1.

INTRODUCTION TO 8085

INTEL 8085 is one of the most popular 8-bit microprocessor capable of

addressing 64 KB of memory and its architecture is simple. The device has 40
pins, requires +5 V power supply and can operate with 3MHz single phase
clock.

ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit):

The 8085A has a simple 8-bit ALU and it works in coordination with the
accumulator, temporary registers, 5 flags and arithmetic and logic circuits.
ALU has the capability of performing several mathematical and logical
operations. The temporary registers are used to hold the data during an
arithmetic and logic operation. The result is stored in the accumulator and the
flags are set or reset according to the result of the operation. The flags are
affected by the arithmetic and logic operation. They are as follows:

Sign flag
After the execution of the arithmetic - logic operation if the
bit D7 of the result is 1, the sign flag is set. This flag is used with
signed numbers. If it is 1, it is a negative number and if it is 0, it is a
positive number.

Zero flag
The zero flag is set if the ALU operation results in zero. This
flag is modified by the result in the accumulator as well as in other
registers.

Auxillary carry flag

In an arithmetic operation when a carry is generated by digit
D3 and passed on to D4, the auxillary flag is set.

Parity flag
After arithmetic logic operation, if the result has an even
number of 1s the flag is set. If it has odd number of 1s it is reset.

Carry flag
 If an arithmetic operation results in a carry, the carry flag is
set. The carry flag also serves as a borrow flag for subtraction.

Timing and control unit

This unit synchronizes all the microprocessor operation with a clock and
generates the control signals necessary for communication between the
microprocessor and peripherals. The control signals RD (read) and WR (write)
indicate the availability of data on the data bus.

Instruction register and decoder

The instruction register and decoder are part of the ALU. When an
instruction is fetched from memory it is loaded in the instruction register. The
decoder decodes the instruction and establishes the sequence of events to
follow.

Register array

The 8085 has six general purpose registers to store 8-bit data during
program execution. These registers are identified as B, C, D, E, H and L. they
can be combined as BC, DE and HL to perform 16-bit operation.

Accumulator

Accumulator is an 8-bit register that is part of the ALU. This register is

used to store 8-bit data and to perform arithmetic and logic operation. The
result of an operation is stored in the accumulator.

Program counter

The program counter is a 16-bit register used to point to the memory

address of the next instruction to be executed.
Stack pointer

It is a 16-bit register which points to the memory location in R/W memory,

called the Stack.

Communication lines

8085 microprocessor performs data transfer operations using three

communication lines called buses. They are address bus, data bus and control
bus.

Address bus it is a group of 16-bit lines generally identified as A 0

A15. The address bus is unidirectional i.e., the bits flow in one
direction from microprocessor to the peripheral devices. It is
capable of addressing 216 memory locations.
Data bus it is a group of 8 lines used for data flow and it is
bidirectional. The data ranges from 00 FF.
Control bus it consist of various single lines that carry
synchronizing signals. The microprocessor uses such signals for
timing purpose.
 2(A). 8 BIT DATA ADDITION

AIM:

To add two 8 bit numbers stored at consecutive memory locations.

ALGORITHM:

1. Initialize memory pointer to data location.

2. Get the first number from memory in accumulator.
3. Get the second number and add it to the accumulator.
4. Store the answer at another memory location.

RESULT:

Thus the 8 bit numbers stored at 4500 &4501 are added and the result stored at 4502 & 4503.
 START

[C] 00H

[HL] 4500H

FLOW CHART:

Is there a
Carry ?

STOP
 NO

YES
PROGRAM:

ADDRES OPCOD LABEL MNEMONICS OPERAND COMMENT

S E

4100 START MVI C, 00 Clear C reg.

4101

4102 LXI H, 4500 Initialize HL reg. to

4103 4500
4104

4105 MOV A, M Transfer first data to

accumulator

4106 INX H Increment HL reg.

to point next
memory Location.

4107 ADD M Add first number to

acc. Content.

4108 JNC L1 Jump to location if

result does not yield
4109
carry.
410A

410B INR C Increment C reg.

410C L1 INX H Increment HL reg.

to point next
memory Location.

410D MOV M, A Transfer the result

from acc. to
memory.

410E INX H Increment HL reg. to

point next memory
Location.

410F MOV M, C Move carry to

memory

4110 HLT Stop the program

OBSERVATION:

INPUT OUTPUT

4500 4502

4501 4503

2(B). 8 BIT DATA SUBTRACTION

AIM:

To Subtract two 8 bit numbers stored at consecutive memory locations.

ALGORITHM:

1. Initialize memory pointer to data location.

2. Get the first number from memory in accumulator.
3. Get the second number and subtract from the accumulator.
4. If the result yields a borrow, the content of the acc. is complemented and 01H is added
to it (2s complement). A register is cleared and the content of that reg. is incremented
in case there is a borrow. If there is no borrow the content of the acc. is directly taken
as the result.
5. Store the answer at next memory location.

RESULT:
Thus the 8 bit numbers stored at 4500 &4501 are subtracted and the result stored at 4502 &
4503.

START

FLOW CHART:

Is there a
Borrow ?

Complement [A]
Add 01H to [A]

STOP
 NO

YES
PROGRAM:

ADDRES OPCOD LABEL MNEMONICS OPERAND COMMENT

S E

4100 START MVI C, 00 Clear C reg.

4102

4102 LXI H, 4500 Initialize HL reg. to

4103 4500
4104

4105 MOV A, M Transfer first data to

accumulator

4106 INX H Increment HL reg. to

point next mem.
Location.

4107 SUB M Subtract first

number from acc.
Content.

4108 JNC L1 Jump to location if

result does not yield
4109
borrow.
410A

410B INR C Increment C reg.

410C CMA Complement the

Acc. content

410D ADI 01H Add 01H to content

of acc.
410E

410F L1 INX H Increment HL reg. to

point next mem.
Location.

4110 MOV M, A Transfer the result

from acc. to
 memory.

4111 INX H Increment HL reg. to

point next mem.
Location.

4112 MOV M, C Move carry to mem.

4113 HLT Stop the program

OBSERVATION:

INPUT OUTPUT

4500 4502

4501 4503
 3(A). 8 BIT DATA MULTIPLICATION

AIM:

To multiply two 8 bit numbers stored at consecutive memory locations and store the
result in memory.

ALGORITHM:

LOGIC: Multiplication can be done by repeated addition.

1. Initialize memory pointer to data location.

2. Move multiplicand to a register.
3. Move the multiplier to another register.
4. Clear the accumulator.
5. Add multiplicand to accumulator
6. Decrement multiplier
7. Repeat step 5 till multiplier comes to zero.
8. The result, which is in the accumulator, is stored in a memory location.

RESULT:

Thus the 8-bit multiplication was done in 8085p using repeated addition method.

FLOW CHART:

START
 [HL]
4500

B M

[HL] [HL]+1

A 00

C 00

[A] [A] +[M]

Is there any carry

NO
 YES

C C+1

B B-1

IS B=0
NO

YES

STOP
PROGRAM:

ADDRES OPCOD LABEL MNEMONICS OPERAND COMMENT

S E

4100 START LXI H, 4500 Initialize HL reg. to

4101 4500
4102

4103 MOV B, M Transfer first data to

reg. B

4104 INX H Increment HL reg.

to point next mem.
Location.

4105 MVI A, 00H Clear the acc.

4106

4107 MVI C, 00H Clear C reg for carry

4108

4109 L1 ADD M Add multiplicand

multiplier times.

410A JNC NEXT Jump to NEXT if

there is no carry
410B

410C

410D INR C Increment C reg

410E NEXT DCR B Decrement B reg

410F JNZ L1
 4110 Jump to L1 if B is not
zero.
4111

4112 INX H Increment HL reg. to

point next mem.
Location.

4113 MOV M, A Transfer the result

from acc. to
memory.

4114 INX H Increment HL reg. to

point next mem.
Location.

4115 MOV M, C Transfer the result

from C reg. to
memory.

4116 HLT Stop the program

OBSERVATION:

INPUT OUTPUT

4500 4502

4501 4503

3(B). 8 BIT DIVISION

AIM:

To divide two 8-bit numbers and store the result in memory.

ALGORITHM:

LOGIC: Division is done using the method Repeated subtraction.

1. Load Divisor and Dividend
2. Subtract divisor from dividend
3. Count the number of times of subtraction which equals the quotient
4. Stop subtraction when the dividend is less than the divisor .The dividend now
becomes the remainder. Otherwise go to step 2.
5. stop the program execution.
RESULT:

Thus an ALP was written for 8-bit division using repeated subtraction method and
executed using 8085 p kits