DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGICAL AND AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING

EAB 4210

POSTHARVEST ENGINEERING

SEMESTER 2 2016/2017

REPORT VISIT:

PPK LAHAR BUBU & BERNAS RICE MILL

GROUP MEMBERS:

SITI SARAH NABILA BINTI JUSOH 174862

NUR FATIHA NABILAH BINTI BURHAN 174865

NURADILA ATHIRAH BINTI LOCKMAN 174871

TABLE OF CONTENT
PERTUBUHAN PELADANG (PPK) KAWASAN LAHAR BUBU........................................3
INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................................3
FLOWCHART OF RICE SEEDS PROCESSING................................................................4
PRODUCTION OF CERTIFIED SEED CERTIFICATION PROCEDURE........................6
CONCLUSION......................................................................................................................6
BERNAS RICE MILL...............................................................................................................7
INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................................7
POSTHARVEST STAGES....................................................................................................7
PROBLEM.............................................................................................................................9
RECOMMENDATION........................................................................................................10
CONCLUSION....................................................................................................................10

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 VISIT TO PUSAT PENGELUARAN BENIH PADI

PERTUBUHAN PELADANG (PPK) KAWASAN LAHAR BUBU

INTRODUCTION

Paddy seed produce centre of PPK Lahar Bubu is among of nine paddy seed producer
in Malaysia and sole producer in Penang area. The center is fully constructed in August 2007
under the financial allocation of Lembaga pertubuhan Peladang. The center able to produce
paddy seed of 84m/tons/round of production or with quota of 8000 tons per year. The area for
the center is 1 acre including the planting area.

This center provide certified paddy seed with strict qualification for quality crop.
Many private agency involve with the center including MARDI, SYNGENTA, BERNAS and
others. Figure 1 below is the rank of the centre in the value chain of paddy industry.

Paddy seed nursery ( capacity of 186

000 trays)

Farm Seed
13 PKK
1500 ha
658 participant

Paddy Seed Center

PPK Lahar Bubu
8000 mt/year

MEP
62 PPK
44015 ha

Paddy Purchasing
centre/ Collection
centre

Paddy mill

Paddy Marketing

Figure 1 : Rank of the centre in the value chain of paddy industry

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 FLOWCHART OF RICE SEEDS PROCESSING

No. Process Description Figures

Reduce mechanical stresses

and heat buildup in the grain,
1 Intake pit thereby minimizing grain
breakage and producing
uniformly polished grain.

Pre-cleaning equipment for

removing coarse impurities

2 Pre-cleaner such as pieces of straws, wood

and leaves to conveying
systems such as chain, screw
or elevators

Seed is usually harvested at moisture

content (MC) between 24 and 26%
(wet basis). Any delays in drying,
3 Dryer incomplete drying, or uneven drying
will result in qualitative and
quantitative losses. So, the MC content
will be reduced to 14%.

To cope with the current and

future demand of the
increasing population for the
food grains, it is emphasized to

4 Storage Silo reduce the loss of seeds during

and after harvest. seeds are
stored for varying periods to
ensure proper and balanced
public distribution through out
the year.

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 Fine cleaner is designed to cater to the
higher level of cleaning (Fine
Cleaning) for all types of padddy and
5 Fine Cleaner seeds. Fine cleaner produces highly
precise grading, removal of light &
immature impurities with inbuilt
aspiration system.

To attain a higher degree of precision

for grading and separation, a length or

Indented indent grader is also used. The broken

6
Cylinder and smaller seeds pie into the indents
on the rotating roller surface and are
removed leaving the whole seeds
kernels or head seeds

Gravity table separates two products of

Gravity same size but different specific gravity
7
Separator by floating principle.

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PRODUCTION OF CERTIFIED SEED CERTIFICATION PROCEDURE

The first stage of paddy seeds certification procedure is application on the kind and
variety of the seeds. This may include the species or common name, and cultivar or variety
name of the plant and distinguishes it from other seeds of the same kind. If this approved, the
seeds will be planting on plot.

The second stage is the field inspection. Lot number is checked by defining the
quantity of seeds identified by a lot number or mark, every portion or bag of which is
uniform, within permitted tolerances, relative to the factors which appear in the labelling.
Origin also being checked as the location identifying where the seed was grown. This may be
listed as a state or may be a more specific location as with Pre-Varietal Releases.

Next stage is seed plant inspection. The net weight is measured to identify the total
bulk weight of bag or container. Seed plant inspection is also conducted to identify the pure
seed which is calculated by determining the percentage of purity. A purity test separates pure
seed, inert matter, other crop seed, and weed seed. Purity expresses the composition of the
seed lot and its degree of contamination by unwanted components. Purity + inert matter +
weed seed+ other crop seed must add up to 100%. Purity may vary greatly by species.

The final stage is seed testing. Germination procedure is conducted by determines the
capability of a seed lot to produce normal seedlings under favourable controlled conditions.
Prohibited noxious weed seeds are not allowed in any number within a seed lot. Seed lots
cannot be sold if they contain any prohibited noxious weed seeds. The seed test must indicate
that no prohibited noxious weed seeds are present. After all procedures are done, the quality
certification will be proceed. On the certification, there will be the name and address. This
includes the name of the company responsible for the analysis. It is often the producer or
grower of the seed. It may not always be the seller or the point of purchase or distribution.

CONCLUSION
Based on the visit, we gain knowledge about the center of paddy seed and the
operation. We got to learn about the source of paddy crop in Malaysia, the source of the
paddy seed and the stage must take to ensure that the seed use by the farmer is certified seed
with guided quality. From this visit, we could relate to the subject of postharvest engineering
by the process from the field for harvest to the operation to produce certified seed.

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BERNAS RICE MILL

INTRODUCTION
A visit to Bernas paddy mill located at Kepala Batas, Pulau Pinang are done on 5 th May
2017. The objectives of this visit are to study the postharvest stages of paddy after harvest,
identify the problem that will lead losses during the production and to suggest steps to
reduce/overcome the losses.

POSTHARVEST STAGES
1. Transport
The paddy harvested in the field are transport to the mill and the loading truck
will be weighed first before being unload.
2. Drying
The paddy is dried using hot water system. The paddy will be dried until
reached the moisture content of 14% for 24 hours in temperature of 40. This
hot water system used paddy husk as burning substance to boil the water. This
method could reduce the cost of using other substance as burning element.

Figure 2: Dryer
3. Pre-cleaning
Foreign materials and other impurities such as sand and rock were being
separated from the paddy.

4. Husking
The husk is being removed from the paddy by passing the grain between a
rubber rolls. The brown rice is produced in this stages.

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5. First separation
The paddy are separate into 3 categories which are brown rice, mixed grain
and paddy using paddy separator machine.

Figure 3: Paddy separator

6. Whitening / polishing
The brown rice that are already separated are polished to get the white rice and
moved to the silo before grading process.

Figure 4: Paddy after polished

7. Grading
The rice in the silo then will be graded based on different sizes which are
coarse broken rice, small broken rice and head rice.

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 Figure 5: The paddy were separate into broken rice and head rice.

8. Packaging
The rice will be packed using a baggage of 1 ton sizes. The rice are stored in
stack arrangement and wait for being distribute to other buyer to be
commercialise.

Figure 6: Packaging and storage of rice

PROBLEM
1) In drying stages, if the harvested paddy cant be process within the 24 hours. It will
damage due to certain condition such as microbial growth. Plus, this process must be
monitor thoroughly according to the specific condition in this factory the condition
are 40 and 24 hours. So the moisture content of lower than 14 percent can be
achieved without producing more broken rice percentage due to excessive drying
2) Problem that could rise during the pre-cleaning stages is the sieve can leaked and will
cause incomplete cleaning.
3) In the husker machine, the metal could wear off and losses its efficiency when its
reached the capacity.

RECOMMENDATION

1) To improve problem in the drying process, they need indoor mechanics and boiler
man to solve that problem immediately so the cost and time for the mills to
operate back will reduce and no need to transfer the paddy to others mills.

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 2) All the machine need to be inspect regularly, do maintenance and replace the part
by time according to the capacity of the process.

CONCLUSION

Whole
rice
White Broken
Brown rice rice
rice
Bran Chips
Paddy
Burned
husk husk ash

From the visited, we are able to understand the process of rice production from harvesting
until storage. The end product of paddy are divide into 3 which is white rice, temukut and
dedak. Dedak is use as animal feed. The husk are use as burning substances in hot water
dryer. The problem during the production such as in the dryer and husker are also identified
and some recommendation has been suggest in order to reduce losses in the rice production.

APPENDICES

Figure 7: Dedak

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 Figure 8:Temukut

Figure 9: Roller use in whitening process

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