CME 341

Heat Transfer
Lecture 1

Dr. Hameed Muhamad

Chemical Engineering Department

College of Engineering

Abu Dhabi University

 Objectives
Understand how thermodynamics and heat transfer are related to
each other
Distinguish thermal energy from other forms of energy, and heat
transfer from other forms of energy transfer
Perform general energy balances as well as surface energy balances
Understand the basic mechanisms of heat transfer, which are
conduction, convection, and radiation, and Fourier's law of heat
conduction, Newton's law of cooling, and the StefanBoltzmann law of
radiation
Identify the mechanisms of heat transfer that occur simultaneously in
practice
Develop an awareness of the cost associated with heat losses
Solve various heat transfer problems encountered in practice

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Introduction

What is Heat Transfer?

Heat transfer is a science, which deals with the flow of heat from a higher
temperature to lower temperature.

Heat transfer is the transfer of Heat effected by a temperature difference.

However, in contrast to what we may have done in Thermodynamics, we are
concerned with the rate of heat transfer. For that, we need a different energy
balance, one that accounts for the rate of transfer and production.

The study of heat transfer not only explains how the heat energy transports
but also predicts about the rate of heat transfer.

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THERMODYNAMICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
Heat:The form of energy that can be transferred from one system
to another as a result of temperature difference.
Thermodynamics is concerned with the amount of heat transfer as
a system undergoes a process from one equilibrium state to
another.
Heat Transfer deals with the determination of the rates of such
energy transfers as well as variation of temperature.
The transfer of energy as heat is always from the higher-
temperature medium to the lower-temperature one.
Heat transfer stops when the two mediums reach the same
temperature.
Heat can be transferred in three different modes:
conduction, convection, radiation
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Application Areas of Heat Transfer

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ENGINEERING HEAT TRANSFER
Heat transfer equipment such as heat exchangers, boilers, condensers, radiators, heaters,
furnaces, refrigerators, and solar collectors are designed primarily on the basis of heat
transfer analysis.
The heat transfer problems encountered in practice can be considered in two groups: (1)
rating and (2) sizing problems.
The rating problems deal with the determination of the heat transfer rate for an existing
system at a specified temperature difference.
The sizing problems deal with the determination of the size of a system in order to transfer
heat at a specified rate for a specified temperature difference.
An engineering device or process can be studied either experimentally (testing and taking
measurements) or analytically (by analysis or calculations).
The experimental approach has the advantage that we deal with the actual physical system,
and the desired quantity is determined by measurement, within the limits of experimental
error. However, this approach is expensive, time consuming, and often impractical.
The analytical approach (including the numerical approach) has the advantage that it is fast
and inexpensive, but the results obtained are subject to the accuracy of the assumptions,
approximations, and idealizations made in the analysis.

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Modeling in Engineering

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HEAT AND OTHER FORMS OF ENERGY
Energy can exist in numerous forms such as:
thermal,
mechanical,
kinetic,
potential,
electrical,
magnetic,
chemical,
nuclear.
Their sum constitutes the total energy E (or e on a unit
mass basis) of a system.
The sum of all microscopic forms of energy is called the
internal energy of a system.

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 Internal energy: May be viewed as the sum of the kinetic and
potential energies of the molecules.
Sensible heat: The kinetic energy of the molecules.
Latent heat: The internal energy associated with the phase of a
system.
Chemical (bond) energy:The internal energy associated with the
atomic bonds in a molecule.
Nuclear energy: The internal energy associated with the bonds
within the nucleus of the atom itself.

What is thermal energy?

What is the difference between thermal
energy and heat?

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Internal Energy and Enthalpy

In the analysis of systems that

involve fluid flow, we frequently
encounter the combination of
properties u and Pv.
The combination is defined as
enthalpy (h = u + Pv).
The term Pv represents the flow
energy of the fluid (also called
the flow work).

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 Specific Heats of Gases, Liquids, and Solids
Specific heat: The energy required to raise the
temperature of a unit mass of a substance by one
degree.
Two kinds of specific heats:
specific heat at constant volume cv
specific heat at constant pressure cp

The specific heats of a substance, in general,

depend on two independent properties such
as temperature and pressure.
At low pressures all real gases approach ideal
gas behavior, and therefore their specific heats
depend on temperature only.

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 Incompressible substance: A
substance whose specific volume (or
density) does not change with
temperature or pressure.
The constant-volume and constant-
pressure specific heats are identical for
incompressible substances.
The specific heats of incompressible
substances depend on temperature only.

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Energy Transfer
Energy can be transferred to or from a given
mass by two mechanisms: when is constant:
heat transfer and work.
Heat transfer rate:The amount of heat
transferred per unit time.
Heat flux:The rate of heat transfer per unit area
normal to the direction of heat transfer.
Power:The work
done per unit time.

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THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
The first law of thermodynamics (conservation of energy
principle) states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed during a
process; it can only change forms.
The net change (increase or decrease)
in the total energy of the system
during a process is equal to the
difference between the total energy
entering and the total energy leaving
the system during that process.

The energy balance for any system

undergoing any process in the rate
form

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 In heat transfer problems it is convenient to
write a heat balance and to treat the
conversion of nuclear, chemical, mechanical, and
electrical energies into thermal energy as heat
generation.

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Energy Balance for Closed Systems (Fixed Mass)
A closed system consists of a fixed mass.
The total energy E for most systems
encountered in practice consists of the internal
energy U.
This is especially the case for stationary
systems since they dont involve any changes in
their velocity or elevation during a process.

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Energy Balance for Steady-
Flow Systems
A large number of engineering devices such as water
heaters and car radiators involve mass flow in and out
of a system, and are modeled as control volumes.
Most control volumes are analyzed under steady
operating conditions.
The term steady means no change with time at a
specified location.
Mass flow rate:The amount of mass flowing through a
cross section of a flow device per unit time.
Volume flow rate: The volume of a fluid flowing
through a pipe or duct per unit time.

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Surface Energy Balance
A surface contains no volume or mass, and
thus no energy. Thereore, a surface
can be viewed as a fictitious system whose
energy content remains constant during a
process.

This relation is valid for both steady and

transient conditions, and the surface energy
balance does not involve heat generation
since a surface does not have a volume.

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HEAT TRANSFER MECHANISMS
Heat as the form of energy that can be transferred from one system to
another as a result of temperature difference.
A thermodynamic analysis is concerned with the amount of heat transfer
as a system undergoes a process from one equilibrium state to another.
The science that deals with the determination of the rates of such energy
transfers is the heat transfer.
The transfer of energy as heat is always from the higher-temperature
medium to the lower-temperature one, and heat transfer stops when the
two mediums reach the same temperature.
Heat can be transferred in three basic modes:
conduction
convection
radiation
All modes of heat transfer require the existence of a temperature
difference.
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CONDUCTION
Conduction:The transfer of energy from the more
energetic particles of a substance to the adjacent less
energetic ones as a result of interactions between the
particles.
In gases and liquids, conduction is due to the collisions and
diffusion of the molecules during their random motion.
In solids, it is due to the combination of vibrations of the
molecules in a lattice and the energy transport by free
electrons.
The rate of heat conduction through a plane layer is
proportional to the temperature difference across the
layer and the heat transfer area, but is inversely
proportional to the thickness of the layer.
Heat conduction
through a large plane
wall of thickness x
and area A.

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When x 0 Fouriers law of heat
conduction
Thermal conductivity, k:A measure of the ability of a
material to conduct heat.
Temperature gradient dT/dx:The slope of the
temperature curve on a T-x diagram.
Heat is conducted in the direction of decreasing
temperature, and the temperature gradient becomes
negative when temperature decreases with increasing x.
The negative sign in the equation ensures that heat
transfer in the positive x direction is a positive quantity.

In heat conduction
analysis, A represents the The rate of heat conduction
area normal to the through a solid is directly
direction of heat proportional to its thermal
22 transfer. conductivity.
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Thermal
Conductivity
Thermal conductivity:The
rate of heat transfer
through a unit thickness of
the material per unit area
per unit temperature
difference.
The thermal conductivity
of a material is a measure
of the ability of the
material to conduct heat.
A high value for thermal
conductivity indicates that
the material is a good heat A simple experimental setup to
conductor, and a low value determine the thermal
indicates that the material conductivity of a material.
is a poor heat conductor
or insulator.

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 The range of
thermal
conductivity of
various materials
at room
temperature.

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 The thermal conductivities of gases such as
air vary by a factor of 104 from those of pure
metals such as copper.
Pure crystals and metals have the highest
thermal conductivities, and gases and
insulating materials the lowest.

The mechanisms of heat

conduction in different phases
of a substance.
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 The variation of the
thermal
conductivity of
various solids,
liquids, and gases
with temperature.
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Thermal Diffusivity
cp Specific heat, J/kg C: Heat capacity per unit
mass
cp Heat capacity, J/m3C: Heat capacity per unit
volume
Thermal diffusivity, m2/s: Represents how fast
heat diffuses through a material

A material that has a high thermal conductivity

or a low heat capacity will obviously have a
large thermal diffusivity.
The larger the thermal diffusivity, the faster the
propagation of heat into the medium.
A small value of thermal diffusivity means that
heat is mostly absorbed by the material and a
small amount of heat is conducted further.

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