TV DRAMA

REVISION
BOOKLET

Use this booklet to help you revise all the things you need to analyse in the TV
drama section of the exam, all the different social groups that you could be
asked to look at, and all the key words / terminology.

If you have any questions dont hesitate to come and see us or email us
 CAMERA TERMINOLOGY

Aerial shot (or crane): a view from directly overhead to afford a clear view
sometimes used to emphasize the spectacle. A crane shot is usually necessary to
achieve this (sometimes called a birds eye shot)

Canted Angle A shot which is tilted to one side. This is often used to create a
feeling of disorientation.

Close up (and variations): close ups, including extreme, big and medium close ups,
are used to draw the viewer closer and to involve them in what is happening; they
also used to observe reactions and emotions, such is happiness, elation or tension.
These shot often used to privilege the protagonist over other characters and position
the audience with him or her

Crab Shot: a type of shot which involves the camera being placed in a confined
space. e.g. A shot taken from inside a cupboard is the subject opens the cupboard
door.

Crane Shot (or Aerial): a type of shot in which a camera is positioned on a specially
designed crane, which can be raised and lowered and will. A crane shot is a high-
angle shot but the versatility of the equipment allows a director to start a shot from a
high-angle and then swoop down toward the subject at ground level.

Deep Focus: a camera technique that allows objects both near and far from the
camera to be in focus at the same time.
Establishing shot: the shot (usually wide or long), often used at the start of a
programme or film, a new section of a programme or at the start of a new scene to
establish the relationship between the set/location and the characters and to show
the whole view

Hand-Held shot: A shot filmed with the camera not on a trpid but instead held by
the camera man, often whilst walking. This makes the shots seem quite shaky. This
can make the audience feel the scene is more realistic, or can make us feel like we
are part of the action

Head-On Shot: for a type of shot in which the action comes directly toward the
camera. Head-On shots are often used in war or action movies to enhance the
sense of involvement and excitement of the audience, for example, charging cavalry
may be directed at the camera.

High angle: to provide a view from above the subject(s), often making the subject
look vulnerable, isolated or powerless. This is sometimes combined with a crane
shot into a closer shot of the subject(s).

Long Shot: a distance shot where the camera is a long way from the subjects being
filmed. A long shot can be effective as an establishing shot that sets the scene for
the action and roles in the viewer.

Loose Frame Describes a shot where there is a lot of room around an object or
person. Usually used to show them as being alone or isolated or unimportant.

Low-Angle Shot: a shot where the camera approaches a subject from below eye
level. A Low-Angle shot can emphasize the size of the object being filmed and add
to a point of view perspective. It can make the character shown seem big and
powerful and it can make us or the character we are seeing through, seem small and
weak.

Master Shot: a camera shot used at the beginning of a sequence to establish the
component elements and relationships in such a way as to allow the audience to
make sense of the action follows.

Pan: camera action involving gently moving the camera 180across the subject
matter in a horizontal plane

Point-of-View Shot (POV or Subjective Filming): a camera shot taken from the
position of the subjects, used to enhance a sense of realism and audience
involvement in the action.

Pull Focus Describes a shot where one thing was on focus, and then the lens is
changed so that something else stops being blurry and becomes in focus. Often
used to show how something has become more important.
Rule Of Thirds Describes a technique used to make a shot look interesting.
Rather than placing a person or object in the middle of the frame, they are placed at
the sides, or where the lines cross on this imaginary grid.

Shallow Focus Describes a shot where an object near the front is in focus, and
everything else behind is out of focus (blurry). Often used to make one thing seem
more important.

Soft focus: in images, the use of a special lens or filter to create a hazy light around
the subject. Soft focus shots are associated with the romantic or sentimental
treatment of subject matter.

Subjective Filming (or POV): a type of shot in which the camera is positioned as if
looking at the world through the characters eyes.

Tight Frame: Describes a shot that is composed with the person or object given
very little space around them. Often used to make them seem important, or trapped.

Tilt: a camera movement that involves moving the camera vertically up and down
from a fixed position.

Tracking Shot: a camera shot in which the camera moves along rails to follow the
subject. When the rails are replaced by a moving platform on wheels, the shot is
called a dolly shot. As you wont know how this shot was filmed you can call it either
a Tracking OR a Dolly shot.
Whip Pan: a very fast pan between two or more characters all points of interest. He
gives the impression camera has been surprised by activity and is used in the place
of a more conventional cu or shot/reverse shot.

Wide shot: this can be used as an establishing shot of a set or location or to show a
large crowd of people. They can also emphasize the isolation of a single figure.

Zoom/Reverse Zoom: the adjustment of the camera lens to allow the operator
progressively to move in close off or to pull away from the subject.

180 degree Rule Where, during a scene featuring two people or more, we can
imaging an imaginary line joining those two people together. Adhering to the 180
degree rule would mean you would always ensure your camera was on one side of
that line and the camera would never be crossed to the other side. Sticking to the
180 degree rule allows the viewer to feel comfortable, helps us understand the
positioning of the characters and makes it feel like real life.

Breaking the 180 degree rule (Crossing the Line) Where, during a conversation
or a scene between two people, the camera does NOT stick to one side of the line
(see above) and crosses over at some point. This disorientates the viewer as we are
unable to work out the position of the characters within the room. It makes the scene
seem odd or strange and may reflect the feeling of the characters.
 EDITING TERMINOLOGY
Action match: A shot that cuts to another continuing a piece of action or movement
between the shots. Allows audience to see a smooth action despite a cut in the shot.
For example we might see someone shoot a gun, and the editor would perform an
action match so we then see the bullet hit someone else and they fit together
seamlessly so we see both peoples perspectives.

Continuity Editing: an editing style that aims to present the text in a chronological
manner to emphasize the real-time movement of the narrative and to create a sense
of realism for the viewer by giving the impression of continuous filming. Continuity
editing creates a narrative that approximates to the real experience of moving
through time, even though screen time usually covers a much longer period.
Audiences feel comfortable with a linear progression that reflects their everyday
experience.

Cross cutting (also known as Parallel editing) Where an editor cuts between
two separate scenes happening in two separate locations at the same time. This
serves to illustrate a contrast or a link between them. For example, cross cutting
between adults having a quiet drink in a pub, and a wild teenage party will contrast
the two age groups. Another example is in the Godfather where the editor cut back
and forth between the christening of a child in a catholic church, and the violent
killing of several men. The cross cutting in this sequence emphasises the violence
as we see it juxtaposed against childlike innocence and religion.

Cut The move from one shot to another can tell us lots of things. For example, it
can draw our attention to things. If a woman is day dreaming at her desk and the
editor cuts to a scene of a man, we can assume that she may be dreaming about
him.

Cutaway: a brief shot that is not totally necessary but is cut into a scene showing a
related action, object or person, not necessarily part of the main scene, before
cutting back to the original shot. For example a couple may be having an argument
which is the main scene but the editor may choose to include a cutaway shot of their
childs crying before cutting back to the couple arguing. This emphasises the childs
emotions and helps the audience to understand that we are to disapprove of these
peoples argument.

Dissolve - Dissolve is when the first shot is on screen and the 2 nd shot starts
appearing on top of it more and more until all you can see is the 2 nd shot. Often used
to link two scenes or two people together. Sometimes used to show time moving on
etc..

Ellipsis: the removal or shortening of elements of a narrative to speed up the action.

For example an editor might use ellipsis in a sequence about a young man taking a
drink by cutting straight to him as an old man, drunk and alone. The editor has
missed out the story in the middle to speed up the action and show us how quick this
mans life has passed.

Eyeline Match: a type of editing that maintains the eyeline or level when cutting from
a character to whats the character sees. The effect of the edit is to create a sense
that what the camera sees is what the character sees. It puts us in the position of
the characters and helps us feel empathy for them.

Fade: a type of moving image editing where the image gradually fades and
disappears, leaving a white or black screen. A fade to black often suggests that time
has passed or a situation has ended. A fade to white often suggests a dream
sequence.

Graphic match A cut from one shot to another that look visually the same
(possibly linked by a similar shape, a similar colour etc. They are there to show us a
clear link between two scenes. Often this is making a comment on the issue. For
example, a young girl playing with a red doll then is cut together using a graphic
match with a woman holding a baby dressed in red. This might suggest that the
young girl has grown up into the woman. Or it might emphasise the gender
stereotype of women looking after babies.

Jump Cuts a cut that moves to a very similar part of the same scene but missing a
piece of action out (eg a character is on one side of the room, and then is on the
other and we dont see him walking). They are often used to disorientate the viewer,
or show how disorientated a character is. For example, if a party of young people
was being shown and included lots of jump cuts, it would represent the young people
as disorientated, implying they were drunk and wild.

Linear Narrative: a sequential narrative with a beginning, a middle and an end-in

that order. Linear narratives provide a straightforward, sequential representation of
events leading to a single resolution. As such, easily accessible to audiences and
are the dominant form in mainstream media representations.

Long take: each time a shot is recorded it is called a take. A long take is one that is
allowed to remain on screen for a long duration before it is cut. Long takes are often
used to slow the pace of the scene down, making it calmer and more peaceful
Montage a montage is a series of shots edited together to show time passing and
something happening in that time. Famous examples are in Rocky where we see a
montage of shots of Rocky training and getting better and better before his fight.

Parallel Action (Cross-cutting) the narrative technique of showing two or more

scenes happening at the same time by cutting between them.

Short take: a short take is one that is allowed to remain on screen for a short time
before the editor cuts to something else. Short takes are often used to speed the
pace of the action up, making it more dramatic and exciting.

Shot / Reverse Shot cutting between two people having a conversation (rather
than including them both in one static mid shot) can help to contrast them and make
them seem different. It highlights their differences and also allows us to see the
reactions of characters.

Slow motion: used in the editing process to slow down the action for emotional or
comic effect.

Split Screen: an editing technique which involves the cinema screen being split into
two or more parts to allow the showing of events that are taking place at the same
time.

Superimpose: the appearance of writing/symbols or images on top of an image so

that both are visible at once, increasing the amount of information the viewer has in
one shot.

Visual effects depends on what it is.. Often it depends on what the characters
reactions to these special effects are. For example, a man who has no reaction to a
massive fiery explosion will seem brave and masculine. Graphics on screen (eg
numbers and facts as seen in CSI, may represent someone as intelligent or
competent in their work. Showing someone in colour when the rest of the image is
in black and white emphasises them and draws the audiences attention to them as
important.

Wipe: a moving image editing technique that involves one image wiping another off
the screen. This suggests that whatever scene / character pushes the other one off
the screen, is more important or powerful. Wipes can go left or right, up or down and
even be in shapes like stars!
 SOUND TERMINOLOGY
Ambient sound - The sounds of the location eg water noises near a river, cows
mooing in a farm etc. They tell us what kind of place we are in and if we see how
characters react to these sounds it tells us a lot. Noisy cars, horns, people, traffic
represent a region as being busy and urban and not very homely.

Asynchronous sound Asynchronous sound is where the sound is either out of

sync with the visuals or is unrelated to the visuals. Sound that is just out of sync
would make the viewer feel disorientated and would make the characters and scene
seem strange. Sound that is unrelated to the visuals may be there for emphasising
something. For example, in the Godfather film, we see a man murdering people in
cold blood, but hear the sounds of a priest christening a baby. This contrast
emphasises the loss of innocent life.

Contrapuntal sound sound or music that seems strange in comparison to the

scene we are seeing. For example in the film the Shining, during beautiful scenes of
winding roads and countryside on a sunny day, we hear quite scary ominous music.

Dialogue the words the characters say. What do the characters actually say? Do
they reveal their beliefs, or their attitudes? How do they say it? If someones voice
sounds nervous and wobbly it tells us a lot about their character. If they speak softly
it implies they are weak or emotional. If they have a deep booming voice it makes
them seem more masculine. Dont forget accents as they tell us where someone is
from and emphasise their differences from others.

Direct address (also known as breaking the 4 th wall) where the character talks
to the audience directly. Dont confuse this with a point of view shot. It is very
unusual and breaks the reality for the audience, but also helps us to see that
character as an equal, a friend, as someone to sympathise with. Often seen in
shows like Scrubs and Malcolm in the Middle.

Diegetic Sound: sound that you could hear if YOU were one of the characters
inside the scene. This include words the characters say, background noises like
traffic and crowd noise and even music IF it is heard by the characters eg at a club,
on a television etc Diegetic sound can set the mood of the piece, influence a
characters behaviour or emotions, and help the viewer to see a scene as realistic
etc

Non Diegetic Sound Other sound that the characters in the scene could not hear .
For example, a musical soundtrack, a voice over etc. Non diegetic music sets the
scene and time period as well as atmosphere. A voice over allows the audience to
hear someones thoughts and empathise with them.

Pitch Low pitch described a sound that is deep and low (eg Thunder) and high
pitch describes a sound that is higher and lighter (eg a phone ringing)
Rhythm Describes the beat of the music, whether it is fast or slow. Sound or
music with a fast rhythm is often used to increase a sense of urgency or threat.
Sound or music with a slow rhythm is often used to depict calmness and peace.
Sound or music with an irregular rhythm is used to confuse the audience and make
them feel uncomfortable.

Voice over: the use of a voice, over images, perhaps as an introduction, a linking
narrative device for or to comment on action. It allows the audience to see inside the
head of a character, helping us to empathise with them.

Sound bridge a portion of sound that covers a cut, normally to link two scenes
together. For example if you were to see a woman talking about how much she
missed her boyfriend, and her voice continued as a sound bridge on top of the shot
of him, even if just for a few seconds, it emphasises that he is the man she is talking
about. Sound bridges are often used to try and mask cuts from the audience,
making it seem more realistic.

Sound motif Hard to spot in a short clip. But this is a sound which normally
represents a certain character. For example the Da DA of the shark in the film jaws.
We associate that music with them.

Sound Effects A sound accompanying an action, sometimes musical. For

example in the film Psycho, short sharp violin noises accompany each stab of the
knife during the famous shower scene. This emphasises the violence of each
stabbing motion and makes it more dramatic.

Soundtrack: Music from a soundtrack (all the sounds) or score (just the music)
emphasises the themes and emotions of a scene or character. Think about the beat
and instruments used. For example a high energy dance track with loud crashing
tones will emphasise someones youth.. a girly soft piano music might help us to see
a woman as stereotypically delicate and feminine.

Synchronous sound - synchronous sound is sound that is in sync with the visuals
and was filmed at the same time.
 MISE-EN-SCENE TERMINOLOGY

Lighting (general) can be used to highlight important characters

High Key Lighting A bright and well lit scene with very few shadows. Often used
to make a location or character seem friendly, happy, safe.

Low key Lighting a dimly lit scene with lots of shadows. Often used to make a
location or character seem shady, untrustworthy, dangerous, unsafe.

Chiaroscuro Lighting a scene lit with extreme lighting, lots of shadows, some
very bright parts. See the effects of low key lighting. Also used to make a location or
character seem very dramatic and unusual.

Body Shape and Language the way a characters body looks and the way they
hold their body eg confident, slumping down, cowering from someone etc It tells us
what type of person they are and how they feel about others.

Facial Features and Expression the way a characters face looks and shows
emotion. For example a shocked expression, sadness, a look of love. You can also
comment on the way they look such as a interesting features such as bad teeth,
small, squinty eyes etc It tells us what type of person they are and how they feel
about others.

Props Items a character possesses or picks up eg a gun or a bunch of flowers

etc.. They can tell us lots about what type of person someone is

Costumes clothes a character is wearing. You could comment on the style,

shape, choice of item, colour, etc. They can tell us lots about a character, what type
of person they are, how they are feeling etc. For example a floaty dress might
represent someone as being traditionally girly. A policemans uniform might
represent someone as having authority and power. Baggy, shapeless clothes might
suggest someone is shy, where as tight clothing might suggest they are confident
and flirtatious.

Hair & Make Up the appearance of the hair of a character and the cosmetics a
character might be wearing such as lipstick, a skin head etc. They tell us things
about the character. For example a woman wearing very little make up might be
seen as being very naive and innocent.

Voice / Tone The way a character speaks tells us a lot. Someone who stutters
might be nervous. Someone who shouts may be angry and powerful.

Colour Colours in a scene often represent things. Red can represent anger,
passion, danger, love. Blue can seem calm and peaceful, sometimes sad. You must
pick the most appropriate meaning for the scene.
Location A place where the scene is set. A location can tell us lots about the
people in it. For example a dirty, bloodstained basement could signify that a
character was a villain or up to no good. A messy bedroom might signify that the
character who owned it was disorganised. Dont forget to look out for how a
character reacts to their location as well (eg if they are comfortable there or not)

Breaking the Fourth Wall (Direct Address) Describes a time where a character
may look directly at the camera and speak to the audience. This is highly unusual
but can be seen regularly in shows like Malcolm InThe Middle. This is designed to
emphasise that character as the most important, as powerful, and as someone we
should be siding with as it helps us feel like we are one of them and as though we
are one of their friends.
 GENERAL TERMINOLOGY

Agenda A plan or belief system within a group, normally hidden from others. For
example there is a belief that the BNP have a racist agenda.

Antagonist The leading villain in the show (or the one the protagonist has to go up
against)

Archetype A easily recognised type of character that can be found in many stories.
For example, the hero, the princess, the damsel in distress, the loyal friend, the
villain, the temptress.

Binary Opposites Two contrasting characters or scenes that are seen in one
show, that are clearly meant to be total opposites. For example there may be a
sweet innocent girl who is scared and weak, paired against an evil powerful man.
They would be binary opposite characters. Binary opposites could be concepts such
as good/evil, light/dark, male/female, old/young

Connotation Hidden Meaning. For example, the connotation of the main female

Conventional Something that is seen to be normal. So a conventional female

character would be quite weak, girly, and may be a mother or a housewife.

Dominant Ideology A set of beliefs that are widely accepted as being the most
normal, or the most accurate. For example, the dominant ideology of men is that
they are strong, brave and work to provide money for their families.

Homophobia - Actions, behaviours, feelings or words which seem to discriminate

against people because of their sexuality. This is normally because the person who
is being homophobic believes there is a difference between sexualities and thinks
that one sexuality is better than the other.

Juxtaposed Two different things placed next to each other to create meaning. For
example a shot of a baby may be juxtaposed with a shot of a funeral to emphasise
the circle of life.

Male Gaze A theory by a lady called Laura Mulvey which suggests that all media
products encourage the characters and audience to leer at and look at women.
For example, the camera angle looking down Sarahs cleavage encourages the
audience to take a male gaze over the female character

Media Language Simply means the combination of technical elements such as

camera shots, camera movement, editing, sound and mise-en-scene.

Patriarchy A type of society where men are dominant over women. Many
feminists believe that we live in a patriarchal society where women are forced to be
weaker and subservient.
Positioning how the audience are encouraged to interpret a particular situation.
For example, the audience are positioned to sympathise with the female character.

Protagonist The leading character in the show

Realist / Realism A style of tv show / film which attempts to be as realistic as

possible. For example, Shameless is considered a realist programme. Being a
realist programme doesnt necessarily mean the show IS realistic or accurate.

Racism Actions, behaviour, feelings or words which seem to discriminate against

people because of their skin colour. This is normally because the person who is
racist believes that there is a difference between people who have different skin
colours and they believe one skin colour to be better than another.

Sexism Actions, behaviours, feelings or words which seem to discriminate against

people because of their gender. This is normally because the person who is being
sexist believes there is a difference between the two genders and that one gender is
better than the other.

Stereotype An overly exaggerated representation of a type of person that is

normally negative. For example a teenage stereotype would be a hoodie wearing,
knife carrying, criminal.

Unconventional Something which is seen to not be normal. For example am

unconventional female character might be powerful, the boss of a company, and very
dominant over other characters.

Versimilitude A feeling of reality / real life created by particular elements. For

example, The series Outnumbered creates a feeling of verisimilitude for the
audience by using a real house, every day storylines that would affect an average
family, and improvised dialogue.

Xenophobia - Actions, behaviours, feelings or words which seem to discriminate

against people because of their country of origin. This is normally because the
person who is being xenophobic believes there is a difference between the countries
and that one country is better than the other
 DISABILITY ON TV
Disability tends to still be represented in terms of stereotypical characters. For
example:

Physically Disabled / Disfigured often shown as outsiders, unable to do

normal things
Mentally disabled Often shown as strange, odd, childlike, outsiders
Able Bodies / Minded often shown as normal and ideal.

Characters with disabilities are often portrayed in TV Dramas as being outsiders,

strange, unable to do everyday activities, immature, weaker than able bodied, able
minded characters, less attractive etc. Traditionally in films, villains were often given
a disability or deformity to make them seem scarier or more evil. Although our
association of disability with evil has since declined, society often still links disability
to weakness and makes disabled characters objects to pity.

If you get disability as an issue in the exam, you should be thinking about the
following things when watching the clip:

Can I identify who is able / disabled in the clip?

Are people with disabilities shown as different interests, personalities,
attitudes, behaviours from people who dont have disabilities? If so, how?
Is their disability represented as being important in their life?
Are people without disabilities represented stereotypically as being normal /
better / more powerful? If so, how?
Are people with disabilities represented stereotypically as being abnormal
/weak/ pathetic? If so, how?
How do other characters in the clip treat the characters with disability?
What is the message the clip is trying to portray about sexuality?
Dont ignore the able bodied characters as they need to be analysed too!
 ETHNICITY ON TV
The representation of people from different ethnicities has changed massively over
the years. This is probably because the population in Britain has become much
more diverse recently and current society is much more used to mixing with people
from all different cultures and backgrounds.

Here are some examples of very negative generic stereotypes that used to be seen
(and in some case still are) in film and tv:

White people often shown as good, pure, heroes, strong, or sometimes

racist
Black people often shown as exotic, strange, tribal, criminal, poor
Asian people (Chinese, Korean etc) often shown mainly as intelligent,
submissive (quiet and shy), nerdy, interested in technology
Indian people often shown as being poor, living in large families, very
traditional, working in corner shops
Middle Eastern people (arabs etc) often shown as being terrorists, violent,
aggressive, rich
Immigrants often shown as being a drain on society, criminals, illegal, bad
for Britain, taking British jobs

People often note that in TV drama, people from particular ethnicities have storylines
that all centre around their culture. For example, Indian characters often battle with
the clash between British culture and their traditional culture eg: arranged marriages
etc. They rarely have storylines that dont have something to do with their ethnicity.
People also have commented that often people from minority ethnic groups (eg non
white) are often portrayed in a very negative way.

If you get ethnicity as an issue in the exam, you should be thinking about the
following things when watching the clip:

Can I identify what ethnicities people are?

Are people from different ethnic backgrounds shown as different interests,
personalities, attitudes, behaviours? If so, how?
Is their ethnicity represented as being important in their life?
Are people from particular ethnicities portrayed as being better, more
powerful, than others?
Are people from particular ethnicities portrayed as being abnormal /weaker/
more pathetic than others?
How do other characters in the clip treat the characters from different ethnic
backgrounds?
What is the message the clip is trying to portray about ethnicity?
Dont ignore the white characters as they need to be analysed too!
 SEXUALITY ON TV

Sexuality tends to still be represented in terms of stereotypical characters. For

example:

Gay Men camp, feminine, funny, outrageous OR very attractive, and sleep
around
Lesbian Women Butch, manly, blunt, man haters

Despite changing equality laws and a wider acceptance of different sexualities within
much of society, TV has always remained quite conservative as they are scared of
offending their viewers. Heterosexual (straight) characters are represented as the
norm and homosexual (gay) characters are often represented as being different,
strange, or separate from mainstream society. Some critics say that when TV does
feature gay characters, they are never just characters that happen to be gay. Their
sexuality always plays a key part in their storylines and they dont seem to have any
issues outside of their sexuality.

If you get sexuality as an issue in the exam, you should be thinking about the
following things when watching the clip:

Can I identify what the sexualities of the characters are?

Are people of different sexualities shown as having different interests,
personalities, attitudes, behaviours? If so, how?
Is their sexuality represented as being important in their life?
Are particular sexualities represented as being normal / powerful / better? If
so, how?
Are particular sexualities represented as being abnormal? If so, how?
What is the message the clip is trying to portray about sexuality?
Dont forget that straight is a sexuality too. Dont ignore the straight
characters as they need to be analysed too!
 CLASS & STATUS ON TV
The representation of people from different classes has changed massively over the
years. Up until the 1950s, the upper classes were the class mainly shown on tv and
in film. This is because they were some of the only people able to afford to go to the
cinema and own a television. As more and more people from working class
background watch TV, more and more TV programmes feature working class
characters.

Having said that, there are still some stereotypes associated with different classes:

Upper Classes (eg Made in Chelsea) often shown as rich, clever, snobby,
very posh
Middle Classes (eg My Family) often shown as normal, good family values,
well behaved
Working Classes (eg Coronation Street) often shown as poorer, less happy,
less intelligent, but with strong community links
Lower / Under Classes (eg Shameless) often shown as being criminals, no
family values, no community links, bad parents etc

People have often noticed that in many TV shows, people of different classes, dont
mix. And when they are shown together, they are often shown as clashing and being
very different.

If you get class as an issue in the exam, you should be thinking about the following
things when watching the clip:

Can I identify what class characters are?

Are people from different classes shown as having different interests,
personalities, attitudes, behaviours? If so, how?
Is their class represented as being important in their life?
Are people from particular classes portrayed as being better, more powerful,
than others?
Are people from particular classes portrayed as being abnormal /weaker/
more pathetic than others?
How do other characters in the clip treat the characters from different
classes?
What is the message the clip is trying to portray about class?
 AGE ON TV
The representation of people of different ages has changed massively over the
years. Up until the 1950s, there were really only two age groups shown in films and
television (adult and child). This was because that most children left school at a
young age and went straight to work and became adults. In the 1950s more young
people started staying in education and began leading very different lives from both
children and adults and so developed the idea of the teenager

Having said that, there are still some stereotypes associated with different ages:

Children often shown as being young, innocent, naive, pure, sweet,

helpless, powerless
Teenagers Often shown as being aggressive, moody, lazy, criminals, hate
school,
20s-30s Often shown as the ideal age for love, parties, fun, making money,
being glamourous and attractive. In films the heroes are often this age group.
Middle Aged often shown as being past it, unattractive, not aware of popular
culture, uncool, boring lives, dominant over others, no real connection to their
kids, grumpy. In films the villains are often from this age group.
Elderly often shown as being unattractive, slow, weak, ill, confused,
pathetic, powerless, not important, dependent on others.

If you get age as an issue in the exam, you should be thinking about the following
things when watching the clip:

Can I identify what approximate age the characters are?

Are people from different age groups shown as having different interests,
personalities, attitudes, behaviours? If so, how?
Is their age represented as being important in their life?
Are people from particular age groups portrayed as being better, more
powerful, than others?
Are people from particular age groups portrayed as being abnormal /weaker/
more pathetic than others?
How do other characters in the clip treat the characters from different age
groups?
What is the message the clip is trying to portray about age?
 REGIONAL IDENTITY ON TV
Regional Identity refers to the part of the United Kingdom someone is from. It could
refer to a general area such a north or south, a country such as English or
Scottish or specific towns such as London or Manchester.

There are several regional stereotypes widely seen on television:

Scottish often shown as being money obsessed, wont pay for anything,
drinks a lot of alcohol, loves the outdoors, wears kilts, eats haggis, quite
aggressive and violent
Welsh Often shown as living in the middle of the countryside, with people
making jokes about them shagging sheep
Irish often shown as living in the countryside, working in rural areas such as
farms, being very religious, being good at dancing and singing, very friendly
but less intelligent
English often shown as being racist, obsessed with beer and football living
in London. Sometimes the stereotype goes in the opposite direction of
showing English people as very rich, posh, happy, living in castles and being
very royal.
London There are 2 main stereotypes of Londoners. One is that they are
often shown as being rich, posh, snobby, upper class, Hugh Grant types from
central or west london. The other is that they often shown as being from
north, east or south London, poor, common, lower class, criminalistic, violent
Kidulthood style
Manchester / Newcastle / Liverpool Often shown as being chavs, wearing
fake designer labels, or tracksuits, drinking a lot, being aggressive,
uneducated, criminals
Essex often shown as being glamourous but cheap, footballers wives, lots
of partying, being quite stupid
Yorkshire Often shown as living in rural countryside, with rolling hills and
cobbled streets, being quite old fashioned
Cornwall / Somerset Often shown as being backwards, living in rural
areas, working on farms
South England often shown as being the centre of culture, modern, classy,
clever, sunny, richer, doing middle class jobs such as managers etc
North England often shown as being poorer, bad weather, lower class,
aggressive, less culture, less clever, doing working class jobs such as builders
etc
If you get regional identity as an issue in the exam, you should be thinking about
the following things when watching the clip:

Can I identify where the characters are from within the country?
Are people from different areas shown as having different interests,
personalities, attitudes, behaviours? If so, how?
Is their regional identity represented as being important in their life?
Are people from particular regions portrayed as being better, more powerful,
than others?
Are people from particular regions portrayed as being abnormal /weaker/
more pathetic than others?
How do other characters in the clip treat the characters from different regions?
What is the message the clip is trying to portray about regional identity?

GENDER ON TV
Gender Identity refers to whether the characters are men or women. It could also
include transgender, transvestite, and androgynous characters.

There are several gender stereotypes widely seen on television:

Male Stereotypes

Traditional masculine man often shown as being muscly, strong, brave,

heterosexual, working in manual jobs such as building, plumbing etc. They
are often aggressive, tall, and dominant over women, works to provide for
family, does no cleaning, cooking or childcare
New Man Often shown as being less masculine but still heterosexual, very
peaceful, looks after the family, stays at home to look after family, does
cleaning and cooking etc, shown as equal to women
Gay Man Often shown as being very feminine, weak, working in jobs such
as fashion or hairdressing, bitchy, etc

Female stereotypes

Traditional feminine woman often shown as being girly, likes pink, wears
dresses, does feminine jobs such as working in fashion, hairdressing or stays
at home to look after the children, needs a man to cope, weak, scared of
things, needs rescuing, pure and innocent
Sexy woman very flirty, dresses in a revealing way, more powerful than
traditional women, uses men to get what she wants, no loyalty to other
women, bitchy
Lesbian Woman Often shown as dressing in a masculine fashion, doing
masculine roles, hating men, looking masculine

It is important to remember that not all characters will fit into these categories and
you may have characters that are mixtures. All you need to do is work out what the
technical elements say about them. If you get gender as an issue in the exam, you
should be thinking about the following things when watching the clip:

Can I identify what gender the characters are in the clip?

Are people from different genders shown as having different interests,
personalities, attitudes, behaviours? If so, how?
Is their gender represented as being important in their life?
Are people of different genders portrayed as being better, more powerful, than
others?
Are people from different genders portrayed as being abnormal /weaker/ more
pathetic than others?
How do other characters in the clip treat the characters of different genders?
What is the message the clip is trying to portray about gender?

Footballers
Lark
Spooks
Rise To Wives Torchwood
Cranford BadHustle
Skins
Girls
Candleford
 HINTS AND TIPS
By the time you get to the exam, you MUST be able to watch a short clip 4 times,
make notes during the 3 of the screenings, and then write an essay using key
terminology analysing how one of the following social groups is represented through
the use of camera, editing, mise-en-scene and sound:

Gender
Age
Class
Regional Identity
Disability
Sexuality
Ethnicity

Remember that when the examiner marks your essays they give you marks for the
following things:

Your understanding of how technical elements create meaning

How relevant your answer is to the specific question
Your use of a wide variety of frequent examples that are clearly relevant to
your answer
Frequent and accurate use of key terminology
Your use of accurate grammar, punctuation and spelling
Analytical vocabulary
This shot/scene/example (etc.)...

ANALYTICAL WORD MEANING

... establishes... sets up, creates
... signifies... Shows / acts as a sign for (e.g. red
signifies danger)
... denotes... provides a straightforward reading
... connotes... Suggests or offers a cultural or
interpreted meaning
... suggests... provides a possible interpretation
... implies... suggests
... illustrates... provides a clear example of
... foreshadows... hints at what is to come
...contrasts with... offers a very different image /
interpretation to (another example)
... is juxtaposed with... creates opposite feelings/readings
(compared with another e.g.
...demonstrates... Is an example
...identifies... Pinpoints, makes clear

Audience Readings

This shot/scene/example (etc.)...

PHRASE HOW TO CONTINUE THE PHRASE

... allows/invites the viewer to... ... deduce / infer / understand / realise

...creates and expection that ... X or Y will happen

... heightens the sensation of... ... fear / dread / excitement / passion etc.

... invites the audience to... ... sympathise / empathise / identify with (a
character)
 ESSAY WRITING IN THE EXAM
If you struggle remembering what technical elements you should mention, try and
remember these to give you some hints:

CAMERA SLAM SOUND - DECKS EDITING - TIDE MISE-EN-SCENE - CLAPS

Shot type Diegetic / Non Transitions Costume

Lens Effects Identification Lighting
Angles Character Duration Actor perform / Movement
Movement Key plot themes Effects Props
Synchronous Setting / Location
 If you are worried about how to structure your answer, just make sure that with every
point you make you include the following information

TERMINOLOGY MEANING FOR THE CHARACTER MEANING FOR THE SOCIAL

GROUP
Use a key piece of Explain what the meaning of this Explain what wider
terminology to aspect is and what it suggests significance this has in
describe a about the character it relates to relation to representing the
technical element social group in question eg
gender / class etc

In Monarch of the ... signifies Pauls dominance from It reminds the audience that
Glen, the low Amys perspective. adults use their physical
angle medium presence to dominate
close-up on Paul, younger people seen from
from Amys Amys perspective this could
height... be read as unfair

In Primeval, the This establishes the male rather ... representing an old-
last shot of the than the female point of view, de- fashioned masculine
tiger sequence is spite the girls heroism... dominance of the narrative.
on Cutter, rather
than Abby, the
shooter.

In The Silence, This sympathetically illustrates This invites the audience to

diegetic sound is how Amelia compensates for her appreciate that a deaf
sometimes deafness by making more use of persons experience is
subjective, from other senses that hearing audi- different, rather than worse,
Amelias point of ences may take for granted. than their own.
view. Walking
happily through
the park the
audience hears
only things she
touches: leaves,
the wall and so
on.

In Feather Boy, This suggests that both It represents the idea

both the groups are unfamiliar and that in modern Britain,
children and the fearful of each other, because the young and old no
elderly of their different ages. longer spend time
residents together and have grown
exhibit far apart.
negative body
language,
backing away
from each other
on first
meeting.