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    Timber Defects

    Uploaded by

    Kemaro Morgan
    There are two main types of defects in timber - natural defects present in the growing tree, and artificial defects caused by the seasoning and processing of wood. Natural defects include knots, heart rot, cracks and shakes caused by factors like aging, weather or wind exposure. Artificial defects arise during seasoning like cupping, twisting, or cracking due to uneven drying. Proper stacking and protection from weather during seasoning can prevent many artificial defects.

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    Timber Defects

    Uploaded by

    Kemaro Morgan
    300 views14 pages
    There are two main types of defects in timber - natural defects present in the growing tree, and artificial defects caused by the seasoning and processing of wood. Natural defects include knots, heart rot, cracks and shakes caused by factors like aging, weather or wind exposure. Artificial defects arise during seasoning like cupping, twisting, or cracking due to uneven drying. Proper stacking and protection from weather during seasoning can prevent many artificial defects.

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    There are two main types of defects in timber - natural defects present in the growing tree, and artificial defects caused by the seasoning and processing of wood. Natural defects include knots, heart rot, cracks and shakes caused by factors like aging, weather or wind exposure. Artificial defects arise during seasoning like cupping, twisting, or cracking due to uneven drying. Proper stacking and protection from weather during seasoning can prevent many artificial defects.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    300 views14 pages

    Timber Defects

    Uploaded by

    Kemaro Morgan
    There are two main types of defects in timber - natural defects present in the growing tree, and artificial defects caused by the seasoning and processing of wood. Natural defects include knots, heart rot, cracks and shakes caused by factors like aging, weather or wind exposure. Artificial defects arise during seasoning like cupping, twisting, or cracking due to uneven drying. Proper stacking and protection from weather during seasoning can prevent many artificial defects.

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    Types of Defects

    Defects in timber can affect its;

    strength,
    appearance,
    and durability.

    Defects in timber are either;

    1. Natural: defects that may be present in the growing tree.

    2. Artificial: defects caused by the seasoning, conversion and


    felling process.
    Natural Defects - Knots


    Caused when the branches of a tree are cut off or stop growing.
    Two types of knots

    Dead Knots
    Live Knots

    Dark in colour and shows sign of Light in colour and do not


    decay generally fall out.
    Weaken the timber and often
    become loose and fall out.
    Natural Defects

    Heart rot
    Resin canals
    Occurs when fungus attacks
    Some trees which are exposed to
    and rots the pith of the
    high winds, develop internal
    splits. heartwood
    Splits fill with resin or gum to
    make the wood resinous.
    Natural / Felling Defects

    Cracks or splits in the wood are called shakes

    Types of Shakes
    1. Heart and Star shakes

    Deep, wide cracks which radiate out


    from the centre of the log

    Caused by shrinkage through old age


    or by too rapid drying after felling
    Types of Shakes

    Cup and ring shakes



    Gaps between
    growth rings, that
    can be very deep,
    are known as cup
    or ring shakes.

    Caused by ;
    Old age,
    Types of Shakes

    Frost shake

    This is where the wood splits
    inwards towards the centre
    and is caused by very cold
    weather

    Radial shakes

    A split along the outside of the


    wood caused by rapid drying
    (shrinkage) of the log before
    conversion
    Artificial Defects: Seasoning

    Cupping

    When you look at the end of the
    board it appears as a curve.
    Caused by unequal amounts of
    shrinkage along the growth
    rings.

    Bowing
    When you look at the edge of the
    wood it appears curved.
    Caused by poor stacking.
    Not enough stickers!
    Artificial Defects: Seasoning

    Twisting/ warping
    When the ends of the boards are
    twisted in opposite direction.

    Caused by shrinkage along spiral


    or interlocking grain.

    Springing

    When the face of the board remains


    flat and the edge bends inwards to
    form a curve.

    Caused by shrinkage
    longitudinally along irregular
    grain.
    Seasoning Defects


    End splits

    Occur at the exposed ends of the


    boards.

    Caused by rapid drying out from


    the sun

    Prevented by painting the ends


    of the timber with bitumous
    paint (water proof)
    Seasoning Defects

    Surface splits/checks

    Usually lie along the grain.

    Caused by rapid drying out on


    the surface of the wood.

    Honeycomb splits/checks

    Occur inside the board.

    Reduces strength.
    Seasoning Defects

    Case hardening

    Where the outside of the board is dry and
    hard but moisture is trapped in the centre
    cells of the wood.

    Caused by rapid drying.


    CONVERSION DEFECTS

    Waney Edge

    Occurs when the bark is left on
    during conversion

    Sloping grain/short grain

    Grain does not run parallel to


    the edge of the board because
    of bad conversion
    seriously weakens the
    timber

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