CHEMISTRY LABORATORY

REPORT
Experiment 4: CHEMICAL
EQUILIBRIUM

To: Instructor: PhD Hoang Le Son

From: Do Truong Anh Thu - Student ID: BTBCIU14046

Subject: General Chemistry Laboratory

Date: October 12th, 2015

I. INTRODUCTION

This experiment tells us the way to identify and observe the change of the reversible
reaction at equilibrium when applying stresses and explain those changes by the Le
Chateliers Principle. When the rate of the forward backward reaction becomes equal to
the rate of backward reaction, the reversible is at equilibrium. If a system at equilibrium
is subjected to a change of pressure, temperature of the concentration of the components,
there will be a tendency for the net reaction in the direction that against the effect of this
change (Le Chateliers Principle).

II. PROCEDURE

A. Instruments:

One 50 mL buret Two test tube holders

One 10 mL pipet One test tube rack

One 50 mL graduated cylinder One medicine dropper

Two 250 mL beakers Ice bath

Two 150 mL beakers Water bath

One stirring rod Label

Twenty test tubes

 B. Experimental Procedure:

1. System 1: Acid/ base equilibrium

Add 10 drops of concentrated HCl in to a clean test tube which has 10 drops of 0.5 M K2CrO4.
Record your observation.

After that, add more 5 drops of 6N NaOH. Observe the change of color.

2. System 2: Equilibrium of acid/ base indicators

Add 20ml of distilled water into a clean test tube which has 2 drops of methyl violet,
mix them well. The solution was divided into 2 test tubes.

- Test tube 1 was added nothing.

- Test tube 2:

+ Add the 6 M HCl solution drop wise until further addition results in no significant
change. Observe the change.

+ Add the 6 M NaOH solution drop wise untill further addition results in no color
change. Observe the change.

+ Again add the 6 M HCl solution drop wise until further addition results in no
sinificant change. Observe the change.

3. System 3: Complex ion formation

Preparation of iron (III) thiocyanate solution: in a 150 mL beaker, place 10 mL of 0.1

M FeCl3 and 10 mL of 0.1 M KSCN, and then add 50 mL of distilled water, mix
well. Divide the solution evenly among 6 similarly-sized test tube (#1-7)

- Test tube #1: (control) add nothing

- Test tube #2: add 2 mL of 0.1 M FeCl3 to the solution. Observe the change.

- Test tube #3: add 2 mL of 0.1 M KSCN to the solution. Observe the change.

- Test tube #4: add 10 drops of 6 M NAOH to the solution. Describe the change in the
solution.
 - Test tube #5: cool the test tube in an ice bath.

- Test tube #6: warm the test tube in a hot water bath. Compare the intensity of the color in
test tube #1 (control- room temperature), #5 (cold) and #6 (hot).

- Test tube #7: add 0.1 M AgNO3 solution drop by drop untill all the color disappears.
Record observations.

4. System 4: Equilibrium of precipitation reactions

5 mL of 0.05 M CaCl2 were put into each of the two test tubes labeled #1 and #2.

- Test tube #1: add 1 mL of 0.1 M Na2C2O4 solution. Observe the change.

- Test tube #2:

+ Add 1 mL of 0.1 M H2C2O4. Observe the change, comparing to the test tube #1

+ Add 10 drops of 6 M HCl. Observe the change.

+ Add 10 drops of 6 M NH4OH. Observe the change.

5. System 5: Temperature effects on equilibria.

3 mL of 0.1 M CoCl2 was put into a 150 mL beaker. Add concentrated HCl drop wise
until the solution turns a purple-violet color. If the system turns a deep blue,
indicating too much chloride, discard the solution and star again.

Divide the solution equally into three test tubes labeled #1-3.

- Test tube #1: (control) keep at room temperature.

- Test tube #2: place in a hot water bath. Observe the change.

- Test tube #3: place in an ice-water bath. Observe the change.

Switch test tube 2 & 3. Observe the change. Allow them both to cool to room temperature.
Compare to the control.
III. DATA AND DISCUSSION

1. ACID/BASE EQUILIBRIA

Equilibrium System:

2CrO42 + 2H+(aq) Cr2O72 + H2O(l)

Description of Predicted Observation Explanation

conditions outcome

Initial solution
The color does The color is still yellow The reaction is in equilibrium
not change

+ Conc. HCl The color The color changes from yellow The concentration of the
changes to to orange reactant (H+) increases, so the
orange rate of forward reaction
increases. The reaction shifts to
the right, and produces more
Cr2O72- (orange)

+ 6 N NaOH The color The color changes from orange The concentration of the
changes back to yellow product (OH-) increases, so the
to the initial rate of backward reaction
color increases. The reaction shifts to
the left and produces more
CrO42- (yellow)
 2. EQUILIBRIA OF ACID/BASE INDICATORS

Equilibrium System:

H(MV)(aq) + H2O(l) H3O+(aq) + MV(aq)

Addition Predicted Observation Explanation

outcome

None The color does The color is still violet

(control) not change

6 M HCl The color The color changes from violet to The concentration of H+
changes blue, from blue to green increases and the reaction
shifts to the left.

6 M NaOH The color The color changes from green to The OH- of NaOH reacts with
changes to violet H+ so the concentration of H+
violet in the solution decrease so the
reaction shifts to the right.
6 M HCl The color The color changes from violet to The concentration of H+
changes green increases again when adding
HCl into the solution, and the
reaction shifts to the left.

3. COMPLEX ION FORMATION

Equilibrium System:

Fe3+ + SCN [FeNCS] 2+

(Pale yellow) (Clear) (Red)

Addition Predicted Observation Explanation

outcome

None The color does The color is still orange The reaction is at equilibrium
(control) not change

0.01M FeCl3 The color The color changes from orange When increasing [Fe3+] by
changes to red to light red adding FeCl3, the system shifts
to the right and [FeNCS]2+
increases.

0.01 M KSCN The color The color changes from orange When increasing [SCN-] by
changes to red to darker orange adding FeCl3, the system shifts
to the right and [FeNCS]2+
increases.

6M NaOH The color The color changes from orange When adding NaOH into the
changes to solution, OH- reacts with Fe3+
 yellow to pale yellow to form the precipitate, so the
concentration of Fe3+ decreases
and the system shifts to the left

Cold The color The color changes from orange This system is exothermal
changes to red to darker orange reaction, when the temperature
decreases, the system shifts to
the right and increasing
[FeNCS]2+

Hot The color The color changes from orange When the temperature
changes to to pale yellow increases, the system shifts to
yellow the left and increasing [Fe3+] &
[SCN-]

0.1M AgNO3 The white Formation of white precipitate Occurring the reaction: Ag+ +
precipitate and white solution SCN- AgSCN (white) The
appears system shifts to the left due to
the decrease of [SCN-]

4. EQUILIBRIA OF PRECIPITATION REACTIONS

Equilibrium System:

Ca2+(aq) + C2O42(aq) CaC2O4(s)

Addition Predicted Observation Explanation

outcome
 Na2C2O4 2Na+ + C2O42-
0.1 M White Formation of white precipitate
Na2C2O4 precipitate and liquid becomes colorless C2O42- + Ca2+ CaC2O4

The system shifts to the right.

0.1 M White Formation of white precipitate H2C2O4 2H- + C2O42-

H2C2O4 precipitate and liquid has light white color
The concentration of C2O42-
increase and the reaction shifts
to the right

6 M HCl
Precipitate is The color changes from light H+ from HCl reacts with C2O42-
dissolved white to colorless to form H2C2O4, so the [C2O42-]
decreases and the system shifts
to the left

6 M NH4OH White Formation of white precipitate OH- form NH4OH reacts with
precipitate and white liquid Ca2+ to form white precipitate
Ca(OH)2, so the [Ca2+]
decreases and the reactions
shifts to the left
 5. TEMPERATURE EFFECTS ON EQUILIBRIA

Equilibrium System:

Co(H2O)6 2+(aq) + 4Cl(aq) CoCl4 2(aq) + 6H2O(l)

(pink) (deep blue)

Description Predicted Observation Explanation

of conditions outcome

Nothing
changed The color is The color changes to violet The Cl- adding from HCl is not
pink enough for the system so the
solution turns to violet

Hot water
bath The color is The color changes to blue This system is endothermal
blue reactions, when increasing
temperature the reaction shifts
to the right and the CoCl42
increases

Ice-water
The color is The color changes to pink When decreasing temperature
 bath
pink the reaction shifts to the left
and the Co(H2O)62+ increases

IV. CONCLUSION:

During 5 equilibrium systems above in this experiment, when we applying stresses in each of
reaction, the reaction will shift to the direction that reduce the effect of this change according to
the Le Chateliers principle. If we know the right direction of reaction, we can control, raise of
reduce the products as the way we want.