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 Table of contents

1. Consumer purchase intention for organic personal care products............................................................... 1

01 October 2014 ii ProQuest

Document 1 of 1

Consumer purchase intention for organic personal care products

Author: Kim, Hee Yeon; Chung, Jae-Eun

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Abstract: Purpose - Using the theory of planned behavior (TPB) to examine the effects of consumer values and
past experiences on consumer purchase intention of organic personal care products, this study aims to consider
further the moderating effect of perceived behavioral control on the attitude-intention relationship.
Design/methodology/approach - An online survey was conducted with 207 online panel members, and multiple
regression analysis was used to test the relationships among the variables. Findings - The results indicate that
environmental consciousness and appearance consciousness positively influence attitude toward buying
organic personal care products. The addition of past experiences as a predictor of purchase intention and
perceived behavioral control as a moderator of the attitude-purchase intention relationship yielded an
improvement on the TPB model. Practical implications - This study suggests that retailers can develop effective
marketing strategies emphasizing ecological beauty, product safety, and affordable prices to increase
consumers' intentions to buy organic personal care products. Originality/value - This study provides valuable
insight into US consumer behavior regarding organic personal care products by examining the factors that
influence consumers' attitudes toward buying organic personal care products and consumers' purchase
intentions for the products. Furthermore, this study extends an application of the TPB by examining the
moderating influence of perceived behavioral control on the attitude-intention relationship. [PUBLICATION
ABSTRACT]

Full text: An executive summary for managers and executive readers can be found at the end of this article.
1. Introduction
Awareness of the destruction of natural resources has raised the issue of environmental protection, which in
turn has created eco-friendly consumption called "green consumerism" ([36] Moisander, 2007). As the issue of
environmental protection has gained attention, environmental ethics has had an impact on US consumers'
activities ([26] Kangun et al. , 1991; [34] Martin and Simintiras, 1995; [51] Todd, 2004). Specifically, US
consumer demand has led to the increase in diversity of green product categories, such as laundry detergents,
personal care products, and energy saving electronics ([34] Martin and Simintiras, 1995; [48] Schlegelmilch et
al. , 1996). As green products have gained popularity in the market, more consumers have looked for greener
products ([38] Nimse et al. , 2007). Following the food sector, the personal care sector accounted for the second
largest portion of sales in the US organic industry ([39] Organic Trade Association, 2006). [16] D'Souza et al.
(2006) claim that consumers' ecological concerns may be key factors in the marketing of cosmetic products.
Although the fast growth in sales of organic and natural care products has intrigued researchers' interests, most
existing research on the organic personal care industry has dealt with marketing strategies rather consumer
behavior. Without in-depth understanding of consumer behavior for this product category, it is difficult to devise
effective marketing strategies. Furthermore, although there are numerous studies regarding consumers'
attitudes and purchase behaviors of green products ([11] Chen, 2007; [30] Magnusson et al. , 2001; [40] Padel
and Foster, 2005; [54] Zanoli and Naspetti, 2002), these studies have focused mainly on organic food products
and were conducted outside of the USA.
Thus, the primary objective of this study is to examine US consumers' purchasing behavior of organic personal
care products base on the theory of planned behavior (TPB) by [1] Ajzen (1985). Specifically, this study
considers consumer values as an antecedent of attitude and consumers' past experiences as a predictor of
purchase intention. Additionally, the moderating influence of perceived behavioral control on the attitude-
purchase intention relationship is examined.

01 October 2014 Page 1 of 12 ProQuest

2. Theoretical framework
The TPB, which has been applied previously to predict green consumer behavior, and robustness of the theory
has been confirmed ([4] Bamberg, 2003; [9] Chan and Lau, 2001; [24] Kalafatis et al. , 1999), is used to explain
the antecedents of intention to buy organic skin/hair care products. Specifically, this study considers consumer
values as an antecedent of attitude, consumers' past experiences as a predictor of purchase intention, and
perceived behavioral control as a moderator of the attitude-purchase intention relationship (see Figure 1 [Figure
omitted. See Article Image.]).
2.1 Consumer values and attitude
Several definitions of "value" exist in various contexts. In one instance, value is considered "the consumer's
overall assessment of the utility of a product based on perceptions of what is received and what is given" ([55]
Zeithaml, 1988, p. 14), which focuses on consumer benefits or the worth of using a product. In another instance,
value is defined as a belief about desirable end states ([18] Feather, 1990; [46] Rokeach, 1973; [47] Schwartz
and Blisky, 1987), which focuses on a psychological aspect. The term "value" in this study reflects the latter,
which is viewed as the most fundamental element of an individual's belief system ([52] Vaske and Donnelly,
1999).
This study expects that consumers with different value systems will show different behaviors toward organic
personal care products because one's values, such as important life goals or standards, are guiding principles
in one's life ([46] Rokeach, 1973). Accordingly, values may influence formation of an individual's attitude by
guiding him/her to look for objects that will satisfy his/her values ([21] Grunert and Juhl, 1995; [44] Poortinga et
al. , 2004). Because organic products are viewed as promoting a healthy lifestyle, explained by the acronym
LOHAS (lifestyles of health and sustainability) ([17] Essoussi and Zahaf, 2008), there should be some
similarities in consumers' purchase behaviors between organic foods and organic personal care products.
However, some differences between these two product categories are also expected, as eating food and using
personal care products are distinct consumption behaviors. According to the relevant literature on organic food
consumption, it appears that values concerned with health and environment influence attitudes toward buying
organic food ([12] Chryssohoidis and Krystallis, 2005). In addition, unlike food products, skin/hair care products
affect consumers' appearances and consumers use these products to manage their appearances ([33]
Marcoux, 2000).
Therefore, the current study proposes three consumer values that may influence attitudes toward buying
organic skin and hair care products: health consciousness, environmental consciousness, and appearance
consciousness.
First, health consciousness guides people to engage in healthy behaviors ([6] Becker et al. , 1977). Health
conscious consumers care about the desired state of well-being and put forth an effort to maintain a healthy life
([37] Newsom et al. , 2005). In the context of skin/hair care product purchases, consumers with high health
consciousness may consider whether a product is safe to skin and body; therefore, they may be more seriously
concerned with the types of ingredients used to make the product than are consumers with low health
consciousness ([23] Johri and Sahasakmontri, 1998).
In addition, environmental consciousness guides people to make purchasing decisions that are greener ([42]
Peattie, 2001; [48] Schlegelmilch et al. , 1996). Environmentally conscious people are apt to change their
purchasing behaviors to improve the environment ([10] Chase, 1991). Facing issues surrounding environmental
destruction from harmful substances and animal testing of ingredients and/or finished products, the personal
care industry has developed organic products produced without the use of pesticides, synthetic chemicals, and
animal testing ([45] Prothero and McDonagh, 1992). Along with findings that a consumer's environmental
awareness is viewed as a pre-condition for green consumption ([15] Dembkowski, 1998; [43] Polonsky and
Mintu-Wimsatt, 1995), environmental concern is an important determinant of consumer behavior toward organic
products ([41] Paladino, 2005).

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Finally, appearance consciousness leads people to be interested in cosmetics and clothing that express or alter
their images ([27] Lee and Lee, 1997). Consumption of personal care products is a purchasing behavior that
satisfies one's needs for beauty and care of one's general appearance ([51] Todd, 2004). Some people who
strongly desire to maintain a youthful look and improve their appearances have been looking for chemical-free
personal care products ([50] Tirone, 2007). Because organic skin/hair care products are made with a minimum
of chemical substances and may provide less harsh products than conventional counterparts, it is assumed that
a consumer's appearance consciousness is positively related to attitude toward buying organic skin/hair care
products. Thus, the following hypotheses are proposed:
H1 . Health consciousness will positively influence attitude toward buying organic skin/hair care products.
H2 . Environmental consciousness will positively influence attitude toward buying organic skin/hair care
products.
H3 . Appearance consciousness will positively influence attitude toward buying organic skin/hair care products.
2.2 Attitude
Attitude toward behavior refers to personal evaluations being favorable or unfavorable to perform the behavior.
According to [1] Ajzen (1985), an individual is more likely to undertake a certain behavior if he/she has a
positive attitude toward undertaking the behavior. Numerous studies support the positive relationship between
consumers' attitudes and behavioral intentions for green purchasing in different cultures, such as Asian, US,
and European, and in different product categories, such as organic foods and timber-based products ([9] Chan
and Lau, 2001; [24] Kalafatis et al. , 1999; [49] Tarkiainen and Sundqvist, 2005). Therefore, Hypothesis 4 is
proposed as follows:
H4 . Consumers" attitude toward buying organic skin/hair care products will have a positive influence on their
intentions to buy organic skin/hair care products.
2.3 Subjective norms
Subjective norm reflects one's perceived social pressure to perform a certain behavior. If consumers believe
that significant others think organic skin care products are good, consumers will have more intention to buy
these products. Subjective norm has a significant effect on behavioral intention in the context of behavior
related to skin management ([22] Hillhouse et al. , 2000), and a strong relationship between subjective norm
and intention has been shown in research on green consumer behavior ([4] Bamberg, 2003; [24] Kalafatis et al.
, 1999). Therefore, hypothesis 5 is proposed as follows:
H5 . Consumers' subjective norms will have a positive influence on their intentions to buy organic skin/hair care
products.
2.4 Perceived behavioral control
Perceived behavioral control refers to the degree of control that an individual perceives over performing the
behavior ([11] Chen, 2007; [25] Kang et al. , 2006). Thus, those who perceive a higher degree of personal
control tend to have stronger behavioral intention to engage in a certain behavior ([2] Ajzen, 1991). In particular,
when people believe they have more resources such as time, money, and skills their perceptions of control are
high and hence their behavioral intentions increase. Therefore, it is assumed that intention to buy organic
skin/hair care products is higher when consumers perceive more control over buying these products:
H6 . Consumers' perceived behavioral control over buying organic skin/hair care products will have a positive
influence on their intentions to buy organic skin/hair care products.
2.5 Past experiences with organic products
Many researchers have argued that consideration of consumers' past behaviors can provide better predictions
of behavioral intentions ([13] Conner and Armitage, 1998) based on the assumption that consumers' behaviors
result from learning ([7] Bentler and Speckart, 1979). With respect to research on green purchasing behavior,
consumers' past experiences with green products may be "crucial in forming the product-specific perception that
would lead to future purchase intention"; in turn, consumers' past experiences influence their purchases or use

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of green products ([16] D'Souza et al. , 2006, p. 150). Therefore, hypothesis 7 is proposed as follows:
H7 . Consumers' past experiences with other organic products will have a positive influence on their intentions
to buy organic skin/hair care products.
2.6 Perceived behavioral control as a moderator
Although numerous studies have shown that a person may have a favorable attitude toward a certain behavior,
he/she might not have the intention to accomplish the behavior when perceiving difficulties to do so ([11] Chen,
2007). [53] Vermeir and Verbeke (2006) claimed that the relationship between a consumer's attitude and
intention is inconsistent because purchase intention for organic foods may be influenced by factors such as
price.
In the current economic recession, because of higher prices of green products compared with conventional
products, consumers become more price-sensitive when purchasing green products ([32] Mandese, 1991). If
consumers perceive that they cannot afford organic personal care products at a higher price, they may choose
not to purchase them even though they have positive attitudes toward buying the products. That is, positive
attitudes toward buying organic skin and hair care products may not always lead to intention to purchase the
products. Accordingly, it is expected that the positive relationship between attitude and intention may be
moderated by the degree of perceived behavioral control and hence, hypothesis 8 is proposed as follows:
H8 . The greater perceived behavioral control is, the stronger the positive relationship between attitude and
intention to buy organic skin/hair care products.
3. Method
A California company specializing in online marketing research recruited online participants for this study. A
quota sample was used in terms of age (18 years or older) and residence in the USA. Of the 207 responses
collected, 202 valid responses were used for the empirical analysis. 53.5 percent of the respondents were
females and the mean age was 44.3 years.
3.1 Measures
Based on market share reports and store observations, the most available product from the skin care category
and the hair care category were chosen as targets for the questionnaire: organic body lotion and organic
shampoo. The survey questionnaire included questions on consumer values, the TPB constructs, and
consumers' past experiences and they were measured on a seven-point scale. Questions on demographic and
socioeconomic characteristics were also included.
Health consciousness (HC)
Five items (e.g. "I reflect on my health a lot") were assessed; four items ( =0.92) were adapted from [20] Gould
(1990) and one items were adapted from [8] Cash and Labarge (1996).
Environmental consciousness (EC)
Three items ( =0.80) were chosen from [31] Maloney and Ward (1973) (e.g. "When I think of the ways
industries are polluting the environment, I get frustrated and angry").
Appearance consciousness (AC)
Four items (e.g. "What I look like is an important part of who I am," "I'm usually aware of my appearance") were
assessed; three items ( =0.84) were adapted from [8] Cash and Labarge (1996) and one item was chosen
from [19] Fenigstein et al. (1975).
Attitude (ATT)
Four items were measured using the scale adapted from [14] Conner et al. (1999), which reported a reliability of
=0.75. Each item (e.g. "For me buying organic body lotion/shampoo would be") was measured on a seven-
point semantic differential scale (e.g. bad/good, unpleasant/pleasant).
Subjective norm (SN)
Four items (e.g. "People who influence my decisions would approve of me buying organic body
lotion/shampoo") were measured; two items were adapted from [5] Bansal and Taylor (2002) and another two

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items were adapted from [28] Lin (2007).
Perceived behavioral control (PBC)
Three items were measured on a seven-point scale adapted from [3] Ajzen (2002) and [5] Bansal and Taylor
(2002). Respondents were asked about perceived capability (e.g. "I believe that I have the resources and the
ability to buy organic body lotion/shampoo").
Past experiences (PE)
One item was measured (e.g. "please report the number of organic products purchased in the past three
month").
Purchase intention (PI)
Strength of participant intention to buy organic skin/hair care products was assessed with three items (e.g. "It is
likely that I will purchase organic body lotion/shampoo," "If organic body lotion/shampoo is available, I buy it").
Two items ( =0.96) were adapted from [35] Michaelidou and Hassan (2008), and one item was adapted from
[28] Lin (2007).
4. Results
4.1 Preliminary analysis
Two product categories, organic shampoo and organic body lotion were used for this study. Thus, prior to
hypothesis testing, a paired-sample t -test was conducted to examine whether significant differences in ATT and
PI existed between the two products. The results of the t-test revealed that there were no differences in ATT (t
(201)=-1.72, p =0.09) and PI (t (201)=-1.63, p =0.10) between the two products. Therefore, the data for these
two products were combined to test hypotheses.
To assess unidimensionality of each construct in the model, an exploratory factor analysis was conducted. All
items were factor loaded, ranging from 0.80 to 0.98 and each factors with an eigenvalue greater than 1.0
accounted for 68.67 percent to 95.65 percent of the variance.
4.2 Test of the hypotheses
First, to test the relationship between consumer values and attitude toward buying organic shampoo and body
lotion (H1 -H3 ), multiple regression analysis was performed (see Table I [Figure omitted. See Article Image.]).
The regression model that predicted ATT from HC, EC, and AC was statistically significant, F (3, 198)=36.62, p
<.001, R2 =0.36. HC did not influence ATT when the effects of the other two predictors were considered (
=0.15, p =0.08) even though the result was significant, F (1, 200)=43.98, p <0.001 when simple regression was
conducted. Thus, H1 was not fully supported. However, EC ( =0.46, p <0.001) and AC (= 0.16, p =0.04)
positively influence ATT. Thus, H2 and H3 were supported.
Second, hierarchical multiple regression analysis was conducted to test the TPB model with inclusion of PE (H4
-H7 ) and the moderating effect of PBC on the ATT-PI relationship (H8 ) (see Table II [Figure omitted. See
Article Image.]). The independent variables were entered in three steps. At step 1, inclusion of ATT, SN, and
PBC explained 64 percent of the variance in PI, F (3, 197)=114.48, p <0.001. The results showed ATT ( =0.39,
p <0.001), SN ( =0.31, p <0.001), and PBC ( =0.19, p =0.00) were positively related to PI, which supported
H4 -H6 . At step 2, the addition of PE was related to a significant improvement in the variance explained (R2
=0.02, Fchange =14.08, p <0.001), and the results revealed a significant relationship between PE and PI,
change
=0.22, p <0.001. Thus, H7 was supported. At step 3, before conducting the regression analysis, two variables
(ATT and PBC) were standardized to produce revised sample means of zero to reduce the problems of
multicollinearity. The addition of the interaction term accounted for a further 3 percent of the variance in PI ( F
=16.95, p <.001), indicating that the ATT-PI relationship is moderated by PBC. Thus, H8 was supported.
change
The final model with all variables under consideration accounted for 69 percent of the variance in purchase
intention toward organic shampoo and body lotion, F (5, 195)=85.64, p <0.001.
5. Discussion
Turning first to the findings of the relationship between consumer values and attitude, environmental

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consciousness and appearance consciousness rather health consciousness were found to be important in
predicting consumers' attitudes toward organic personal care products. This result provides a difference in
consumer purchase behavior regarding organic foods and organic personal care products. Moreover, the
results showed that all TPB predictors are significantly correlated with purchase intention for organic personal
care products. The findings of this research revealed that an individual's past experiences with other organic
products have a significant impact on purchase intention for organic personal care products, which provides
evidence that an organic lifestyle is reflected in an individual's consumption pattern. Furthermore, this study
extended an application of the TPB by examining the moderating influence of perceived behavioral control on
the relationship between attitude toward buying organic personal care products and purchase intention for them.

Based on the findings of this study and the study's limitations, several suggestions for future research are
made. First, although an online survey provided the sample from various geographic locations in the USA, only
people who had access to a computer and the internet were able to participate in this study. Thus, future
research could use both methods, an online and offline survey such as a mall-intercept method, to compensate
for the weakness of each method. Second, the findings of this study may not be applicable to other product
categories of organic personal care products or to other organic products even though the results revealed
there were no product differences in attitude and intention between the two products. Therefore, further study
needs to obtain greater generalizability with a variety of product categories. Finally, it would also be valuable to
explore the factors that influence consumers' attitudes and purchase intentions toward stores offering organic
products. Future research might help organic product retailers understand how consumer values influence
attitude toward the stores. It could suggest that establishing a positive attitude toward stores might play an
important role in increasing consumers' store purchases as well as enhancing store preferences.
6. Managerial implications
This research provides valuable insights for organic personal care product retailers and manufacturers by
indicating attitude is the most important determinant of purchase intention among the four predictors.
The findings of this study suggest that creating a positive attitude toward buying organic personal care products
may be a significant consideration for retailers to increase consumers' purchase intentions for the products. As
a result, this study suggests that retailers develop effective marketing strategies emphasizing ecological beauty
or product safety to satisfy the values of potential consumers. In addition, this research shows the significant
moderating role of perceived behavioral control on the relationship between attitude and purchase intention and
hence, it suggests that retailers might try to change consumers' perceptions of higher prices to affordable prices
using marketing strategies (e.g. discount, advertisement, new product development), which would make
consumers believe that they are capable to buy organic personal care products. Furthermore, over 70 percent
of respondents who had experiences with organic products have purchased organic foods. The findings of this
study suggest that organic personal care product retailers might attract potential consumers by displaying their
products near the organic food sections at a grocery store. Or organic personal care product retailers might
develop combined management activities called co-marketing with organic food product retailers.
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35-55.
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Appendix
Corresponding author
Jae-Eun Chung can be contacted at: chung.362@osu.edu
Executive summary and implications for managers and executives
This summary has been provided to allow managers and executives a rapid appreciation of the content of the
article. Those with a particular interest in the topic covered may then read the article in toto to take advantage of
the more comprehensive description of the research undertaken and its results to get the full benefit of the
material present. Rising concern for environmental protection has impacted on consumer attitudes and
behaviors around much of the world. In the USA, for example, this eco-friendly outlook has spread to various
product categories such as electronics, laundry detergents and personal care items. The latter accounts for a
significant share of sales in the country's organic industry and green consumerism is considered a likely factor
in this development.
Existing US research has to date been mainly concerned with marketing strategies. When the focus has been
on consumer attitudes and behaviors, studies have largely related to organic food and were carried out in other
nations. One significant finding to emerge from relevant earlier work is that consumer values, past experiences
and perceived behavior control function as key antecedents to attitude and purchase intention.
The potential impact of personal values on consumer activities is well documented. Values determine goals and
standards and provide a structure to an individual's life. People are therefore guided by their values and will
often seek to engage in consumption behaviors that comply with them.
Kim and Chung acknowledge that differences exist between organic food and organic personal care products.
However, they argue that similar values will shape consumer behaviors within both of these product categories.
In relation to the present study, it is consequently proposed that the purchase of organic skin and hair care
products will be influenced by:
- Health consciousness . Consumers high in this value will seek to engage in activities that promote and
maintain a healthy life. This is likely to inspire a search for products containing ingredients considered beneficial
to the body and skin.
- Environmental consciousness . The emphasis here is on buying products that will not damage the
environment. In response to such consumer concerns, the personal care industry has developed products

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containing no pesticides or synthetic chemicals. Manufacturers have also ended the practice of animal testing in
recognition of the significant influence environmental consciousness exercises on consumer purchase decisions
for organic products.
- Appearance consciousness . A predominance of this value results in strong interest in products that can
express or enhance the image of the consumer, such as helping them achieve a more youthful appearance.
Those who place significance on how they look are likely to see chemical-free products as being more likely to
help them achieve their image goals.
Based on current knowledge, other factors may influence consumer behavior in relation to organic skin and hair
care products. These include:
- Attitude . Plenty evidence suggests that individuals will be more inclined to engage in a certain activity when
they are favorable towards it. This link between attitude and behavioral intention has been found in a variety of
cultures and product categories, including organic foods.
- Subjective norms . Consumers often feel pressured to act in a certain way that is determined by significant
others such as peers. This pressure has been found in studies relating to skin care activities, thus strengthening
the connection between subjective norms and purchase intention.
- Perceived behavioral control . This refers to how much control consumers they have in their purchase
decisions. Behavioral intention can increase, for instance, when someone has the necessary resources like time
and money to engage in a certain activity.
- Past experience with organic products . It has been widely claimed that previous experiences can help predict
future behavioral intentions. Research has indicated that this factor might be even more significant where green
consumption is concerned. Previous experience can determine how products are evaluated and purchase
intention in relation to them.
Furthermore, analysts point out the potential influence of a challenging economic situation. Specifically, it is
suggested that certain consumers could become more price sensitive in such a climate and might therefore not
purchase green products even when their attitude towards them is positive.
Kim and Chung explored these issues in an online study of US residents aged 18 years or older. The study
yielded 202 usable replies, with just over half of the respondents being female. Mean age was 44.3 years. The
survey concerned customer values and the various factors previously identified in relation to organic body lotion
and organic shampoo. Data for the two products was combined for hypotheses testing because preliminary
research showed no difference in attitude or purchase intention where each was concerned. Demographic and
socioeconomic information was also sought by the researchers.
In relation to consumer values, findings indicated that:
- Attitude towards buying organic skin and hair care products was positively influenced by both environmental
consciousness and appearance consciousness.
- The expectation that health consciousness would have a similar impact was partially supported.
- Consumer attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control and past experiences with other organic
products will positively impact on purchase intention towards organic hair and skin products.
Correlation between the strength of perceived behavioral control and the strength of the positive relationship
between attitude and purchase intention was also found.
The lower significance of the health consciousness value in predicting consumer attitude was seen to indicate a
difference between organic food and organic care products. On the contrary, the importance of past experience
with other organic products suggests that individuals who chose an organic lifestyle will be consistent in their
consumption behavior.
In this study, attitude proved to be the most significant factor in shaping purchase intention. Kim and Chung
therefore believe that marketing which incorporates a focus on ecological beauty or personal safety might prove
most effective. Given the apparent moderating effect of perceived behavioral control, they also recommend

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efforts to change consumer perceptions about price so that organic personal care products appear more
affordable. The study revealed that a high percentage of respondents with previous experience of organic
products had purchased organic food. Retailers might therefore position organic care products close to the
organic food section. Another idea is to develop joint marketing activities with organic food retailers.
Future research might consider incorporating both online and offline methods and to consider other organic care
products or organic products in general. How consumers relate to stores offering organic goods is also worthy
of investigation. Identifying key factors could help develop positive attitudes towards the store and increase the
number of purchases made. (A prcis of the article "Consumer purchase intention for organic personal care
products". Supplied by Marketing Consultants for Emerald.)
AuthorAffiliation
Hee Yeon Kim, Department of Consumer Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
Jae-Eun Chung, Department of Consumer Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
Illustration
Figure 1: Research framework
Table I: Multiple regression analysis predicting attitude toward buying organic personal care products
Table II: Hierarchical regression analysis predicting purchase intention for organic personal care products

Subject: Consumer behavior; Value analysis; Buying; Hygiene; Health & beauty aids; Analysis; Studies;

Classification: 7100: Market research; 2600: Management science/operations research; 8642: Cosmetics
industry; 9130: Experimental/theoretical

Publication title: The Journal of Consumer Marketing

Volume: 28

Issue: 1

Pages: 40-47

Publication year: 2011

Publication date: 2011

Year: 2011

Publisher: Emerald Group Publishing, Limited

Place of publication: Santa Barbara

Country of publication: United Kingdom

Publication subject: Business And Economics--Marketing And Purchasing

ISSN: 07363761

Source type: Scholarly Journals

Language of publication: English

Document type: Feature

Document feature: Diagrams Tables References

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/07363761111101930

ProQuest document ID: 846767524

Document URL: http://search.proquest.com/docview/846767524?accountid=38885

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Copyright: Copyright Emerald Group Publishing Limited 2011

Last updated: 2011-06-23

Database: ProQuest Research Library

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