o On the one hand, cities are noisy and stressful .

On the other hand, the countryside is calm and relaxing.

Writing : Linking words Extra hours o Unlike cities, the countryside is calm and relaxing.
o Contrary to cities, the countryside is calm and relaxing.
ADDITION ex. Career women work outside. They do the housework at home.
o Career women work outside and do the housework at home Sequence/ time order
o ______________________ . They also do the housework at home First, ..Second,..Third,..Finally
o ______________________. In addition, they do the housework at home. Or To begin with, ... Then, Next, After that, .. Finally, .
o ______________________. Moreover, they do the housework at home.
o ______________________. Furthermore, they do the housework at home. Giving examples
o ______________________. Besides, they do the housework at home. For example, .For instance, . To illustrate, such as .
o Career women both work outside and do the housework at home.
o Career women do not only work outside but they (also) do the housework at home (as well). Summarizing
PURPOSE ex. Alex works very hard. Alex wants to succeed in her life. In short, ..In brief,..To summarize, .. To conclude,..
o Alex works hard in order to succeed in her life. In conclusion, . All in all,
o Alex works hard so as to succeed in her life.
o Alex works hard to succeed in her life.
o Alex works very hard so that she can succeed in her life. EXTRACTS FROM NATIONAL EXAMS.
o Alex works very hard for succeeding in her life. 1- I like studying alone. My sister prefers working with a group. (Whereas)

CONCESSION ex. I was very exhausted. I couldnt sleep.
o I was very exhausted, but I couldnt sleep. 2- Great efforts were made by the municipality. Our city has become cleaner. (Thanks to)
o _______________ . However, _______________ .
o _______________. Yet, _______________ .
o _______________. Nevertheless, _______________ . 3- Taoufik had family problems. He couldnt concentrate on his work. (because of)
o Although I was very exhausted, I couldnt sleep.
o Even though _____________, ____________ .
o Even if _______________ , ______________ . 4- Mr. Parker was poor; however, he managed to educate his kids well.
o In spite of being exhausted , I couldnt sleep. Despite
o Despite my exhaustion I couldnt sleep.
o In spite of the fact that I was very exhausted, I couldnt sleep. 5- Many students are dropping out of school. The school conditions have improved a lot. (Although)

CAUSE ex. People are killed in accidents. Drivers dont respect the road code.
o People are killed in accidents because drivers dont respect the road code. 6- The Browns went to a famous restaurant. They wanted to celebrate their wedding anniversary. (in order to)
o _______________________ since_________________
o _______________________ as ___________________
o Because drivers dont respect the road code, people are killed in accidents. 7- The students planted many trees. They cleaned all the classrooms, too. (not only .... but also)
o As drivers dont respect the road code, people are killed in accidents.
o Since drivers dont respect the road code, people are killed in accidents.
o Because of disrespecting the road code, people are killed in accidents. 9- Kenza works hard at the office. She always finds time to help her son with his homework. (although)
o Due to___________________________________, _______________________
o People are killed in accidents because of disrespecting the road code.
o ________________________ due to________________________________ 10- Taoufik joined his friends on Facebook. He wanted to share his new photos with them. (in order to)
o Thanks to his hard work, many students succeed. (thanks to positive)
11- Mr Fergusons car broke down on the way. He was late for work. (because)
Effect/ consequence/ result ex. It rained. We postponed the match.
o It rained. So, we put of/postponed the match.
o _______. Therefore, _____________________.
12- Sonia went to work yesterday. She was not feeling well. (although)
o _______. Consequently, __________________.
o _______. As a result, ____________________ .
o _______ .As a consequence, _______________.
13- Jamal spent all the afternoon chatting. He didnt have time to do his homework. (because)
o _______. That was why, __________________ .

Contrast ex. Cities are noisy and stressful . The countryside is calm and relaxing.
14- My friends decided to go on an excursion to the Atlas Mountains. They might have difficulties. (despite)
o While cities are noisy and stressful, the countryside is calm and relaxing.
o Cities are noisy and stressful whereas the countryside is calm and relaxing.
o Cities are noisy and stressful . In contrast, the countryside is calm and relaxing.
15- The children were exhausted after the trip. They went to bed immediately. (thats why)
o _______________________. However, ________________________________
o _______________________. Yet, ____________________________________
o ______________________ . On the contrary, __________________________