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Physics Equation List :Form 5
Wave
Oscillation

f f = frequency -1
(Hz or s )
T = Period (s)

T
Displacement-Time Graph

Amplitude, Period and Frequency can be found from a Displacement-Time Graph

Wave
-1
v = velocity (ms )

v f
-1
f = frequency (Hz or s )
= wavelength (m)

Displacement-Distance Graph
 = Wavelength

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Interference

ax

D
= Wavelength
a = Distance between the two wave sources
x = Distance between two successive anti-node lines or node lines
D = Distance from the wave sources to the plane where x is
measured.

Summary

Electricity
Sum of charge
 Q
Q = Charge
n = number of charge particles
e = charge of 1 particle
ne
Current

Q = Charge

I
I = Current
t = time

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Potential Difference

V = potential difference, -1
(V or JC )
V W = energy
Q = charge
(J)
(C)

Q
Ohms Law and Resistance

V
V = potential difference, -1
(V or JC )
-1
I = Current (A or Cs )
R = Resistance ()
IR

Resistance
1
R R R2 R ( 1 2 3 )
R R

Series Circuit Parallel Circuit

The current flow into a resistor = the current flow The current flow into a parallel circuit is equal to the
inside the resistor = the current flows out from the sum of the current in each branches of the circuit.I = I
resistorIA = IB = ICIn a series circuit, the current at + I2 ExampleIf the resistance of the 2 resistors is the
any points of the circuit is the same. same, current will be divided equally to both of the
resistor.

Current
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Series Circuit Parallel Circuit

The sum of the potential difference across individual The potential difference across all the resistor in a
resistor in between 2 points in a series circuit is equal parallel circuit is the same.V = V1 = V2Example
to the potential difference across the two point.V = V1
+ V2Example

Potential and Potential Difference

Potential Difference and Electromotive Force

If we assume that there is no internal resistance in the cell, the potential difference across the cell is equal to
the e.m.f. of the cell.

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Electromotive Force and Internal Resistance

E I (R r) or E V Ir
E = Electromotive Force (V)
r = internal resistance ()
-1
V = potential difference, (V or JC )
-1
I = Current (A or Cs )
R = Resistance ()

2 methods to find the internal resistance and electromotive force

Open Circuit Close Circuit

a. Open Circuit Close Circuit method

In open circuit ( when the switch is off), the In close circuit ( when the switch is on), the
voltmeter shows the reading of the e.m.f. voltmeter shows the reading of the potential
difference across the cell.
With the presence of internal resistance, the potential difference across the cell is always
less than the e.m.f..

b. Linear Graph method

From the equation,

E = V + Ir
Therefore
V = -rI + E

Gradient od the grapf, m

= -internal resistance
 Y intercept of the graph, c
= electromotive force

Electrical Energy

E QV E = Electrical Energy
Q = charge
(J)
(C)
-1
V = potential difference (V or JC )

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Electrical Power

2
P P IV P I R
2 P
t R
-1
P = Power (W or Js )
W = Work done/Energy change (J)
t = Time (s)
I = Current (A)
V = Potential difference (V)
R = Resistance ()

Efficiency

output power
Electrical efficiency =
input power

Electromagnetism
Root mean Square Value

V
Vrms
2

Vrms = root mean square voltage (V)

Vp = peak voltage (V)

Ip
I rms
2
Irms = root mean square current (A)
Ip = peak current (A)
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Transformer

Input And Output Of A Transformer

Vs N s Vp = input (primary) potential difference

Vs = output (secondary) potential difference
(V)
(V)
Np = number of turns in primary coil
Vp N p Ns = number of turns in secondary coil

Power In A Transformer

Ideal Transformer Vp = input (primary) potential difference (V)

V p I p Vs I s Vs = output (secondary) potential difference
Ip = input (primary) current
(V)
(A)
Is = output (secondary) current (A)
Non-ideal transformer
Vs I s
Efficiency 100%
p p

Power Transmission

2Steps to find the energy/power loss in the cable

a. Find the current in the cable by the equation P=IV
2
b. Find the Power lost in the cable by the equation P=I R.

Electronic
Energy change of electron in an electron gun

Kinetic energy electrical potential

gain energy

2
mv eV http://www.one-school.net/ notes.html
2
2eV
v
v = speed of electron
s-1
(m ) V = potential difference across
the electron gun
(V)
e = charge of 1 electron
(C) m = mass of 1 electron
(kg)

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Cathode Ray Oscilloscope

Vertical scale = Y-gain control

Horizontal scale = Time base

Period = Time for 1 complete Oscillation

Frequency, f
T

Transistor - Potential Divider

Potential difference across resistor R1

= V
1 R2

Potential difference across resistor R2

= V
1 R2
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Radioactivity
Alpha decay

Z X Z 2Y 2 He
Beta decay

Z X Z 1 1 e
0
n1 p 1 e
Gamma emission

Z X Z X
A = nucleon number
Z = proton number

Half-life

N = Amount of radioisotope particles after nth half life.

n
N ( ) N0 N0 = Initial amount of radioisotope particles.
2 n = number of half life

Nuclear Energy - Einstein Formula

2 m = mass change (kg)

E mc c = speed of light
-1
(m s )
E = energy changed (J)
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