to layout the teeth, and in order to be on the safe side, and
avoid possible interference, we draw a circle representing the
outside circle of the gear O.OW inch inside the interference point.
If the outside diameter of ,th gear, thus determined. is less Ithan
the standard diameter ror a 10 piltch 4Hooth gear, then tho
outside diameter of the 14tooth pinion would be enlarged a
\ similar amount. The next step is to decide whether standard
GE'AR
42TUTH, lOOP; I or special cutters will be used. Assume in this cas ~hat it is
decided to use standard cutters, 20 degree pressure angle, full-
depth teeth. The whole depth of a IO.pitch gear is 0.2:250 inch.
This disfance for gear and pinion, respectively, is laid out on
I the center line, and circles drawn representing the root circle
of the gear, and outside and root circles of the pinion. Where
the outside circle of the gear cuts the line of action is one ex-
tremity of the line of contact. and where the outside circle of
~
the pinion cuts the lin of action is the other extremity,
f.ig. IO-Diagram illustrating method of designing gears for maximum efficiency We can now measur (or calculate), the actual length of COil
by using longand shorl<ld.d "dum teeth. tact, and by comparing this with the base pitch, can determine
the overlap of action. Ilfthis meets the requirements, the pro-
blem is solved. It will be noticed in Fig. 10 that the normal pitch
The contact ratio is then equal to the length of the line of is 0.2952 inch, and the length of the line of contact is 0.461
contact L divided by ,the base pitch, and the base pitch is equal inch. The overlap of action then equals (.461 + .2952)-1, or
to the circular pitch times the cosine of the pressure angle. The 56 %, approximately. The use of long. and short-addendums
circular pitch is 0,3142 H, and the base pitch is 0 ..3142" X cosine for pinion and gear, respectively, have avoided involute in-
200
- 0.2952". Then the contact ratio equals 0.4629" + terference, and provided a sufficient overlap of tooth action.
0.2952 - 1.57 approximately, which is greater than the Referring to Fig. 10, illwill be seen that the outside diameter
theoretical minimum required for the best action, of the pinion has been increased from 1.600 inch to 1.634 inch.
an increase of 0.034 inch. The outside diameter of the gear has
Designing 'Gears for Mwcimum Elliciency been reduced from 4.400 to 4.366 inches. a decrease of 0.034
Mention has .already been made of the relationship of tooth inch, the same amount as the pinion. In effect, long- and short-
ratio. tooth length. pressure angle, elc., to interfer nee, under- addendums for pinion and gear. respectively, have solved our
cut, length of line of contact, etc, When so-called standard tooth problem.
proportions, pressure angles, and interchangeability, are neither r on the other hand, the ratio had' been such that a sLIfi
necessary nor desirable, it is possible to so proportion the ad- cient overlap of action could not be obtained and interference
dendums of gear and pinion, respectively, and select a pressure avoided, other pressure angles could be used until th desired
angle which will providethe best possible operating conditions results had been obtain d. It also might be necessary to use
to meetthe requirements. special cutters-this would especially be the case if it was desired
The first step, after the tooth ratio has been decid sd upon, to balance the teeth lin gear and pinion-, respectively, for
is Ito select a diarnetral pitch, which, with standard tooth pro- strength. In most cases, the pinionteeth would be weaker than
portions, will provide thetooth strength necessary toca.rry the the gear teeth; therefore, the thick.ness of the teeth on the gear
assumed load. The tooth ratio and pitch, of cOUJ'!>e, will establish would be reduced, and thethkkness of the pinion teeth
the center distance and pitch diameters, The tooth ratio will increased,
have a bearing on the pressure angle selected, as a starling point
in de~ennining rhe proportions of the teeth. Pitch Diameter and It Relation to Center Distance
Asa concrete example, assume that the raHa is 3 to t and The pitch circles of a pair of gears are the imaginary circles
Backlash between. Gear Teeth A third method, shown diagrammaHcally in Fig. 1 Z. is to use
Theoretically speaking, gear teeth should run together a dial indicator in connection with a fixture for holding the gears
without appreciable backlash. From a practical standpoint, on studs. One of the gears should be fixed so that it cannot
however, this is impossible due to the following reasons: 1. rotate on ,the stud. The-gears are set at standard center distance.
Perfedion in cutting and mounting is an impossible achieve- The "free" gear is rotated so that its profile (away from the in-
ment because of manufaetunng tolerances, which should be as dicator plunger) is in intimate contact with the other gear. Th
wide as possible to reduce costs. 2. Space between the teeth indicator plunger is then set in contad with the profile of one
must be provided to aid lubrication. 3. Temperature changes tooth, andthe needle set at zero. The "free" gear is then rotated
due Itospeed and other causes affect sizes of gears and spacing to bring the opposite sides of the teeth in contact. and Ihe
of shafts on which gears are mounted. In view of these condi- reading on ,the dial indjcator noted. This reading indicates the'
tions, it is necessary to provide a certain amount of freedom relative "rotary" movement ofthe "free" gear, and, henc , ,the
between the tee~h, so that they will not bind when operating backlash or freedom that exists between the Iteeth.
'together. In checking helical gears, the backlash is measured in the nor-
The term "backlash" can be defined as the amount by which mal plane, instead of inth . plane of rotation. as is the case with
the width of a tooth space exceeds the Ithjc-'messof the ,engaging spur gears, The method jlust described can be applied salislac-
roothon the pitch circles, as actually indicated by measuring tOrily to both spur and helical gears. In p.roviding for backlash,
devices. Backlash may be determined in the plane of rotation it is customary, when a small pinion is to operate with a larger
or normal plane. and along the line of ad ion. gear, to reduce the thickness of thte th on the larger gear
to provide the necessary backlash. leaving the pinion teeth of
standard tooth thickness.
I
/ COOER ilISTAIICt Wl'I(N
UIT~ AlIt THl!\!jjIPANI!
iaRllU!!IIt INlO lNtlW.rt
COII'' 'T
Fig. n-Diagram illustrating two methods of determining backlash between Fig. U-Diagram illusIJati_ngmethod of measuring backlash w.ilh d.iaI indlcator-
gear ,I th. gears held on pins at standard center dist~nce.
the center distance can be adjusted; such as by HIe use of
eccentric bushings.
TABLE [
BA.CKI!.ASH B&l'WE.E!'i TEETH OF MA'nNG PL"R AND HE1.ICAL GEARS
OACKJ.A8R IN nICHES
IJIAMETRAL
PITCH UINDU1M AVERAGE 'MAXIMUM
FJS. 13-Char! illustrating how ,pre5SlHe angle affects change in b.Kkl.uh for
1 O.,~ O.OS!l.'i 0.'040
each 0.00 [ inch change in center distance.
1% 0'.018 0.1>2i1i 0.Oi,7
i 0.014 0.0'170 0.01{)
i% o.on O.OlSS O.OlG
8 0.009 e.ons --0'7ll~
4J 0 ..007 O.()()OO 0 ..011
in pressure angle affects the amount of backlash between gear 5 0.006 0.0075 0.'000
teeth when the center distance is increased. As shown On this 6 0.005 0.006.'i 0'.008
chart for each 0.001 inch increase in center distance, the backlash 7 0.004 0.0055 0.007
8 and, 9 0.004 0.0050 0.1006
between the teeth increases as the pressure angle is increased. 10 to 18 0.003 0.0040 0.005
This increase in backlash for the various pressure angles listed 14 to 19 0.008 ~O 0.005
for each 0.001 inch change in center distance is as follows: iO to ",0 '0.002 '0.0080 0.0041
41 to 60 0.00]5 0.'00fi --O.OOS-
61 to l!lO o.eom '0.'0015 O.()()i
Increase in BtlCkJl1sh
I'll and Finer .0.Il005 .0.0007 0.001
Pressure Angle ill Degrees in Inches
5 0 ..00017
10 0.00035
14112 0.00052
15 0.00054
20 0.00073
25 0.00094
30 0.00115
35 0.0014
44 Gear Technology
Double Enveloping Worm 'Gears .. Scoring Load Capacity ..
(Gmtil1ued (rom Pilg,e J b) (Continued from l'ag.e 30)
This pllptr was pli&lisl!td far tilt .Nllliallld Carlftrmct Oil POlVer
Trtfllsmis5iolls 1979 and rtprirlfrd in 'Ttdlllical Asptcts of Dou- Keferen.ces
bl:e E'IUe!opi,lg Woml Grllrs. tl CC!1It Drio Publiauion. 1. Blok, .H.: Theoretical Study of 'Iemperatuee Rise a,t Surface
of Actual Contact under Oi:liness Lubricating Conditions.
Proc, Gen. Disc. Lubric, L Mech. Eng . London,Bd.Z
(1937) S. 225-235.
2. Dudley, D.W.: G ar Handbook, McGraw-Hill, New York,
1962.:
Design ,of the Involute ... 3. Winter,. H.; Michaelis, K.: PI' sstragfaI-tig~eit ",on Stirn-
(Ccmtilmed from pagt 44) radgetrieben, An.trieb technik 14 (197S) S. 405-409 und
461465.
generally supposed. In other words, bearing pressures are not 4. Winter, H.; Michaelis, K.: Investigations on the Thermal
Balance 0' Gear Drives. In: Proceedings or the fifth World
.gn!atlyaf~eded by an increase in the pressure within the usual Congress on Theory of Machines and Mechanisms, Vol. 1.
limits. This condition is graphically presented in Fig. 14. To. con- July 8-]3, 1979, Montreal, S. 354-358.
struct this diagram, draw a line A Bat right angles to the line 5. Lechn r, G.: Die Fress~Grenzlast bei Stirnr,;idern aus
of centers and tangent to both pitch circles. Then draw a line Stahl. Diss. TH-Miinchen 1966.
C D tangent to. the base circles and passing thro.ugh the pitch 6. Blok, H.: The Postulate about the 'Constancy IOf Scoring
point E; this line representing the pressureangle. Now drop Temperature. Interdiscipt Approach to the Lubrication or
a perpendicelar at any point G on line A B, passing through Concentrated Contacts (ed. P.M.Ku), NASA SP-237, 1970'.
line C D at point F. W.ith E as a center and E F as a radius 7. Vogelpohl, G.: VeI'SChleissin Maschin~n und die M~~lic~-
scribe an arc. Increases in the load on th supporting bearings keitenseiner Virmilnd rung mit Hille del' auf Olpru-
due to changes in pressure angle can be determined graphically fgerli.tengewonnen n Ergebnisse. Erda] und Kohl 141
(1961) 5.824-829'.
by noting the changes in distance H. as the pressure angle
8. Wirtz, H.: Schmierstoffe und anwendungsbewgene'
changes. It is apparent that ,the loa.dincrease is the ratio of Schmielstoffpri1fung. Vortrag, TA Wuppertal. Mai 1980.
lengths E G to E F, and is, Itherefore, proportional to the secant
9. Ishikawa, }.;'Hayash:i, K.; Yokoyama. M.: Measurement ,of
of ,the pressure angl . Surface Temperatul!e on G~ar Teeth by Dynamic ThermO-
The second column in Table II gives the secants of various couple M thod, Bull. Tokyo Inst, ] chn, 1]2 (1972) S.
pressure angles listed in the IArstcolumn, and ranging from 14 'Il 107-121-
up Ito and incl udmg 3D d grees, 10.. Winter, H.; Michaeli, K.: Berechnung der Fresstr.agfa-
The last column lists in terms of percentage. the increase in ldgkej't von Hypoidgetri~ben. Antriebstec.hnik 21 (1982)'
the load as compared with 14 Ih degrees. It will be noticed that S. 382-38,7.
an increase in the pressure angle from 14 Ih. to 20' degrees, results
in an increased load on the supporting bearings of only .3
percent.
(Continued ott tilt ,uxf Pdge) E-4 'ONI READER RE~lY CARD
OCto'ber-November 1984 45
TABLE .IV
TABLE u GEAR nxJTH P\H,....
I~:==::::: g ,~;~,~mlr~~:tn,p
SI.. ndnw;oo BoJd!~'ace
I:'ft~~
Typ_ For' Pull-Lrnl(lh T!XIIlh G"I'IIt~litd ..
;~!:
~
Non.
0.1237
0.1.208
a.1122
I
"'.(N'I"N'I~~
~
~.~m
0...
oIH!!
IA.
I g:~~~
a.a?!4
! '....
~b
D.08g3
I
0.1711
0.1131
O.ISC7
DtM
.DD,
0.3&12,
D.U6!
0.3214
'-"
PRESSURE
AN01.E SECANT
COMPARISON
WAD
OF INCREASED,
ON BU,PfORTrNG B,EAlI- II
lULU
U
..
16.7662
0.2111<1
0.21114
0.19!14
3111
1.
LG9:ia
1.5816
al69
0.1082
0.10:.7
0.0982
0.0938
0.0689
0.0067
D.002S
0,0697
0.0861
0.07BI
0.1650
0.0833-+-0.1&00
O.U~
D.07~6 0.IU3
0.3100
0.3000-
0.2812
0.2686
DEOREES ING! IN TERMS OF PERCENT'AGE
~ 1.1 r-~:::~
fJir~1 o.ons 0.01\.91 0.0'138 0.1329
0.0135~o.132a
0.2658
0.26(6
.....'-'f!""
0.0924 0.0688
IS O.IH6 1.411. 0.0813 0..0666 0.0694 O.125G 0.2&00
19 0.11163 1.3368 0.OB21 0.11368
n 0.0785 0.111,00 0.0620 0.1120
17 1.0457 210.3200
0.1611
O.I~6
1.2100
1'1\ 0.0173 O.049urU 0.n6;-
0.22011 ~
20 1.0642 S% 21
n
0.14116
0.1428
I,g(Ii)6
1.1&46
0.074.8
0.0714
0.0416
0.OU60.M6b
0.0$91 U067
0.1020
O.USf
O.~OIO
4.8% 23 O.I~ 1.1043 O.lI68J 0.006 '0.0542
0.0411- 0.0520
0.09'11 0.1'54
0.0937
21 0..1309 L0683 0.0665 0.11114
].0955 6% Z6 UZ67 1.0100 0.0628 0.0400 0.05G0' 0.0900
I 0.1Il00
9,.1%
U.U2B
t5.4000
~
0.1237
1.0106
'I
0.0025
'0.0618
0)039
0.039<
0.0497 0..01195 0.1790
0.04.!t2 M8~ 0.1772
II 0..1208 'O.lI169 M604 0.0385 0.01.82 0.11861 o..lnt
1.1547 21 0.11114 U407 O.05l!2 0..0370 O.O~ 0..01134 0.1651
211 0.1122 D.IIO'll O.05l!I 0..0351 0.0449 0..0I11III O.IIIZ
28 0.1083 0.11159 0"054.2 0.0345 0.0431 0..0779 O.IW
0.11147 0..14.61 0.~2]6 0..0333 0..0420. 0..0'153 0..1106
"
31
JZ
:13
O.IOU
0..0982
0..0952
,0.8194
0..7938
0.7W1
0..01l!)67
0.04909
0.04160
0.0323
0.0303
0.040'1 0.\0'130. 0,'1"'"
0.031<1 0.0396
'0.0384
0.0708 O.IU~
o..06IIT 0.13"
SUH? 0,II4&'1II '0.11296 0..03H 0.064;9 o.liss
34
36
0.0921
0.092.4,
0..01198
0.087!
'"
D.1'~1
0.7056
O.1I46Z0
0.7261 0.0.*488
0.Q436S
0..02l!4 0.0373
o..II2lIB
0..0687 0.n34
0.036,1 O.OO~
0.1!278 Man 0.0631
0. fi8
0..1262
"
3T
38
0.01149
0.0.821
0.61165 0,04245
o..e684 0..0.4134
0.0.270 '0.0.344 0..0.614,
0..0263 0.0336 o..069'it
0.1~8
0.1198
3t 0..1)800 O. U~ 0.04028 0.0256 o.c328 0.0581 D..lle8
4t O.0781i 0..6350 0..0.3927 0..0250 0.o.3~ o..DIl70 0..1140
41 a.D1Y 0.6196 0.03831 0.02U 0.0313 0.0.557 0,11'14
t2 0...07411 0.6018 0..0.37<0 0..0.2,38 0.0.306 0..05", 0..10.88
13 0..(1781 0.190.7 0..08653 O.GZM 0..0:11/9 O.06!J2 D.loa.
o.ont, 0.5773 O.D3S70 0.O~7 0.0.293 O.DIliID 0.1040
---*-
48., 0.0698
Ma8S
O.08eS
0.5644
usn
0.03<91
o..oa415
'0.540 0.08842
0.0222, O.O~T
oml T 0.0291. 0.0188
0.02U
0.0509 0.1018
0.0"6
0.0276 , 0.11488 0.1III7!
It 0.0iI66 0.03212 0.0.208 0.1!2711 I OJM~:-
TABLE In 49 0..0841
0.Ii2!l2
'0.51114 0.O3l05 O.Il2DC 0.1l2~~. 0.046i 0.1I9:i8 ~~
DO 0.0625 0.5080 0.0314.1 0..0200 O,D~' 0.11460 'Dm20
GEAR 1100'[[01 PAR'li"S ,o..CZ&8 0.11411 D.I!IIU
St.nd.F<I. in Bold.Face T~'"". For Fulr..Leogth Tooth G~Il~"'t .." Gear.
1\0,26114
&0.100II
1111
I[l.osa ~,
OJ063 0..03130.
M3t>92
0,01"
11.0181 o.o~ 0._ 0._ II
D.d.ndum = USO""," D. P. up
to end IDduding 19,D. P.
DIMENSIONS IN INCHS
e'rtUlU
DLlmfltra1 PI1tb tutu"'r IlddlQ- iDflltli' Wl'talili lomb DoLil)I'eTootri TABLE V
,Pllth Ie p) Mod.!., I Thltk,qlss dum d'um o.P!~ Otplh
GEAR TOOTH PARTS
ID ~I " .. h 1 1M} ICTh.l IAI .OJ IWI)! (DO.
Full-Leo.,gtb Teeth F'in_e-pJtc:.b G,..rl
_r_
3.14IS , I 8.0851 0.5000 0.3183 0.3979 0.7162 1.4324 :Ded.""um-'~ I.~ + D P. +- 0.00'l"
3.175U 0.9895 II 0.4947 0.3160 0.3937 0.7087 1.4174 Whol. o.ptb -UOOO + D. P. O.OO'l" +
3.277'
3.3510
0.9586
15116,
n"
7.57g8
0.4723
0.4687
0.3052
.0.2984
0.3814
0.3730
0.6866
.0.6714
1.3732
1.3428
U867 0.9276 H'l 0.4638 0.2953 0.3691 0.6644 1.3288 ~!Mtfll ,-
fh .......
-..
Mna
Ol~ EHSIONS I~, INC,",(
bO<iOiI. Whltit"~"
I/00I.
3.5034 O.89B7 7',,, 0.4484 0.2854 0.3568 0.6422 1.2844 ""=" dlilm
0,03080
(~I 10)
M' (001
4.06(0
0.7854
0.7730
6.35uO
'6~
0.3927
0.3865
0.25.00
0.2460
0.3125
0.3076
0.SG25
0.5536
1.12~
1.1072
5!i
M
D,02858
'O.O!806
0.01:82
0.0179'
0)0238
0.023C
0.0420
0.0418
0.0840
0.0826
4.1888 ~ 6.0638 0.3750 0.2387 0.2984 0.5371 1.014.2 ,67 ,0.lnnS O!O'l75 0.0231 O.().IOO 0.0812
4.2333 0.7421 ,6 o.szn 0.2362 0.2952 0.6314 1.0628 68 ,0.027011 0)01'72: 0.0227 0.0393 0.07~,
H174 0.7Il2 li+'< 0.3556 0.2264 '0.21130 0.609-4 1.0188
4.6696 UII6 S.55~5 0.3437 0.2188 0.2735 '0.4923 0.9846 n 0.02a62: D.la6S 0.0223 '0.0393 'O.o'lU,
UU2 0.6803 5Vl 0.3401 0.2165 0.27,07 0'.4872 0.97" se O.0t618 0.0167 0.0220 0.0311'7 o.ont
4.7124, % 5.39110 0.3333 0.2122 0.2653 O.4,?75, .0.9550 ,II 0.0217&, 'O.OIU. 0.0217 0.0!81 O.oU2
4.8881 0.6493 Sy, 0.3247 O.206? 0.2584 0..4651 0.9302 e2 0.02134, 0.0161 O.02H 0..0375 '0.0750
s 0.6283 5.0800 0.3142 0.2000 0.2&00 0.4500 0.9000 1\3, M24a .0.0169 0.0210 0.0369 0'.0738
5.0266 %. 5.0531 0.3125 0.19-89 0.2487 0.4476, 0.8952 M 0.02U4 .0.0156 0.0208 0.03S1 0.0'128
6.0800 0.618~ 5 0.3092 0.1958 0..2461 0.4429 0.8858
5.34H \J.S87S 4+'< I 0.2938 0.1870 0.2338 0.4208 0.8416, G5 M2U7 '0.0164 '0.0205 0.03&8 ,o.ons
Gil' 0'.02880 '0.0152 '0.0202 0.03&3 il.0706
5.5851 9/16 4.5478 0.2812 0.1790 0..2238 0.4028 0.8058
5.6444 0.5566 4% 0.2783 0.1772 0.2215 0.3987 0.79U 67 0.023 0.0149 0.0199 0.0348 0.0096
5.9765 0.5257 4Y, 0.2628 0.1673 0.2091 0.3764 0.7528 68 MIlIIO 0.0147 0.0196 o.oau 0.061!l!
,6 0.5236 4.2333 0.2618 0.1667 0.2083 0.3760 0.7500 69 0.02277 0.0146 0.0194 .0.0839 0.0078
6.2832 :1 4.04.25 0.2500 0.1891 0.1989 0.8580 0.n60 10 0.02l)4~! 0.0143 O.Ol9l 0.0834 0.0668
6.3500 0.4947 4 0.2473 0.1675 0.1968 0..3543 10.7086
72 0.02182! 0.0139 0,0187 0.0326 0.0062
6.7733 0.4.638 3l1, 0 ..2319 0.1476 0.1845 0.3321 0.6642
1 M~88 3.'6286 0...2'2~4 0.1429 0.1786 0.3215 0.6'30 '74 'O.O211ll, 0.0135 0.0182 0.0317 0.0034
7.1808 3.5372 ,0.6268 78 O.0l!0457 '0.0132 0.0178 '0.0309 0.0618
1/16 0.2187 0.1393 0.1741 0.3134
7.2571 0.4.~29' lV. 0.2164 0.1378 0.1722 0.3100 0.6200 78 0.0%014 0.0128 0.0174 0.0902 'D.0604
7.8154 0.4020 31ft 0.2010 0.1279 0.1599 0.:2878 0.5766 80 0)01964 .0.0125 0.0170 0.0296 10.06110,
8 ~927 3.17~ 0.1964 0'.1250 0.1563 0.2813 0.5626 82: 0.0191e 0.0122 0.0166 0.0288 O'-OIiU
8.3776 ~~ 3.(1319 0.1875 0.IUI4, 0.1492 0.'2686 0.5372 8t, 0.018110 o.oU9 MUI3 0.0282 0.06114
8.4667 0.3711 3 0.1855 0.H8l 0.1477 0.2658 0.5316 86 0.01127 D.OU6 o.eiso 0.0218 O.oU!
'9 0.3491 2.8222 0.174.5 0.1111 0.1389 0.2500 0.5000
9.23&4 0.3401 2+'. 0.1701 0.1082: 0.1.353 0.2435 0.4870 88 0.01786 0'.0114 e.cise 0.0270 0'.0540
9.4248 'VI 2.69&0 0.1661 0.1061 0.1326 0,2387 0.4774 90 0.01746 0.0111 0.01.63 0.02~ 0.0628
10 0.3142 2.5400 o.rsn 0.1000 0.1250 .0.2250' 0.4500 ~2 0 ..01707 0.01011 0.0150 0.0269 0.0118
10.0531 5/16 2.5266 0..1562 0.0995 0.1244 0.2239 0.4478 'g.jJ .0.0167] 0.,0106 0,0148, 0.'0264 0.0601
lO.160Q.., ~Q92 2Vz 0.1546 0.0984 0.1230 0.2214 0.4.4211 se 0.01686 0',0104, 0.OU6, 0.0249 0.~98
11 0.2856 2.3091 0.1428 O.O909 0..1137 0..2046 0.4092 98 0.01603, 0.0102 0.01(2' 0.0244 0,0488
U.2ij89 .0.2783 2Y, 0.1391 0.0886 0.U07 0.1993 0.3986 100 0.01671 010100 0.0140 0.0240 0.0480
12 0.2618 2.1167 0.1309 0.0883 0.1042 0.1875 0.3750
12.6664 14 102 0.01640 0.0098 0.0138, 0.02M 0.0472
2.0213 0..1250 0.0796 0.0995 0.1791 0.35&2
lOt 0.01610 0.0096 0.018G 0.0282 0.0464
46 Gear Technology
TABLE VI
ca:.:t.lt TtHl'fll I',-\HT:-o.
"uU-[...en~h T..-pCh "i!l~-P~hhI;~;I!J"!I
IlMitMum - I 'b'JDI) + [) I' +- tHJi!I'l"
Wbnlp lh-jJ:ll~ _ "~)niIJ ....n 11 +- U!.JIiN'
TABLE VII
la:.IR TOOTH' P,\IITS
\'''i.'' StudJl"1 !'J1,u!...TonIh (:nr-.
-\!I,drnd~1ll1 - J~ + ID.P'.
[).rdr~\I.!'11 iiJ +.1).1).
I!I!!
'D!,t!llltfr,1
I"",
"'H:iI
3
CMaMl
I!HI:""""
U;:UI_.
U2.36
-~......-
Ihll!!l
,A,
O.2G61
01MENSION! IN INC,US
I'I'hotiirao;C!'I
,.,
0~33
-
~W'DI
0.6000
DMWTIIIOIII
~ ...
I.WOO
(lJ't'iI
48 Gear technology