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Physics Equation List :Form 5
Wave
Oscillation

T
f
1
=


Displacement-Time Graph


f = frequency (Hz or s
-1
)
T = Period (s)





Amplitude, Period and Frequency can be found from a Displacement-Time Graph

Wave

v f =


Displacement-Distance Graph

v = velocity (ms
-1
)
f = frequency (Hz or s
-1
)
= wavelength (m)




= Wavelength

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Interference





Summary
D
ax
=

=Wavelength
a =Distance between the two wave sources
x =Distance between two successive anti-node lines or node lines
D =Distance from the wave sources to the plane where x is
measured.




Electricity
Sum of charge


Q ne =



Current


Q = Charge
n = number of charge particles
e = charge of 1 particle


Q
I
t
=




Q = Charge
I = Current
t = time

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Potential Difference


W
V
Q
=


Ohms Law and Resistance

V = potential difference, (V or JC
-1
)
W = energy (J)
Q = charge (C)



V IR =


V = potential difference, (V or JC
-1
)
I = Current (A or Cs
-1
)
R = Resistance ()

Resistance


1 2
R R R = +

1
1 2 3
1 1 1
( ) R
R R R

= + +



Current
Series Circuit Parallel Circuit

The current flow into a resistor =the current flow
inside the resistor =the current flows out from the
resistor
I
A
=I
B
=I
C



In a series circuit, the current at any points of the
circuit is the same.

The current flow into a parallel circuit is equal to the
sum of the current in each branches of the circuit.

I =I
1
+I
2
Example

If the resistance of the 2 resistors is the same, current
will be divided equally to both of the resistor.

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Potential and Potential Difference
Series Circuit Parallel Circuit



The sum of the potential difference across individual
resistor in between 2 points in a series circuit is equal
to the potential difference across the two point.

V =V
1
+V
2


Example




The potential difference across all the resistor in a
parallel circuit is the same.

V =V
1
=V
2


Example


Potential Difference and Electromotive Force



If we assume that there is no internal resistance in the cell, the potential difference across the cell is equal to
the e.m.f. of the cell.



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Electromotive Force and Internal Resistance

( ) E I R r = +
or
E V Ir = +


E = Electromotive Force (V)
r = internal resistance ()
V = potential difference, (V or JC
-1
)
I = Current (A or Cs
-1
)
R = Resistance ()

2 methods to find the internal resistance and electromotive force
a. Open Circuit Close Circuit method
Open Circuit Close Circuit

In open circuit ( when the switch is off), the
voltmeter shows the reading of the e.m.f.
In close circuit ( when the switch is on), the
voltmeter shows the reading of the potential
difference across the cell.
With the presence of internal resistance, the potential difference across the cell is always
less than the e.m.f..

b. Linear Graph method

From the equation,

E = V + Ir
Therefore
V = -rI + E

Gradient od the grapf, m
=-internal resistance

Y intercept of the graph, c
=electromotive force

Electrical Energy

E QV =

E = Electrical Energy (J)
Q = charge (C)
V = potential difference (V or JC
-1
)


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Electrical Power

W
P
t
=

P IV =

2
P I R =

2
V
P
R
=


P = Power (W or Js
-1
)
W = Work done/Energy change (J)
t = Time (s)
I = Current (A)
V = Potential difference (V)
R = Resistance ()

Efficiency

output power
Electrical efficiency = 100%
input power




Electromagnetism

Root mean Square Value

2
p
rms
V
V =


V
rms
= root mean square voltage (V)
V
p
= peak voltage (V)

2
p
rms
I
I =

I
rms
= root mean square current (A)
I
p
= peak current (A)



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Transformer

Input And Output Of A Transformer

p
s
p
s
N
N
V
V
=

V
p
= input (primary) potential difference (V)
V
s
= output (secondary) potential difference (V)
N
p
= number of turns in primary coil
N
s
= number of turns in secondary coil



Power In A Transformer

Ideal Transformer
s s p p
I V I V =


Non-ideal transformer
% 100 =
p p
s s
I V
I V
Efficiency

V
p
= input (primary) potential difference (V)
V
s
= output (secondary) potential difference (V)
I
p
= input (primary) current (A)
I
s
= output (secondary) current (A)



Power Transmission

2Steps to find the energy/power loss in the cable
a. Find the current in the cable by the equation P=IV
b. Find the Power lost in the cable by the equation P=I
2
R.

Electronic

Energy change of electron in an electron gun

Kinetic energy
gain
=
electrical potential
energy


2
1
2
2
mv eV
eV
v
m
=
=





v = speed of electron (m
s-1
)
V = potential difference across the electron gun (V)
e = charge of 1 electron (C)
m = mass of 1 electron (kg)





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Cathode Ray Oscilloscope



Vertical scale =Y-gain control

Horizontal scale =Time base

Period =Time for 1 complete Oscillation

Frequency,
1
f
T
=

Transistor - Potential Divider


Potential difference across resistor R
1

=
1
1 2
R
V
R R

+


Potential difference across resistor R
2

=
2
1 2
R
V
R R

+



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Radioactivity

Alpha decay

X
A
Z

He Y
A
Z
4
2
4
2
+

Beta decay

X
A
Z

0
1 1
A
Z
Y e
+
+
e p n
0
1
1
1
1
0
+

Gamma emission

X
A
Z

A
Z
X +


A = nucleon number
Z = proton number

Half-life

0
1
( )
2
n
N N =

N = Amount of radioisotope particles after nth half life.
N
0
= Initial amount of radioisotope particles.
n = number of half life


Nuclear Energy - Einstein Formula

2
E mc =

m =mass change (kg)
c =speed of light (m s
-1
)
E =energy changed (J )