TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES

MANILA CAMPUS

CONSTRUCTION
MATERIALS AND TESTING
CE 206
CE22FA5

“WOOD”
REPORT HANDOUT

SUBMITTED BY:
BEJER, PLATOON N. _____________________

Members:
DE LEON, KRISTLOUIE JOHN M. _____________________
GEMPERLE, JOSE FERNANDO C. _____________________
GEROMO, KHARL P. _____________________
PADOLINA, SEAN BARBARRA M. _____________________

SUBMITTED TO:
ENGR. ARIEL B. MORALES, M. ENG-CE

DATE SUBMITTED:
February 11, 2020
 WOOD
CONTENTS

• Introduction • Diseases of Timber

• Classification of Timber • Lumber Grading
• Mechanical Properties of Wood • Manufacturing of wood
• Defects in timbers • Testing of Wood
• Seasoning of Timber • ASTM Standards for Wood

REFERENCE BOOKS

1. BUILDING MATERIALS THIRD REVISED EDITION BY S.K. DUGGAL

2. STRUCTURAL WOOD DESIGN BY ABI AGHAYERE AND JASON VIGIL
3. INTRODUCTION TO TIMBER AS AN ENGINEERING MATERIAL BY A.M. HARTE
4. WOOD: DETAILING FOR PERFORMANCE

INTRODUCTION
Introduction

Wood is a natural organic material that has been used for many centuries for the construction of
buildings, bridges and a variety of other structures. It remains an important construction material
today as research and improved technology have led to a better knowledge of the material
behaviour. This has helped designers to use timber more efficiently and safely and in more
challenging and exciting applications (A. M. Harte, 2009).

Wood is a hard and fibrous substance which forms a major part of the trunk and branches of a tree.
It can also be defined as a natural polymeric material which practically does not age. Wood as a
building material falls in two major classes—natural and man-made. With the advances in science and
technology, wood in its natural form as timber, lumber, etc. is being rapidly replaced by composite
wood materials in which natural wood is just a basic ingredient of a matrix or a laminate. The latter
are found to be more useful and adaptable as they may be treated chemically, thermally or otherwise
as per requirements. Some examples are plywood, fibreboards, chipboards, compressed wood,
impregnated wood, etc (Duggal, 2008).

CLASSIFICATION OF
TIMBER
CLASSIFICATION OF TIMBER

POSITION BASIS:
Standing Timber - Timber that has not been cut or sold. Standing timber is
considered part of the real estate.In some states,once a landowner signs a contract to sell
the timber,it becomes personal property even if it has not yet been cut.
Rough Timber - Besides pulpwood, rough lumber is the raw material for furniture-
making and other items requiring additional cutting and shaping. It is available in many
species, usually hardwoods; but it is also readily available in softwoods, such as white pine
and red pine, because of their low cost.
Lumber - Lumber (North American English) or timber (used in the rest of the
English-speaking world) is a type of wood that has been processed into beams and planks,
a stage in the process of wood production. Lumber is mainly used for structural purposes
but has many other uses as well.

MODULUS OF ELASTICITY BASIS:

The species of timber recommended for constructional purpose are classified as:
Group A
- Modulus of elasticity in bending above 12.5 kN/mm2

Group B
- Modulus of elasticity in bending above 9.8 kN/mm2 and below 12.5 kN/mm2

Group C
- Modulus of elasticity in bending above 5.6 kN/mm2 and below 9.8 kN/mm2.

AVAILABILITY BASIS:
According to availability, timber can be of three grades, namely X, Y and Z.
Grade X
- Most common, 1415 m3 or more per year

Grade Y
- Common, 355 m3 to 1415 m3 per year

Grade Z
 - Less common, below 355 m3 per year

This is based upon the figures supplied by the forest departments.

DURABILITY BASIS:
Test specimens of size 600 × 50 × 50 mm are buried in the ground to half their lengths. The
condition of the specimen at various intervals of time are noted and from these observations
their average life is calculated. Timbers are classified based upon such observations as of:
High Durability
- Average life of 120 months and over.

Moderate Durability
- Average life of less than 120 months but of 60 months or more.

Low Durability
- Average life of less than 60 months.

SEASONING CHARACTERISTICS BASIS:

Timbers are classified depending upon their behavior to cracking and splitting during normal air-
seasoning practice under three categories.
a) High Refractory: are slow and difficult to season
free from defects.
b) Moderate Refractory: protection is given against
rapid drying.
c) Low Refractory: These can be rapidly seasoned
free from defects.

TREATABILITY BASIS:
This classification is based upon the resistance offered by the heartwood of a species to
preservatives under a working pressure of 1.05 N/mm2 as:
a) Easily treatable.
b) Treatable but complete preservation not easily
 c) obtained.
d) Only partially treatable.
e) Refractory to treatment.
f) Very refractory to treatment, penetration of preservative being practically nil from the
sides and ends.

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF
WOOD

MECHANICAL PROPERTY OF WOOD

Compressive Strength - the resistance of a material to breaking under compression.

Tensile Strength - the resistance of a material to breaking under tension.

Bending Strength – The ability of a material to withstand failure in bending.

Shearing Strength - the strength of a material or component against the type of yield or
structural failure when the material or component fails in shear.
Bending Stiffness - is the resistance of a member against bending deformation. It is a
function of the Young's modulus, the area moment of inertia of the beam cross-section
about the axis of interest, length of the beam and beam boundary condition.

Toughness - is the ability of a material to absorb energy and plastically deform without
fracturing.
 DEFECTS IN
TIMBERS
DEFECTS IN TIMBERS
In general, the defects in timber are mainly due to:
- Natural forces
- Fungi
- During Seasoning
- During conversion
- Insects
-

DEFECTS IN TIMBER DUE TO NATURAL FORCES

- Wind cracks
- Shakes
- Twisted fibers
- Upsets
- Rind galls
- Burls
- Water stain
- Chemical stain
- Dead wood
- Knots
- Coarse grain
- Foxiness
WIND CRACKS IN TIMBER
If the wood is exposed continuously to the high-speed winds, the outer
surface shrinks and forms crack externally which are called wind cracks.

SHAKES IN TIMBER
Shakes are nothing but cracks which separates the wood fibers partly or
completely. Different shakes are formed in different conditions as follows:

Cup shakes are formed due to non-uniform growth of a tree or excessive bending
by cyclones or winds. In this case, the shakes develop between annual rings and
separates them partly.
Heart shakes, the other type of shakes which develop in maturity approaching
trees whose inner part is under shrinkage. The shake spread from pith to sap wood
following the directions of medullary rays.
Ring shakes are similar to cup shakes, but they completely separate the annual
rings.
Star shakes are formed due to extreme heat or severe frost action. They develop
wider cracks on the outside of timber from bark to the sap wood.
Radial shakes are developed radially from pith to the bark.

TWISTED FIBERS IN TIMBERS

When the tree in its younger age is exposed to high speed winds, the fibers
of wood gets twisted. This type of wood is not suitable for sawing. So, this can be
used for making poles, posts etc.

UPSETS
Upsets, a defect of timber in which the fibers of wood are crushed and
compressed by fast blowing winds or inappropriate chopping of tree.

RIND GALLS
Rind galls are curved swellings of trees which are formed at a point where a
branch of the tress is improperly removed or fell down.
BURLS
Burls are uneven projections on the body of tree during its growth. These are
mainly due to the effect of shocks and injuries received by the tree during its young
age.

WATER STAIN
When the wood is in contact with water for some time, the water will damage
the color of wood and forms a stain on its surface. This defect is called as water
stain.

CHEMICAL STAIN
Chemical stain is formed on the wood by the action of any external chemical
agents like reaction by the gases present in atmosphere etc. The stain area gets
discolored in this defect.

DEAD WOOD
The wood obtained from the cutting of dead tree is light in weight and is
actually defected. It is reddish in color and its strength is very less.

KNOTS IN TIMBER
The central part or stem of a tree is majorly used in the conversion of timber.
Branches from the stem are removed and whole rounded stem is taken. But the
base of branches forms a mark on the stem which results dark colored stains on the
surface after conversion. This dark colored stains are due to the continuity of wood
fibers. These dark colored rings are known as knots.

COARSE GRAIN DEFECT IN TIMBER

The age of tree can be known by the number of annual rings. For fast growing
trees, the gap between the annual rings is very large. This type of trees are called
as coarse grained tress and timber obtained from them is of less strength.

TIMBER FOXINESS
When the timber is stored without proper ventilation, the trees growth near
the banks of water bodies and over matured trees may exhibit this type of defect.
Foxiness is generally indicated by red or yellow spots.

DRUXINESS
Druxiness is a defect of timber in which the top surface of timber indicates
white spots. These spots will give the access to fungi.

CALLUS
The wound of the tree is covered by a soft skin which is called as callus.

DEFECTS IN TIMBER DUE TO FUNGI

- Dry rot
- Wet rot
- Brown rot
- White rot
- Blue stain
- Heart rot
- Sap stain

DRY ROT IN TIMBER

Dry rot is caused by certain type of fungi which actually eats wood for their
living. They make food by converting timber into dry powder form. This occurs
mainly when there is no ventilation of air or if the wood improperly seasoned.

WET ROT IN TIMBER

Wet rot is caused by fungi which decomposes the timber and converts it into
grayish brown powder form. Wet rot causing fungi growths mainly when there is
alternate dry and wet conditions of timber.

BROWN ROT IN TIMBER

 The cellulose compounds of the wood are consumed by certain types of fungi
which then makes the wood brownish and this defect is called as brown rot.

WHITE ROT IN TIMBER

Some types fungi attacks lignin of wood and leaves cellulose compounds
hence the wood will turn into white color which is called white rot.

BLUE STAIN IN TIMBER

Blue stain is a defect caused by some kind of fungi which makes the timber
bluish in color.

HEART ROT IN TIMBER

Heart rot is caused in the trees when the heart wood is attacked by fungi
through its newly formed branch. This type of fungi makes the tree hollow by
consuming heart wood. This defect is known as heart rot.

SAP STAIN IN TIMBER

When the moisture content in the timber is more than 25%, some types of
fungi attacks the sap wood and makes it discolored. This type of defect is known as
sap stain.

DEFECTS IN TIMBER DURING SEASONING

- Bow
- Cup
- Check
- Split
- Twist
- Honey combing
- Case hardening
- Collapse
- Warp
- Radial shakes
BOW
When the converted timber is stored for longer time, some timber planks
may have curve along its length which is known as Bow.

CUP
If the timber planks are curved along its width then it is called Cupping of
timber.

CHECK
Check is formation of crack in the wood which will separate the wood fibers.
They are formed due to over seasoning of wood.

SPLIT
Split is formed when a check extends from one end to the other end which
will split the wood into number of pieces.

TWIST
Twist is formed when the timber piece is spirally distorted along its length. It
looks like propeller blade after twisting.

HONEYCOMBING
Honey combing occur in the inner part of the timber which cannot be
identified by just seeing. This is mainly due to stresses developed during drying of
timber.

CASE HARDENING
Case is nothing but the top surface of wood which dries rapidly during
seasoning but the inner part didn’t. Then this defect is called as case hardening.

COLLAPSE
During drying, some part of the wood may dry rapidly while some may not.
Because of this improper drying shrinkage of wood occurs which results the defect
called collapse.

WARP
The loss of shape of wood due to stresses developed during drying is called
warping. Cupping bowing, twisting of wood come under warping.

Radial Shakes
Radial shakes are developed after the tree being felled down and exposed to
sun for seasoning. In this case, the cracks run radially from bark to the pith through
annual rings.

DEFECTS IN TIMBER DURING CONVERSION

- Diagonal grain
- Torn grain
- Chip mark
- Wane

DIAGONAL GRAIN DEFECT IN TIMBER

During conversion of timber different cutting saws are used. The cutting
should be done properly. If there is any improper cutting by saw, then a diagonal
grain will appear.

TORN GRAIN
In the conversion many tools are used. If any of the tools or any other heavy
things are dropped accidently on the finished surface of timber it will cause small
depression which is called as torn grain.

CHIP MARK
When the timber is cut through planning machine the parts of machine may
form chip marks on it. Usually they are indicated by chips on the finished surface.
WANE
The edge part of the timber log contains rounded edge on one side because
of its original rounded surface. This rounded edge is called wane.

DEFECTS IN TIMBER DUE TO INSECTS

- Termites
- Beetles
- Marine borers

TERMITES IN TIMBER
Termites also known as white ants which forms a colony inside the timber
and eat the core part of the timber rapidly. They do not disturb the outer layer of
timber so one cannot identify their presence. The trees in tropical and sub-tropical
regions are mostly affected by these termites.

BEETLES IN TIMBER
Beetles are a type of insects which destroy the sap wood of the tree and
makes a tunnel like hole from the bark. Usually the diameter of hole is around 2
mm. They convert sap wood into powder form and these holes are used by larvae of
these beetles. Almost all hardwood trees can be prone to damage by these beetles.

MARINE BORERS IN TIMBER

Marine borers are usually found near coastal areas. They do not consume
wood but they make large holes of diameter up to 25mm in the timber to live inside
it. They excavated up to 60mm deep in the wood. The wood attacked by marine
borers is of less strength and discolored. They can attack all types trees present in
their region.

SEASONING OF
 TIMBER
SEASONING OF TIMBER
Timber cut from freshly felled trees is too wet for normal use and is dimensionally
unsuitable. Seasoning is the process of reducing the moisture content (drying) of
timber in order to prevent the timber from possible fermentation and making it
suitable for use. It can also be defined as the process of drying the wood to a
moisture content approximately equal to the average humidity of the surroundings,
where it is to be permanently fixed. Very rapid seasoning after removal of bark
should be avoided since it causes case hardening and thus increases resistance to
penetration of preservatives.

SEASONING OF LUMBER METHODS

Air dried Lumber Involves stacking boards with stickers.

Kiln dried Lumber Stacking lumber in the same manner for air drying inside a kiln.
Dehumification & Solar Kilns Uses electricity to dry the lumbers and sun’s energy to
produce needed heat, respectively.

Unseasoned Lumber Means timber than has not yet dried to a moisture content
match to its intended environment.

DISEASES OF
 TIMBER
DISEASES OF TIMBER

DRY ROT
It is decomposition of felled timber caused by the action of various fungi. The
fungus reduces fibers to fine powder as shown in Fig. 4.5 and the timber loses its
strength. This disease is highly infectious and causes tremendous destruction. It
occurs when the timber is imperfectly seasoned and placed in a moist, warm and
confined atmosphere having no free access of air. Fungus rapidly dies when
exposed to air or sunlight. The best remedy is to cut away the affected part and
paint the remaining part. Note: Fungi that attack growing trees and continue to
damage it in structures are known as white or brown rot, white trunk rot, etc.

WET ROT
When timber is subjected to alternate wet and dry conditions, decomposition of
tissues takes place. This is not caused by fungal attack. In a living tree, it is set up
by the access of water through wounds in the bark and causes the decomposition of
sap and fibers of the tree. This may also occur when timber is seasoned by exposing
it to moisture. To avoid wet rot, well-seasoned timber is used with preservatives and
paints.
 LUMBER GRADING
LUMBER GRADING
Lumber is usually cut from a tree log in the longitudinal direction, and because it is
naturally occurring, it has quite variable mechanical and structural properties, even
for members cut from the same tree log. Lumber of similar mechanical and
structural properties is grouped into a single category known as a stress grade. This
simplifies the lumber selection process and increases economy. The higher the
stress grade, the stronger and more expensive the wood member is. The
classification of lumber with regard to strength, usage, and defects according to the
grading rules of an approved grading agency is termed lumber grading.

TYPES OF GRADING

Visual Grading
Visual grading, the oldest and most common grading system, involves visual
inspection of wood members by an experienced and certified grader in accordance
with established grading rules of a grading agency and application of a grade
stamp. In visual grading, the lumber quality is reduced by the presence of defects,
and the effectiveness of the grading system is very depen- dent on the experience
of the professional grader. Grading agencies usually have certification exams that
lumber graders have to take and pass annually to maintain their certification and to
ensure accurate and consistent grading of sawn lumber. The stress grade of a wood
member decreases as the number of defects increases and as their locations
become more critical.

Machine Stress Rating

Mechanical grading is a nondestructive grading system that is based on the
relationship between the stiffness and deflection of wood members. Each piece of
wood is subjected to a nondestructive test in addition to a visual check. The grade
stamp on machine-stress-rated (MSR) lumber includes the value of the tabulated
bending stress and the pure bending modulus of elasticity. Because of the lower
variability of material properties for MSR lumber, it is used in the fabrication of
engineered wood products such as parallel strand lumber and laminated veneer
lumber. Machine-evaluated lumber (MEL) relies on a relatively new grading process
that uses a nondestructive x-ray inspection technique to measure density in
addition to a visual check. The variability of MEL lumber is even lower than that of
MSR lumber.

MANUFACTURING OF WOOD
MANUFACTURING OF WOODS

HEAD RIG
The primary saw cuts the tree into sawn pieces or boards.

EDGING
Removes irregular edges and defects from sawn pieces or boards.

TRIMMING
The trimmer squares of the ends of lumber into uniform pieces.

ROUGH LUMBER SORTING

Pieces are separated based on dimension and final product production.

STICKERING
Lumber destined for kiln drying production is stacked with spacers.

DRYING
Kiln drying wood speeds up the natural evaporation of the wood’s MC in controlled
environment.

PLANNING
Smoothens the wood’s surface and ensures that each piece has a uniform width and
thickness.

GRADING
Assigns a “grade” to each piece of lumber that indicates it quality level.

TESTING FOR
 WOOD
TESTING FOR WOOD
There are four ways to test a wood:

FLEXURAL TESTING
It is used to determine the flex or bending Properties of a material: wood.

MOISTURE METER
Used to measure the percentage of water in a given substance.

COMPRESSIVE TEST
It is used to observe the anisotropic behavior of the wood and to determine the
modulus of elasticity, modulus of stiffness and the compressive strength of the
wood.

TENSILE TEST
Commonly used to determine the maximum tensile strength that a material or a
product can withstand.
 ASTM STANDARDS
FOR WOOD
Fire Performance of Wood

ASTM D2898-10(2017)

Standard Practice for Accelerated Weathering of Fire-Retardant-Treated Wood for

Fire Testing

ASTM D3201/D3201M-13

Standard Test Method for Hygroscopic Properties of Fire-Retardant Wood and Wood-
Based Products

ASTM D5516-18

Standard Test Method for Evaluating the Flexural Properties of Fire-Retardant

Treated Softwood Plywood Exposed to Elevated Temperatures

ASTM D5664-17

Standard Test Method for Evaluating the Effects of Fire-Retardant Treatments and
Elevated Temperatures on Strength Properties of Fire-Retardant Treated Lumber

ASTM D6305-08(2015)e1

Standard Practice for Calculating Bending Strength Design Adjustment Factors for
Fire-Retardant-Treated Plywood Roof Sheathing

ASTM D6841-16

Standard Practice for Calculating Design Value Treatment Adjustment Factors for
Fire-Retardant-Treated Lumber

ASTM E69-15

Standard Test Method for Combustible Properties of Treated Wood by the Fire-Tube
Apparatus
Forests

ASTM D5536-17

Standard Practice for Sampling Forest Trees for Determination of Clear Wood
Properties

ASTM D7480-08(2014)

Standard Guide for Evaluating the Attributes of a Forest Management Plan

ASTM D7612-10(2015)

Standard Practice for Categorizing Wood and Wood-Based Products According to

Their Fiber Sources

Fundamental Test Methods and Properties

ASTM D143-14

Standard Test Methods for Small Clear Specimens of Timber

ASTM D198-15

Standard Test Methods of Static Tests of Lumber in Structural Sizes

ASTM D1102-84(2013)

Standard Test Method for Ash in Wood

ASTM D1105-96(2013)

Standard Test Method for Preparation of Extractive-Free Wood

ASTM D1106-96(2013)

Standard Test Method for Acid-Insoluble Lignin in Wood

ASTM D1107-96(2013)

Standard Test Method for Ethanol-Toluene Solubility of Wood

ASTM D1108-96(2013)

Standard Test Method for Dichloromethane Solubles in Wood

ASTM D1109-84(2013)
Standard Test Method for 1?% Sodium Hydroxide Solubility of Wood

ASTM D1110-84(2013)

Standard Test Methods for Water Solubility of Wood

ASTM D1166-84(2013)

Standard Test Method for Methoxyl Groups in Wood and Related Materials

ASTM D1666-17

Standard Test Methods for Conducting Machining Tests of Wood and Wood-Base
Panel Materials

ASTM D1762-84(2013)

Standard Test Method for Chemical Analysis of Wood Charcoal

ASTM D2394-17

Standard Test Methods for Simulated Service Testing of Wood and Wood-Based
Finish Flooring

ASTM D2395-17

Standard Test Methods for Density and Specific Gravity (Relative Density) of Wood
and Wood-Based Materials

ASTM D2555-17a

Standard Practice for Establishing Clear Wood Strength Values

ASTM D4442-16

Standard Test Methods for Direct Moisture Content Measurement of Wood and
Wood-Based Materials

ASTM D4444-13(2018)

Standard Test Method for Laboratory Standardization and Calibration of Hand-Held

Moisture Meters

ASTM D4761-19

Standard Test Methods for Mechanical Properties of Lumber and Wood-Based

Structural Materials
ASTM D4933-16

Standard Guide for Moisture Conditioning of Wood and Wood-Based Materials

ASTM D6782-13

Standard Test Methods for Standardization and Calibration of In-Line Dry Lumber
Moisture Meters

ASTM D6815-09(2015)

Standard Specification for Evaluation of Duration of Load and Creep Effects of Wood
and Wood-Based Products

ASTM D6874-12

Standard Test Methods for Nondestructive Evaluation of Wood-Based Flexural

Members Using Transverse Vibration

ASTM D6958-03(2014)

Standard Test Methods for Evaluating Side-Bonding Potential of Wood Coatings

ASTM D7438-13

Standard Practice for Field Calibration and Application of Hand-Held Moisture Meters

ASTM D7469-16

Standard Test Methods for End-Joints in Structural Wood Products

Lumber and Engineered Wood Products

ASTM D245-06(2011)

Standard Practice for Establishing Structural Grades and Related Allowable

Properties for Visually Graded Lumber

ASTM D1990-16

Standard Practice for Establishing Allowable Properties for Visually-Graded

Dimension Lumber from In-Grade Tests of Full-Size Specimens

ASTM D2915-17

Standard Practice for Sampling and Data-Analysis for Structural Wood and Wood-
Based Products
ASTM D3737-18e1

Standard Practice for Establishing Allowable Properties for Structural Glued

Laminated Timber (Glulam)

ASTM D3957-09(2015)

Standard Practices for Establishing Stress Grades for Structural Members Used in
Log Buildings

ASTM D5055-19

Standard Specification for Establishing and Monitoring Structural Capacities of

Prefabricated Wood I-Joists

ASTM D5456-19

Standard Specification for Evaluation of Structural Composite Lumber Products

ASTM D5457-19b

Standard Specification for Computing Reference Resistance of Wood-Based

Materials and Structural Connections for Load and Resistance Factor Design

ASTM D6570-18a

Standard Practice for Assigning Allowable Properties for Mechanically Graded

Lumber

ASTM D7031-11(2019)

Standard Guide for Evaluating Mechanical and Physical Properties of Wood-Plastic

Composite Products

ASTM D7032-17

Standard Specification for Establishing Performance Ratings for Wood-Plastic

Composite and Plastic Lumber Deck Boards, Stair Treads, Guards, and Handrails

ASTM D7199-07(2012)

Standard Practice for Establishing Characteristic Values for Reinforced Glued

Laminated Timber (Glulam) Beams Using Mechanics-Based Models

ASTM D7341-14

Standard Practice for Establishing Characteristic Values for Flexural Properties of

Structural Glued Laminated Timber by Full-Scale Testing
ASTM D7374-08(2015)

Standard Practice for Evaluating Elevated Temperature Performance of Adhesives

Used in End-Jointed Lumber

ASTM D7470-08(2015)

Standard Practice for Evaluating Elevated Temperature Performance of End-Jointed

Lumber Studs

Panel Products

ASTM D1037-12

Standard Test Methods for Evaluating Properties of Wood-Base Fiber and Particle
Panel Materials

ASTM D1038-19

Standard Terminology Relating to Veneer, Plywood, and Wood Structural Panels

ASTM D1554-10(2016)

Standard Terminology Relating to Wood-Base Fiber and Particle Panel Materials

ASTM D2718-18

Standard Test Methods for Structural Panels in Planar Shear (Rolling Shear)

ASTM D2719-19

Standard Test Methods for Wood Structural Panels in Shear Through-the-Thickness

ASTM D3043-17

Standard Test Methods for Structural Panels in Flexure

ASTM D3044-16

Standard Test Method for Shear Modulus of Wood-Based Structural Panels

ASTM D3499-19

Standard Test Method for Toughness of Wood Structural Panels

ASTM D3500-14
Standard Test Methods for Structural Panels in Tension

ASTM D3501-05a(2018)

Standard Test Methods for Wood-Based Structural Panels in Compression

ASTM D5582-14

Standard Test Method for Determining Formaldehyde Levels from Wood Products
Using a Desiccator

ASTM D5651-13

Standard Test Method for Surface Bond Strength of Wood-Base Fiber and Particle
Panel Materials

ASTM D6007-14

Standard Test Method for Determining Formaldehyde Concentrations in Air from

Wood Products Using a Small-Scale Chamber

ASTM D6643-01(2016)

Standard Test Method for Testing Wood-Base Panel Corner Impact Resistance

ASTM D7033-14

Standard Practice for Establishing Design Capacities for Oriented Strand Board
(OSB) Wood-Based Structural-Use Panels

ASTM D7433-19

Standard Test Method for Measuring Surface Water Absorption of Overlaid Wood-
Based Panels

ASTM D7519-11

Standard Test Method for Internal Bond Strength and Thickness Swell of Cellulosic-
Based Fiber and Particle Panels After Repeated Wetting

ASTM D7770-12

Standard Test Method for ???Standard Test Method for Collection of Volatile Organic
Compounds Emitted During Simulated Manufacturing of Engineered Wood Products
Via a Sealed Caul Plate Method

ASTM E1333-14
Standard Test Method for Determining Formaldehyde Concentrations in Air and
Emission Rates from Wood Products Using a Large Chamber

Pole and Pile Products

ASTM D25-12(2017)

Standard Specification for Round Timber Piles

ASTM D1036-99(2017)

Standard Test Methods of Static Tests of Wood Poles

ASTM D2899-12(2017)

Standard Practice for Establishing Allowable Stresses for Round Timber Piles

ASTM D3200-74(2017)

Standard Specification and Test Method for Establishing Recommended Design

Stresses for Round Timber Construction Poles

ASTM D7381-07(2013)

Standard Practice for Establishing Allowable Stresses for Round Timbers for Piles
from Tests of Full-Size Material

Terminology and Editorial

ASTM D9-12

Standard Terminology Relating to Wood and Wood-Based Products

ASTM D1165-18

Standard Nomenclature of Commercial Hardwoods and Softwoods

Treatments for Wood Products

ASTM D3345-17

Standard Test Method for Laboratory Evaluation of Solid Wood for Resistance to
Termites

ASTM D4445-10(2019)
Standard Test Method for Fungicides for Controlling Sapstain and Mold on
Unseasoned Lumber (Laboratory Method)

Wood Assemblies

ASTM D1761-12

Standard Test Methods for Mechanical Fasteners in Wood

ASTM D5124-96(2018)

Standard Practice for Testing and Use of a Random Number Generator in Lumber
and Wood Products Simulation

ASTM D5652-15

Standard Test Methods for Single-Bolt Connections in Wood and Wood-Based

Products

ASTM D5764-97a(2018)

Standard Test Method for Evaluating Dowel-Bearing Strength of Wood and Wood-
Based Products

ASTM D5933-19

Standard Specification for 258-in. and 4-in. Diameter Metal Shear Plates for Use in
Wood Constructions

ASTM D6513-14

Standard Practice for Calculating the Superimposed Load on Wood-frame Walls for
Standard Fire-Resistance Tests

ASTM D6555-17

Standard Guide for Evaluating System Effects in Repetitive-Member Wood

Assemblies

ASTM D7147-11(2018)

Standard Specification for Testing and Establishing Allowable Loads of Joist Hangers

ASTM D7672-14e1

Standard Specification for Evaluating Structural Capacities of Rim Board Products

and Assemblies
ASTM D7746-11(2016)

Standard Practice for Calculating the Superimposed Load on Wood-frame

Floor-Ceiling Assemblies for Standard Fire-Resistance Tests

ASTM D7989-18

Standard Practice for Demonstrating Equivalent In-Plane Lateral Seismic

Performance to Wood-Frame Shear Walls Sheathed with Wood Structural Panels