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Analysis-and-Valuation-3rd-Edition-by-Easton
Module 1
Framework for Analysis and
Valuation
Learning Objectives coverage by question

True/False Multiple Choice Exercises Problems Essays
LO1 Identify and discuss

the users and suppliers of
1-4 1-2 - 1 1-2
financial statement
information.
LO2 Identify and explain

the four financial statements,
5-10 3-19 1-8 2-5 3
and define the accounting
equation.
LO3 Explain and apply the

11-13 20-25 9-10 6-7 4
basics of profitability analysis.
LO4 Describe business

analysis within the context of 14 26-27 - 8 -
a competitive environment.
LO5 Describe the

accounting principles and
15 28-30 - 9-10 5
regulations that frame
financial statements.
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Module 1: Framework for Analysis and Valuation
True/False
Topic: Users of Financial Statement Information

LO: 1
1. Shareholders demand financial information primarily to assess profitability and risk whereas bankers
demand information primarily to assess cash flows to repay loan interest and principal.
Answer: True
Rationale: While both shareholders and bankers are interested in all the information companies
provide, shareholders care about more about a companys profitability and bankers care more about
solvency and creditworthiness.
Topic: Publicly Available Financial Reports

LO: 1
2. Publicly traded companies are required to provide quarterly financial reports directly to the public.
Answer: False
Rationale: Companies provide electronic versions of quarterly financial statements to the SEC, which
posts them to the Internet for the public to access them.

LO: 1
3. Publicly traded companies provide financial information primarily to satisfy the SEC and the tax
authorities (that is, the Internal Revenue Service).
Answer: False
Rationale: Demand for information extends to many users; the regulators such as the SEC and the
IRS are only one class of users.
Topic: SEC Filings

LO: 1
4. Publicly traded companies must provide to the Securities Exchange Commission annual audited
financial statements (10K reports) and quarterly audited financial statements (10Q reports).
Answer: False
Rationale: Quarterly reports do not need to be audited.
Topic: Balance Sheet

LO: 2
5. If a company reports retained earnings of $175.3 million on its balance sheet, it must also report
$175.3 million in cash.
Answer: False
Rationale: The accounting equation requires total assets to equal total liabilities plus stockholders
equity. That does not imply, however, that liability and equity accounts relate directly to specific
assets.
Cambridge Business Publishers, 2013

1-2 Financial Statement Analysis & Valuation, 3rd Edition
Full file at http://testbankinstant.CH/Test-Bank-for-Financial-Statement-
LO: 2
6. A balance sheet shows a companys position over a period of time, whereas an income statement,
statement of stockholders equity, and statement of cash flows show its position at a point in time.
Answer: False
Rationale: The statement is reversed: A balance sheet shows a companys position at a point in time,
whereas an income statement, statement of equity, and statement of cash flows show its position
over a period of time.
Topic: Accounting Equation

L: O2
7. Assets must always equal liabilities plus equity.
Answer: True
Rationale: The accounting equation is Assets = Liabilities + Equity. This relation must always hold.
Topic: Income Statement

LO: 2
8. The income statement reports net income which is defined as the companys profit after all expenses
and dividends have been paid.
Answer: False
Rationale: The statement contains two errors. First, net income does not include any dividends during
the period; these are a distribution of profits and not part of its calculation. Second, the income
statement is prepared on an accrual basis and thus includes expenses incurred (as opposed to paid).
Topic: Statement of Cash Flows

LO: 2
9. A statement of cash flows reports on cash flows for operating, investing and financing activities at a
point in time.
Answer: False
Rationale: A statement of cash flows reports on cash flows for operating, investing, and financing
activities over a period of time.
Topic: Statement of Stockholders Equity

LO: 2
10. An increase in treasury stock would be reflected in the statement of stockholders equity.
Answer: True
Rationale: The statement of stockholders equity reports on changes in the accounts that make up
stockholders equity. This includes contributed capital, retained earnings, and treasury stock.

Topic: Return on Assets
LO: 3
11. Return on Assets (ROA) measures the profit the company makes on each dollar of total assets it
uses.
Answer: True
Rationale: Return on Assets is a profitability metric that measures how much profit the company
made for each dollar of assets the company holds on average during the year.

LO: 3
12. Return on Assets (ROA) = Net Income / Sales Asset Turnover
Answer: True
Rationale: Return on Assets = Net Income / Average Assets. This is the disaggregation of the ROA
into its components
Topic: Asset Turnover

LO: 3
13. Consider two companies (A and B) with equal profit margins of 15%. Company A has an asset
turnover of 1.2 and Company B has an asset turnover of 1.5. If all else is equal, Company B with its
higher asset turnover, is less profitable because it is expensive to turn assets over.
Answer: False
Rationale: Asset turnover is an efficiency metric. The higher the turnover, the more efficient the
company is with its assets and thus, the more profitable. Algebraically, ROA = PM AT. Company A
above is less profitable: 15% 1.2 = 18% whereas Company Bs ROA is 15% 1.5 = 22.5%.
Topic: Financial Accounting and Business Analysis

LO: 4
14. Financial statements are influenced by five important forces that determine a companys competitive
intensity: (A) industry competition, (B) buyer power, (C) supplier power, (D) product substitutes, and
(E) threat of entry.
Answer: True
Rationale: By systematically considering these five business forces, we can gain better insights from
financial statements.
Topic: Audit Report

LO: 5
15. A clean audit report asserts among other things that (a) the auditor has prepared all necessary
financial statements and (b) management has expressed its opinion that they are prepared in
conformity with GAAP.
Answer: False
Rationale: The statement is reversed: A clean audit report asserts among other things that (a)
management has prepared all necessary financial statements and (b) the auditor has expressed its
opinion that they are prepared in conformity with GAAP.

Multiple Choice

LO: 1
1. Which of the following groups would likely not be interested in the financial statements of a large
public company such as Berkshire Hathaway?
A) Shareholders
B) Employees
C) Competitors
D) Taxing agencies
E) None of the above
Answer: E
Rationale: All of these parties would use the financial statements, albeit in different ways and for
different purposes.

LO: 1
2. The SEC adopted Regulation FD, to curb public companies practice of:
A) Routinely filing extensions for annual reports (Form 10-K)
B) Selectively disclosing information
C) Reporting pro forma (non-GAAP) numbers
D) Hiring auditors for non-audit services such as consulting engagements
Answer: B
Rationale: Reg FD reads as follows: Whenever an issuer discloses any material nonpublic
information regarding that issuer, the issuer shall make public disclosure of that information . . .
simultaneously, in the case of an intentional disclosure; and . . . promptly, in the case of a non-
intentional disclosure.
Topic: Components of the Balance Sheet

LO: 2
3. A list of assets, liabilities and equity can be found on which of the following?
A) Balance Sheet
B) Income Statement
C) Statement of Assets and Liabilities
D) Statement of Cash Flows
E) Statement of Stockholders Equity
Answer: A
Rationale: A balance sheet lists amounts for assets, liabilities and equity at a point in time.

LO: 2
4. Which of the following items would not be found on a balance sheet? (Select all that apply)
A) Stockholders Equity
B) Property, plant and equipment
C) Nonowner financing
D) Sales
E) Cost of Goods Sold
Answer: D and E
Rationale: The balance sheet reports assets (including property, plant and equipment), liabilities
(including nonowner financing) and equity. Sales and Cost of Goods Sold appear on the income
statement.
Topic: Profit and Cash Flow

LO: 2
5. A companys net cash flow will equal its net income
A) Almost always
B) Rarely
C) Occasionally
D) Only when the company has no investing cash flow for the period
E) Only when the company has no investing or financing cash flow for the period
Answer: B
Rationale: Net income reflects the companys revenue minus expenses for the given period. Net
cash flow represents the amount of money received (spent) on operating, investing and financing
activities for the given period. These values are rarely the same.
Topic: Financial Statement Information

LO: 2
6. Which of the following statements are correct (select all that apply):
A) A balance sheet reports on investing and financing activities.
B) An income statement reports on financing activities.
C) The statement of equity reports on changes in the accounts that make up equity.
D) The statement of cash flows reports on cash flows from operating, investing, and financing
activities over a period of time.
E) A balance sheet reports on a companys assets and liabilities over a period of time.
Answer: A, C, and D
Rationale: Statement (b) is incorrect the statement of cash flows reports on financing activities that
are reflected on the balance sheet. Statement (e) is incorrect the balance sheet reports on a
companys assets and liabilities at a point in time

Topic: Balance Sheet Numerical calculations required
LO: 2
7. The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Companys December 31, 2011 financial statements reported the
following (in millions)
Total assets $17,629

Total liabilities 16,005
Total shareholders equity 1,624
Net income (loss) 343
Retained earnings, December 31, 2010 $ 866
What did Goodyear report for Retained earnings at December 31, 2011?
A) $1,624 million
B) $1,209 million
C) $ 523 million
D) $2,833 million
E) There is not enough information to determine the answer.
Answer: E
Rationale: To determine the balance in retained earnings at the end of the year we must also know
the amount of dividends (if any) paid by the company during the year.

LO: 2
8. American Airlines 2011 balance sheet reported the following (in millions)
Total Assets $23,589

Total Liabilities 32,626
Contributed Capital $ 4,455
What was American Airlines Total liabilities and Stockholders Equity at December 31, 2011?
A) $23,589 million
B) $32,626 million
C) $37,081 million
D) $ 4,455 million
Answer: A
Rationale: Assets = Liabilities + Stockholders Equity. Assets = $23,589 so this is the total of liabilities
and equity combined.

LO: 2
9. On October 2, 2011 Starbucks Corporation reported, on its Form 10-K, the following (in millions):
Total assets $7,360.4

Total stockholders equity 4,387.3
Total current liabilities 2,075.8
What did Starbucks report as Total liabilities on October 2, 2011?

A) $7,360.4 million
B) $2,075.8 million
C) $2,973.1 million
D) $2,311.5 million
Answer: C
Rationale: Assets = Liabilities + Stockholders Equity. $7,360.4 = Liabilities + $4,387.3.
Therefore, Liabilities = $2,973.1 on October 2, 2011.

LO: 2
10. In its 2011 annual report, Snap-On Incorporated reported the following (in millions):
Current assets $1,530.7

Total shareholders equity $1,547.3
Total liabilities $2,125.6
What did Snap-On report as total assets at year-end 2011?

A) $3,078.8 million
B) $1,530.7 million
C) $3,656.3 million
D) $3,672.9 million
Answer: D
Rationale: Assets = Liabilities + Stockholders Equity. Assets = $2,125.6 + $1,547.3.
Therefore, Assets= $3,672.9

LO: 2
11. In its 2011 annual report, Kohls Corporation reported the following (in millions):
Total assets $14,094

Total shareholders equity $ 6,508
Total liabilities $ 7,586
What proportion of Kohls Corporation is financed by nonowners?

A) 86%
B) 54%
C) 46%
D) 73%
Answer: B
Rationale: Nonowner financing for Kohls assets is provided from liabilities (the shareholders are the
owners). $7,586 / $14,094 = 54%.
Topic: Balance Sheet Numerical calculations required (more challenging requires calculation
of total assets before ratio can be calculated.)
LO: 2
12. In its 2011 annual report, Mattel Inc. reported the following (in millions):
Total liabilities $3,061

Total shareholders equity $2,611
What proportion of Mattel is financed by nonowners?

A) 54%
B) 37%
C) 85%
D) 46%
Answer: A
Rationale: Nonowner financing for Mattells assets is provided from liabilities (the shareholders are
the owners). Assets = Liabilities + Equity. Assets = $3,061 + $2,611 = $5,672. $3,061 / $5,672 = 54%.

Topic: Income Statement Numerical calculations required
LO: 2
13. The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Companys December 31, 2011 financial statements reported the
following (in millions)
Sales $22,767
Cost of sales $18,821
Other expenses (excluding cost of sales) $ 3,529
What did Goodyear report for Net income for the year ending December 31, 2011?
A) $ 3,946 million
B) $ (417) million
C) $ 417 million
D) $19,238 million
Answer: C
Rationale: Sales Cost of sales Other expenses = Net income
$22,767 $18,821 $3,529 = $417.
Topic: Income Statement Numerical calculations required

LO: 2
14. Intel Corporation reported the following on its 2007 income statement (in millions)
Sales revenue $38,334

Gross profit $19,904
Total expenses $12,928
What did Intel report for Cost of goods sold during 2007?
A) $25,406 million
B) $ 5,502 million
C) $18,430 million
D) $ 2,988 million
Answer: C
Rationale: Sales Cost of goods sold = Gross profit. $38,334 Cost of goods sold = $19,904.
Therefore, Cost of goods sold = $18,430.

Topic: Income statement Numerical calculations required
LO: 2
15. On October 2, 2011, Starbucks Corporation reported, on its Form 10-K, the following (in millions):
2011 2010
Total expenses $10,452.4 $9,759.1
Operating income 1,728.5 1,419.4
Net earnings 1,248.0 948.3
What amount of revenues did Starbucks report for the year ending October 2, 2011?
A) $10,452.4
B) $ 8,723.9
C) $11,700.4
D) $12,180.9
Answer: C
Rationale: Revenues Total expenses = Net earnings. Revenues $10,452.4 = $1,248.0. Therefore,
Revenues were $11,700.4
Topic: Income Statement Numerical calculations required (more challenging, requires

calculation of negative growth rate.)
LO: 2
16. On October 2, 2011, Starbucks Corporation reported, on its Form 10-K, the following (in millions):
2011 2010
Operating income $ 1,728.5 $1,419.4
Net earnings $ 1,248.0 $ 948.3
Calculate year-over-year increase in Net earnings, in percentage terms.

A) 22%
B) 32%
C) 72%
D) 67%
Answer: B
Rationale: During the year, Net earnings increased compared to the prior year. This increase is
calculated as ($1,248.0 $948.3) / $948.3 = 32%.

Topic: Income Statement Numerical calculations required (more challenging requires
calculation of gross profit and ratios for two years.)
LO: 2
17. In its 2010 annual report, Caterpillar Inc. reported the following (in millions):
2010 2009
Sales $39,867 $29,540
Cost of goods sold 30,367 23,886
As a percentage of Sales, did Caterpillars Gross profit increase or decrease during 2011?
A) Gross profit increased from 19% to 24%
B) Gross profit decreased from 24% to 19%
C) Gross profit increased from 76% to 81%
D) Gross profit decreased from 81% to 76%
E) There is not enough information to answer the question.
Answer: A
Rationale: Sales Cost of goods sold = Gross profit. In 2009, gross profit to sales was 19%. This
ratio increased to 24% in 2010.
Topic: Statement of Cash Flows Numerical calculations required

LO: 2
18. The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Companys December 31, 2011, financial statements reported the
following (in millions).
Cash December 31, 2011 $ 2,772

Cash from operating activities 773
Cash from investing activities (902)
Cash from financing activities 896
What did Goodyear report for Cash on its December 31, 2010 balance sheet?
A) $2,772 million
B) $3,539 million
C) $767 million
D) $2,005 million
Answer: D
Rationale: Cash, beginning of year + Cash from operating activities + Cash from investing activities +
Cash from financing activities = Cash at end of year
Cash, beginning of year + $773 $902 + $896 = $2,772. Cash, beginning of year = $2,005

Topic: Statement of Cash Flows Numerical calculations required
LO: 2
19. Procter & Gambles June 30, 2011, financial statements reported the following (in millions):
Cash, beginning of year $ 2,879

Cash, end of year 2,768
Cash from operating activities 13,231
Cash from investing activities (3,482)
What did Procter & Gamble report for Cash from financing activities for the year ended June 30,
2011?
A) $(12,628) million
B) $ 15,396 million
C) $ (15,396) million
D) $ 9,860 million
E) $ (9,860) million
Answer: E
Rationale: Cash, beginning of year + Cash from operating activities + Cash from investing activities +
Cash from financing activities = Cash at end of year
$2,879 + $13,231 $3,482 + Cash from financing = $2,768. Cash from financing = $(9,860)

LO: 3
20. A companys return on assets (ROA) can be disaggregated to reveal which of the following (select all
that apply):
A) Financial leverage
B) Profit margin
C) Sales growth
D) Asset growth
E) Asset turnover
Answer: B and E
Rationale: ROA can be disaggregated into profit margin and asset turnover. Financial leverage and
sales growth are not components of this ratio. Asset growth affects the calculation via the
denominator, but cant be disaggregated directly.
Topic: Return on Equity

LO: 3
21. The ratio of net income to equity is also known as:
A) Total net equity ratio
B) Profit margin
C) Return on equity
D) Net income ratio
Answer: C
Rationale: The ratio of net income to equity is called ROE, return on equity, and measures how
profitable the company was given the shareholders investment.

Topic: Return on Equity Numerical calculations required
LO: 3
22. Sales for the year = $108,229, Net Income for the year= $13,144, Income from equity investments =
$3,309, and average Equity during the year = $47,556. Return on equity (ROE) for the year is:
A) 12.1%
B) 27.6%
C) 43.9%
D) 227.6%
E) There is not enough information to answer the question.
Answer: B
Rationale: Return on equity = Net income / Average Equity = $13,144 / $47,556 = 27.6%.
Topic: Return on Assets Numerical calculations required

LO: 3
23. Sales for the year = $82,229, Net Income for the year= 8,186, and average Assets during the year =
$52,445. Return on Assets (ROA) for the year is:
A) 63.8%
B) 1 0.0%
C) 15.6%
D) There is not enough information to calculate ROA.
Answer: C
Rationale: ROA = Net Income /Average assets. Therefore ROA equals $8,186 / $52,445 = 15.6%.
Topic: Return on Assets Numerical calculations required (more challenging because net
income is not provided, must be calculated.)
LO: 3
24. Sales for the year = $277,022, Profit margin = 16%, and average Assets during the year = $259,108.
Return on Assets (ROA) for the year is:
A) 17.1%
B) 16.0%
C) 84.0%
D) There is not enough information to calculate ROA.
Answer: A
Rationale: ROA = Net Income /Average assets. We are not given Net income, but we do know that
profit margin is 16%. Thus we can calculate Net income as Sales PM = $44,324. ROA = $44,324 /
$259,108 = 17.1%.

Topic: Return on Assets Numerical calculations required (more challenging because average
assets are not provided; must be calculated.)
LO: 3
25. On December 31, 2010, Harley-Davidson, Inc., reported, on its Form 10-K, the following (in millions):
2010 2009
Total assets $9,431 $9,156
Total sales 4,859 4,782
Net income 147 (55)
Calculate return on assets (ROA) for 2010.

A) 1.6%
B) 51.5%
C) 71.5%
D) 9.7%
Answer: A
Rationale: Return on assets = Net income / Average assets. A simple way to calculate average assets
is to take the average of the beginning and ending assets: ($9,431 + $9,156)/2 = $9,293.5. ROA =
$147 / $9,293.5 = 1.6%.
Topic: Five Forces of Competitive Industry

LO: 4
26. Which of the following are not one of the five forces that determine a companys competitive
intensity? (select as many as apply)
A) Bargaining power of suppliers
B) Threat of substitution
C) Ability to obtain financing
D) Threat of entry
E) Threat of regulatory intervention
Answer: C and E
Rationale: The five forces of the competitive industry include: industry competitors, bargaining power
of buyers, bargaining power of suppliers, threat of substitution, and threat of entry.
Topic: Business Environment

LO: 4
27. Which of the following are relevant in an analysis of a companys business environment? (select as
many as apply)
A) Financing
B) Labor
C) Buyers
D) Governance
E) All of the above
Answer: E
Rationale: The components of business analysis are: life cycle, outputs, buyers, inputs, financing,
labor, governance, risk.

Topic: Clean Audit Opinion
LO: 5
28. A clean audit opinion includes which of the following assertions: (select as many as apply)
A) Financial statements present fairly the companys financial condition
B) The auditor certifies the financials to be error free
C) The financial statements are managements responsibility
D) Management has handled transactions efficiently in all material respects
E) All of the above
Answer: A and C
Rationale: The audit is not a certification (b is wrong) and the auditor does not provide any opinion
about how management handles transactions (d is wrong).
Topic: Auditor Report

LO: 5
29. The audit report is addressed to:
A) The audit committee
B) The board of directors
C) The shareholders
D) The board of directors and the shareholders
E) The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)
Answer: D
Rationale: The auditors report to the owners and the directors.
Topic: GAAP
LO: 5
30. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) are created by: (select all that apply)
A) The Securities and Exchange Commission
B) The Generally Accepted Accounting Principles Task Force
C) The Sarbanes Oxley Act
D) The Financial Accounting Standards Board
E) The Emerging Issues Task Force
Answer: A, D, and E
Rationale: The Sarbanes Oxley Act did not create new accounting principles but rather, rules for
auditors and corporate governance mechanisms for companies. Answer b is fictional.

Exercises
Topic: Financial Accounting Vocabulary

LO: 2
1. Match the item on the left to a numbered item on the right to complete each sentence.
A) Resources that a company owns or controls are 1. liabilities

called _________________.
B) The difference between a companys assets and its 2. return on assets
equity is equal to _______________.
C) Net income divided by average assets is known 3. assets
as ____________.
D) Sales, cost of goods sold and all other expenses are 4. income statement
necessary to calculate a companys ______________.
5. net income
Answer:
A) 3 B) 1 C) 2 D) 5
Topic: Financial Accounting Vocabulary

LO: 2
2. Match the item on the left to a numbered item on the right to complete each sentence.
A) Companies report assets, liabilities, and equity 1. income statement

on the _________________.
B) Sales, cost of goods sold, and net income are 2. balance sheet
found on the _______________.
C) Changes in contributed capital during the period 3. statement of cash flows
are explained on the ____________.
D) The _______________ reports cash from 4. statement of shareholders equity
financing activities.
5. financial statements
Answer:
A) 2 B) 1 C) 4 D) 3

Topic: Income Statement Components
LO: 2
3. Fill in the blanks to complete Whole Foods Income Statement ($ thousands).
Whole Foods
Income Statement
For Year Ended September 26, 2010
Sales $9,005,794
Cost of goods sold and occupancy costs ?
Gross profit 3,135,401
Operating expenses ?
Operating income $ 437,975
Answer:
Whole Foods
Income Statement
Sales $9,005,794
Cost of goods sold and occupancy costs 5,870,393
Gross profit 3,135,401
Operating expenses 2,697,426
Operating income $ 437,975
Topic: Income Statement Components

LO: 2
4. Fill in the blanks to complete Procter & Gambles Income Statement ($ millions).
Procter & Gamble

Income Statement
For Year Ended June 30, 2011
Sales $ ?
Expenses 67,370
Earnings before income taxes 15,189
Income taxes ?
Net earnings $ 11,797
Answer:
Procter & Gamble
Income Statement
For Year Ended June 30, 2011
Sales $ 82,559
Expenses 67,370
Earnings before income taxes 15,189
Income taxes 3,392
Net earnings $ 11,797

Topic: Statement of Cash Flow Components
LO: 2
5. Fill in the blanks to complete Whole Foods Statement of Cash Flow ($thousands).
Whole Foods
Statement of Cash Flows
Net cash provided by operating activities $585,285
Net cash used in investing activities (715,406)
Net cash provided by financing activities (168,013)
Net change in cash ?
Cash at beginning of year ?
Cash at end of year $131,996
Answer:
Whole Foods
Net cash provided by operating activities $ 585,285
Net cash used in investing activities (715,406)
Net cash provided by financing activities (168,013)
Net change in cash (298,134)
Cash at beginning of year 430,130
Cash at end of year $ 131,996
Topic: Balance Sheet Components

LO: 2
6. Fill in the blanks to complete Whole Foods Balance Sheet ($thousands).
Whole Foods
Balance Sheet
September 26, 2010
Cash $ 131,996 Current liabilities $ 747,872
Non-cash assets ? Long-term liabilities ?
Stockholders equity 2,373,258
Total assets $3,986,540 Total liabilities and equity $ ?
Answer:
Whole Foods
Balance Sheet
September 26, 2010
Non-cash assets 3,854,544 Long-term liabilities 865,410
Total assets $3,986,540 Total liabilities and equity $3,986,540

Topic: Balance Sheet Components
LO: 2
7. Fill in the blanks to complete the Procter & Gamble Balance Sheet ($ millions).
Procter & Gamble

Balance Sheet
June 30, 2011
Cash $ 2,768 Current liabilities $ ?
Non-cash assets ? Long-term liabilities 43,060
Shareholders equity 68,001
Total assets $ ? Total liabilities and equity $138,354
Answer:
Procter & Gamble
Balance Sheet
June 30, 2011
Non-cash assets 135,586 Long-term liabilities 43,060
Shareholders equity 68,001
Total assets $ 138,354 Total liabilities and equity $138,354
Topic: Retained Earnings Reconciliation

LO: 2
8. Whole Foods reports the following balances in its stockholders equity accounts. Fill in the blanks.
($ millions) 2010 2009 2008

Retained earnings beginning of year ? ? $208,949
Net income ? 148,804 114,524
Dividends 5,478 28,050 ?
Retained earnings end of year $598,570 $358,215 ?
Answer:
($ millions) 2010 2009 2008
Retained earnings beginning of year $358,215 $239,461 $208,949
Net income 245,833 148,804 114,524
Dividends 5,478 28,050 84,012
Retained earnings end of year $598,570 $358,215 $239,461

LO: 3
9. Procter & Gamble reports the following items in their financial statements. Fill in the blanks.
($ millions) 2011 2010

Average assets $133,263 $131,503
Net earnings 11,797 ?
Return on assets ? 9.68%
Answer:
($ millions) 2011 2010
Average assets $133,263 $131,503
Net earnings 11,797 12,729
Return on assets 8.85% 9.68%

LO: 3
10. Whole Foods reports the following items in their financial statements. Fill in the blanks.
($ thousands) 2010
Average assets $3,884,964
Sales 9,005,794
Net income 245,833
Return on assets ?
Profit margin ?
Asset turnover ?
Answer:
($ thousands) 2010
Average assets $3,884,964
Sales 9,005,794
Net income 245,833
Return on assets 6.33%
Profit margin 2.73%
Asset turnover 2.32%

Problems
Topic: Other Financial Information

LO: 1
1. In addition to the four financial statements, list three sources of financial information available to
external stakeholders?
Answer:
Any three from the list below
Management Discussion and Analysis (MD&A)
Managements report on internal controls
Annual corporate report
Auditors report and opinion
Notes to financial statements
Proxy statements
Various regulatory filings for SEC and IRS, etc.
Topic: Constructing Financial Statements

LO: 2
2. In its October 2, 2011 annual report, Starbucks Corporation reports the following items.
($ millions) 2011
Cash flows from operations $ 1,612.4
Total revenues 11,700.4
Shareholders equity 4,387.3
Cash flows from financing (608.8)
Total liabilities 2,973.1
Cash, ending year 1,148.1
Expenses 10,452.4
Noncash assets 6,212.3
Cash flows from investing (1,019.5)
Net earnings 1,248.0
Cash, beginning year $ 1,164.0
a. Prepare the balance sheet for Starbucks for October 2, 2011.

b. Prepare the income statement for Starbucks for the year ended October 2, 2011.
c. Prepare the statement of cash flows for Starbucks for the year ended October 2, 2011.

Answer:
a.
Starbucks Corporation
Balance Sheet
October 2, 2011
Cash $1,148.1 Total liabilities $2,973.1
Non-cash assets 6,212.3 Shareholders equity 4,387.3
Total assets $7,360.4 Total liabilities and equity $7,360.4
b.
Income Statement
For Year Ended October 2, 2011
Total revenues $11,700.4
Expenses 10,452.4
Net earnings $ 1248.0
c.
For Year Ended October 2, 2011
Cash flows from operations $ 1,612.4
Cash flows from investing (1,019.5)
Cash flows from financing (608.8)
Net change in cash (15.9)
Cash, beginning year 1,164.0
Cash at end of year $ 1148.1

Topic: Constructing Financial Statements
LO: 2
3. In its December 31, 2011 annual report, Mattell, Inc. reports the following items.
($ thousands) 2011
Net cash flows from operating activities $ 664,693
Net sales 6,266,037
Net cash flows from financing activities (402,199)
Total assets 5,671,638
Cash, ending year 1,369,113
Expenses 5,497,529
Noncash assets 4,302,525
Net cash flows from investing activities (174,504)
Net income 768,508
Cash, beginning year $1,281,123
a. Prepare the balance sheet for Mattel, Inc. for December 31, 2011.
b. Prepare the income statement for Mattel, Inc. for the year ended December 31, 2011.
c. Prepare the statement of cash flows for Mattel, Inc. for the year ended December 31, 2011.
Answer:
a.
Mattel, Inc.
Balance Sheet
December 31, 2011
Cash $1,369,113 Total liabilities $3,061,035
Non-cash assets 4,302,525 Stockholders equity 2,610,603
Total assets $5,671,638 Total liabilities and equity $5,671,638
b.
Mattel, Inc.
Income Statement
For Year Ended December 31, 2011
Net sales $6,266,037
Expenses 5,497,529
Net income $ 768,508
c.
Mattel, Inc.
Net cash flows from operating activities $ 664,693
Net cash flows from investing activities (174,504)
Net cash flows from financing activities (402,199)
Net change in cash 87,990
Cash, beginning year 1,281,123
Cash at end of year $1,369,113

Topic: Statement of stockholders equity from raw data
LO: 2
4. In its December 31, 2010, annual report, Mattel, Inc. reports the following items:
($ thousands) 2010
Retained earnings, December 31, 2009 $ 2,339,506
Treasury stock, December 31, 2009 (1,555,046)
Treasury stock, December 31, 2010 (1,880,692)
Net income for 2010 684,863
Contributed capital, December 31, 2009 2,126,063
Dividends during 2010 303,724
Stock issued during 2010 21,767
Prepare the statement of stockholders equity for Mattel, Inc. for the year ended December 31, 2010.
Answer:
Mattel, Inc.
Statement of Stockholders Equity
Contributed capital, beginning of year $2,126,063
Stock issued during 2010 21,767
Contributed capital, end of year $2,147,830
Treasury stock, beginning of year $(1,555,046)

Stock repurchased during 2010 (325,646)
Treasury stock, end of year $(1,880,692)
Retained earnings, beginning of year $2,339,506

Net income for 2010 684,863
Dividends during 2010 (303,724)
Treasury stock, end of year $2,720,645

Topic: Balance Sheet Relations
LO: 2
5. Nike, Inc. has a fiscal year-end of May 31. On May 31, 2010, Nike, Inc. reported $14,419 million in
assets and $9,754 million in equity. During fiscal 2011, Nikes assets increased by $579 million while
its equity increased by $89 million. What were Nikes total liabilities at May 31, 2010, and May 31,
2011?
Answer:
Assets = Liabilities + Equity
May 31, 2010: $14,419 = Liabilities + $9,754, Liabilities = $4,665
May 31, 2011: $14,419+ $579 = Liabilities + $9,754 + $89, Liabilities = $5,155
Topic: Calculating ROA

LO: 3
6. Use Southwest Airlines 2011 financial statement information, below to answer the following:
a. Calculate Southwest Airlines return on assets (ROA) for the year ending December 31, 2011.
b. Disaggregate Southwest Airlines ROA into profit margin (PM) and asset turnover (AT). Explain
what each ratio measures.
In millions
Total operating revenues $15,658
Net income 178
Total assets, beginning of year 15,463
Total assets, end of year 18,068
Equity, end of year 6,877
Answer:
a. Return on Assets = Net income / Average assets
= $178 / [0.5*($15,463 + $18,068)] = 1.1%
Return on assets measures profitability of a companyspecifically, how well a company has
employed its average assets in generating net income.
b. Profit Margin = Net income / Sales

= $178/ $15,658 = 1.1%
Profit Margin is an income to sales ratio that reflects the profitability of sales of a company.
Southwest Airlines has a profit margin of only 1.1% meaning the company records 1.1 cents of
net income (after paying taxes) for every dollar of sales. This is very low the airline industry is
performing poorly in 2011.
Asset Turnover = Sales / Average assets

= $15,658/ [0.5*($15,463 + $18,068)] = 0.93
Asset turnover reflects the effectiveness in generating sales from assets. Southwest Airlines
asset turnover ratio of 0.93, means that the company generates $0.93 in sales for every $1.00 of
assets.

Topic: Calculating ROA and ROE
LO: 3
7. Below are several financial statement items for two grocery chains, Whole Foods Market, an upscale
organic grocer, and The Kroger Co. a mainstream grocer. ($ millions)
a. Calculate each companys return on assets (ROA) and return on equity (ROE). Comment on any
differences you observe.
b. Disaggregate the ROA for each company into profit margin (PM) and asset turnover (AT). Explain
why Whole Foods has a higher ROA, is it because of PM or AT or both?
Whole Foods The Kroger

Market Co.
Net income $ 246 $ 1,133
Sales 9,006 82,189
Average assets 3,885 23,316
Average stockholders equity 2,001 5,112
Answer:
a. Return on Assets = Net income / Average assets
Whole Foods = $246 / $3,885 = 6.3%
Kroger = $1,133 / $23,316 = 4.9%
Return on equity = Net income / Average stockholders equity

Whole Foods: = $246 / $2,001 = 12.3%
Kroger = $1,133 / $5,112 = 22.2%
While Whole Foods has a higher return on assets than Kroger, Kroger has a higher return on
equity.
b. Profit margin = Net income / Sales

Whole Foods = $246 / $9,006 = 2.7%
Kroger = $1,133 / $82,189 = 1.4%
Asset turnover = Sales / Average assets

Whole Foods = $9,006 / $3,885 = 2.3
Kroger = $82,189 / $23,316 = 3.5
Whole Foods has a higher return on assets because its profit margin is higher that Krogers. This
appears reasonable since Whole Foods is an upscale grocer. Krogers asset turnover is higher
than Whole Foods turnover. Thus Kroger is more efficient.

Topic: Competitive Analysis
LO: 4
8. List three of the five competitive forces that confront the company and determine its competitive
intensity. Briefly explain each force that you list.
Answer:
These following are the five forces that are key determinants of profitability.
1) Industry competition: Competition and rivalry raise the cost of doing business as companies must
hire and train competitive workers, advertise products, research and develop products, and other
related activities.
2) Bargaining power of buyers: Buyers with strong bargaining power can extract price concessions
and demand a higher level of service and delayed payment terms; this force reduces both profits
from sales and the operating cash flows to sellers.
3) Bargaining power of suppliers: Suppliers with strong bargaining power can demand higher prices
and earlier payments, yielding adverse effects on profits and cash flows to buyers.
4) Threat of substitution: As the number of product substitutes increases, sellers have less power to
raise prices and/or pass on costs to buyers; accordingly, threat of substitution places downward
pressure on profits of sellers.
5) Threat of entry: New market entrants increase competition; to mitigate that threat, companies
expend monies on activities such as new technologies, promotion, and human development to
erect barriers to entry and to create economies of scale.
Topic: The Role of Auditors in Financial Reporting

LO: 5
9. What potential conflicts of interests do auditing firms face in conducting audits of publicly traded
companies?
Answer:
Auditors often face the issue how to deal with mistakes or deceptive reporting methods of clients,
while still trying to please the management of these client firms that ultimately pay their fees. This
conflict could lead to auditing firms viewing the CEO, rather than the shareholders or directors, as
their client. Warren Buffet has been particularly critical of potential conflicts of interest involving
auditors.
Topic: The Effect of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act

LO: 5
10. Accounting debacles, such as in the case of Enron, brought to light the necessity of accuracy in
financial reporting and accountability of management. Describe how the introduction of the Sarbanes-
Oxley Act has changed the requirements of financial reporting.
Answer:
Congress introduced the Sarbanes-Oxley act as a way of restoring confidence in the integrity of
financial statement reporting of publicly traded companies. The Act requires the chief executive
officer and chief financial officer of the company to personally sign-off on the accuracy and
completeness of financial statements and the integrity of the companys system of internal controls.
This requirement is designed to hold management personally accountable for negligence in financial
reporting and encourage vigilance in monitoring the companys financial accounting system.

Essay Questions
Topic: Costs and Benefits of Disclosure

LO: 1
1. Explain the benefits and costs associated with a company's disclosure of information.
Answer:
Supplying information benefits a company by helping it to compete in capital, labor, input, and output
markets. A companys performance hinges on successful business activities and the markets
awareness of that success. Economic incentives exist for those companies that disclose reliable
accounting information, especially when the company discloses good news about products,
processes, management, etc. Direct costs associated with the disclosure of information pertain to its
preparation and dissemination. More significant are other costs including competitive disadvantage,
litigation potential, and political costs. Managers must weigh these costs and benefits to determine
how much information to voluntarily disclose.
Topic: Demand for Financial Accounting Information

LO: 1
2. List three users of financial accounting information and explain how each might use financial
information.
Answer:
Managers and employees Managers and employees demand financial information on the financial
condition, profitability and prospects of their companies for their own well-being and future earnings
potential. They also demand comparative financial information on competing companies and other
business opportunities. This permits them to conduct comparative analyses to benchmark company
performance and condition.
Creditors and suppliers Creditors and other lenders demand financial accounting information to help
decide loan terms, dollar amounts, interest rates and collateral. Suppliers similarly demand financial
information to establish credit sales terms and to determine their long-term commitment to supply-
chain relations. Both creditors and suppliers use financial information to continuously monitor and
adjust their contracts and commitments with a debtor company.
Shareholders and directors Shareholders and directors demand financial accounting information to
assess the profitability and risks of companies. Shareholders look for information useful in their
investment decisions. Both directors and shareholders use accounting information to evaluate
manager performance. Managers similarly use such information to request further compensation and
managerial power from directors. Outside directors are crucial to determining who runs the company,
and these directors use accounting information to evaluate manager performance.
Customers and Sales Staffs Customers and sales staffs demand accounting information to assess
the ability of the company to provide products or services as agreed and to assess the companys
staying power and reliability. Customers and sales staffs also wish to estimate the companys
profitability to assess fairness of returns on mutual transactions.
Regulators and Tax Agencies Regulators and tax agencies demand accounting information for tax
policies, antitrust assessments, public protection, price setting, import-export analyses and various
other uses. Timely and reliable information is crucial to effective regulatory policy. Moreover,
accounting information is often central to social and economic policy.
Voters and their Representatives Voters and their representatives to national, state and local
governments demand accounting information for policy decisions. The decisions can involve
economic, social, taxation and other initiatives. Voters and their representatives also use accounting
information to monitor government spending. Contributors to nonprofit organizations also demand
accounting information to assess the impact of their donations.

Topic: Owner vs. Nonowner Financing
LO: 2
3. Businesses rely on financing activities to fund their operating and investments. Explain the difference
between owner and nonowner financing, and explain the benefits and risks involved in relying more
heavily on each type of financing.
Answer:
Owner financing, also called equity, refers to money given to the business in exchange for partial
control of the company. Stocks are the most common form of owner financing. Companies are not
obligated to guarantee a return on owner investments. However, if returns are unacceptable to
owners, they may use their power to take the business in different directions. In sum, owner financing
provides cash inflow to the company without any guarantee of repayment. Control over the company
is vested in the shareholders.
Nonowner financing refers to money given to the business in exchange for a guaranteed repayment,
usually with interest. Loans and bonds are very common examples of nonowner investment. The risk
to the company lies in potential default if operations decline. The benefit is that the company does not
need to cede operational control to its creditors, unless it defaults on its repayment. In sum, nonowner
financing allows the current owners to maintain full control of the company, but requires repayment
with interest.
Companies that rely more heavily on owner financing are said to be financed conservatively.
Companies that rely more heavily on nonowner financing are said to be financed less conservatively.
Topic: Usefulness of ROA for Managers

LO: 3
4. Investors and lenders place significant importance on managements effectiveness in generating a
high return on assets (ROA). Explain how ROA is also important for managers analysis of its own
performance, particularly when ROA is disaggregated.
Answer:
Return on assets (ROA) is a helpful measure of a companys profitability. In its most basic form, ROA
is a ratio between net income and average assets, i.e. it indicates the return the company is earning
from its assets. While ROA is a valuable indicator for investors, it is just as valuable for company
managers. This is because ROA indicates how successful managers are in acquiring and using
investments on behalf of shareholders. ROA is particularly useful for managers when it is
disaggregated into more focused, meaningful components.
Return on assets can be disaggregated into profit margin (PM), which measures profitability and
asset turnover (AT), which measures efficiency or productivity.
The ratio of net income to sales is called profit margin and the ratio of sales to average assets is
called asset turnover. The profit component reflects the amount of profit from each dollar of sales,
and the productivity component reflects the effectiveness in generating sales from assets.
This disaggregation yields additional insights into the factors that cause overall ROA to change during
the year. It could be that the company is more or less profitable or that the company is more or less
efficient or both. This disaggregation provides more information than just knowing that ROA has
increased or decreased during the year.

Topic: Corporate Governance
LO: 5
5. Describe three corporate governance mechanisms that are in place to protect users of financial
information.
Answer:
Audit Committee - ultimately determined by the companys Board of Directors. The Board of Directors
is elected by the stockholders. They then establish various committees as a form of governance over
different areas like strategic plans and financial management. The Audit Committee is responsible for
overseeing the audit and meeting with the auditors. The committee must comprise outside directors
who focus on internal controls and other policies that ensure reliable accounting.
Sarbanes-Oxley Certification and Statement of Management Responsibility The Sarbanes-Oxley

Act requires the CEO and CFO to certify to the accuracy of financial statements they issue and the
efficacy of the companys internal controls. In addition, the Statement of Management Responsibility
asserts that management prepares and assumes responsibility for the financial statements. The
financial statements are to be prepared in accordance with the GAAP. Additionally, the system of
internal controls should provide assurance that assets are protected. The financial statements are
then audited by an outside auditing firm. Finally, the Board of Directors has an Audit Committee to
oversee the financial accounting system and internal controls.
Independent audit firm - performs an audit and expresses an opinion whether the financial statements
present a companys financial condition fairly and whether they are prepared in accordance with the
GAAP. The financials are managements responsibility. Auditing involves sampling various
transactions and not every transaction during the year. The audit opinion provides assurance that
there are no gross material misstatements but is not a guarantee.
SEC - The SEC has the ultimate power in deciding whether to accept or deny the statements
depending on the statements integrity. If there is a problem, the company may be asked to restate
and re-file the statements with the SEC. A restatement is a serious event and could cause the
company to lose market value and reputation. Therefore, it is very important that companies submit
correct financial statements the first time.
Courts - individuals or other investors that incur financial damages due to errors in a companys
financial statements can seek remedy in the courts. The courts are responsible for settling the dispute
and assessing damages to the harmed party.

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Learning Objectives coverage by question

LO1 Identify and discuss

LO2 Identify and explain

LO3 Explain and apply the

LO4 Describe business

LO5 Describe the

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Topic: Users of Financial Statement Information

Topic: Publicly Available Financial Reports

Topic: Users of Financial Statement Information

Topic: SEC Filings

Topic: Balance Sheet

Cambridge Business Publishers, 2013

Topic: Accounting Equation

Topic: Income Statement

Topic: Statement of Cash Flows

Topic: Statement of Stockholders Equity

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Topic: Return on Assets

Topic: Asset Turnover

Topic: Financial Accounting and Business Analysis

Topic: Audit Report

Cambridge Business Publishers, 2013

Topic: Users of Financial Statement Information

Topic: Users of Financial Statement Information

Topic: Components of the Balance Sheet

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Topic: Profit and Cash Flow

Topic: Financial Statement Information

Cambridge Business Publishers, 2013

Total assets $17,629

Topic: Balance Sheet Numerical calculations required

Total Assets $23,589

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Total assets $7,360.4

What did Starbucks report as Total liabilities on October 2, 2011?

Topic: Balance Sheet Numerical calculations required

Current assets $1,530.7

What did Snap-On report as total assets at year-end 2011?

Cambridge Business Publishers, 2013

Total assets $14,094

What proportion of Kohls Corporation is financed by nonowners?

Total liabilities $3,061

What proportion of Mattel is financed by nonowners?

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Topic: Income Statement Numerical calculations required

Sales revenue $38,334

Cambridge Business Publishers, 2013

Topic: Income Statement Numerical calculations required (more challenging, requires

Calculate year-over-year increase in Net earnings, in percentage terms.

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Topic: Statement of Cash Flows Numerical calculations required

Cash December 31, 2011 $ 2,772

Cambridge Business Publishers, 2013

Cash, beginning of year $ 2,879

Topic: Return on Assets

Topic: Return on Equity

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Topic: Return on Assets Numerical calculations required