Unit 3

SHIPS AND SHIP TERMS

SHIP'S DECKS, SPACES AND EQUIPMENT

Basic terms
cargo gear anchor gear
derrick crew accommodation
lifting capacity draught waterline
mast freeboard
nautical equipment life-saving apparatus
ships systems machinery
ship's crane mooring gear
shore crane samson post
winch manifold valve

Ships decks and spaces

1 Ship's spaces - reefer ship

A ship might reasonably be divided into three distinct areas: the cargo-carrying
holds or tanks, the accommodation and the machinery space. Depending upon the
type each ship will assume varying proportions and functions. An oil tanker, for
instance, will have the cargo-carrying region divided into tanks by two longitudinal
bulkheads and several transverse bulkheads. There will be considerable quantities
of cargo piping both above and below decks.

The general cargo ship will have various cargo holds which are usually the full
width of the vessel and formed by transverse bulkheads along the ship's length.
Cargo handling equipment will be arranged on deck and there will be large hatch
openings closed with steel hatch covers. The accommodation areas in each of
these ship types will be sufficient to meet the requirements for the ship's crew,
provide a navigating bridge area and a communications centre. The machinery
space size will be decided by the particular machinery installed and the auxiliary
equipment necessary.

A passenger ship, however, would have a large accommodation area, since this
might be considered the 'cargo space'. Machinery space requirements will probably
be larger because of air conditioning equipment, stabilisers and other passenger
related equipment.

Modern dry cargo ship designs maximize hold space. A typical mid-size ship may
have five or six holds; three or four forward of the machinery space and
superstructure, and one or two aft. The machinery spaces and superstructure are
usually located about three quarters aft. Older designs typically have three holds
forward of the superstructure and two aft. Holds aft of the accommodation and
machinery spaces improve the trim of the vessel when partially loaded, and provide
the ship with sufficient draft aft for stability and propeller immersion.

Small freighters often have machinery and accommodation spaces aft of all
cargo holds. Deadweight of modern general cargo liners ranges from 9,000 to
25,000 tons; speeds range from 17 to 22 knots. Tramps are typically smaller and
slower, with speeds ranging from 12 to 18 knots.

The speed-to-length ratio is generally 0.87 or less as higher ratios are usually not
economical. Laden drafts are as deep as channels to the intended terminal ports
allow, typically in the 26- to 29-foot range. Hull depth is selected to provide the
desired draft and satisfy statutory freeboard requirements. Depth of the double
bottom is kept low to maximize cargo space.

One or more tween decks may be fitted to facilitate flexibility in cargo loading and
unloading, cargo segregation, and to improve stability. There may be watertight
doors in the bulkheads on the tween decks levels. Denser cargoes are carried in
the lower holds with high stowage factor products normally stowed in the tween
decks. Refrigerated spaces may be built into the tween decks.

Tramps are designed to carry a wide variety of commodities while liners may be
designed for a specific trade. Ship designs for a specific trade strive for "full and
down" operation; the ships freeboard is down to her loadline with cargo cubic fully
occupied.

For a given trade, hold spaces are usually designed so that the ratio of bale cubic
to deadweight is 10 to 15 percent greater than the overall stowage factor of the
goods carried to allow for more rapid cargo handling and broken stowage the
spaces between and around cargo units, including dunnage, and spaces not
available for cargo stowage because of physical obstructions or ventilation and
access requirements.

Holds are sized and provided with cargo gear to limit the amount of cargo cubic per
stevedore gang to about 60,000 cubic feet; holds in the midbody are therefore
usually shorter than those nearer the ends of the ship. The conflict between the
desire to shorten holds and the length required by cargo gear and hatches
sometimes dictates the assignment of midships spaces to machinery or to fuel,
cargo, or ballast deep tanks rather than holds.

Hatches are as large as possible without compromising hull strength (the main or
second deck is normally the strength deck) to reduce the requirement for horizontal
movement of cargo within the holds. Hatches served by two sets of cargo gear
generally measure 20 by 30 feet or larger. Hatches on older ships are generally
smaller than those on newer ships. Hatches are surrounded by coamings to reduce
the risk of flooding in heavy seas. Covers are usually constructed of steel (or wood
on older vessels). The main deck plating between hatches is not effective in
providing longitudinal strength, and is sized to carry fairly light local loads. The deck
plating outboard the hatches is therefore much heavier, often exceeding five-
eighths inch in thickness.

Cargo gear is designed for speed and flexibility for handling breakbulk, palletized,
or container cargo. Various combinations of derricks, winches, and deck cranes are
used for the handling of cargo. Cranes are fitted on many vessels to reduce
manpower requirements. Some ships have special heavy-lift derricks that may
serve one or more holds. Booms are rigged for either yard and stay (burton) or
swinging-boom operation.

Source: P. van Kluijven (2005) IMLP

a. upper deck or main deck
b. forecastle
c. tweendeck
d. tanktop
e. upper hold and lower hold
f. peak tank
g. chain locker
h. bosuns locker
i. collision bulkheads
j. engine room
k. steering machinery
l. double bottom
m. cofferdams
n. superstructure
 2 Decks and spaces on a classical cargo liner

Ships systems
The ballast pumping system comprises a 500 m/hr centrifugal pump and
two main centrifugal self-priming pumps, each of which has a capacity of 1,000
m^/hr De-ballasting, excluding stripping, can be undertaken in eight hours. The
bilge system in all the holds, except Hold 1, incorporates two centrifugal, self-
primping pumps rated at 200 m^/hr, and a single piston type bilge pump of 10
m/hr. The centrifugal pumps discharge bilge water directly overboard, while the
piston unit discharges into a settling tank. For Hold 1, there is a single centrifugal
pump with a 100 m/hr capacity and a bilge water settling tank. The pump extracts
water from the hold's bilge wells and pumps it either overboard or to the settling
tank. Emergency drainage of Hold 1 is also possible using the engine room bilge
pumps.
The central coolers, the main engine cylinder cooling fresh water cooler, and
the main engine lub oil cooler are all plate type, and were manufactured by Alfa
Lavals, Sweden. All the steam heaters on the Lara Rickmers class are of the shell
and tube type.
Kvrner of Norway provided the solid/oil waste incinerator unit, which has
an approximate burning capacity for solid waste of 50 kg/hr for sludge oil.
The engine room is arranged with a control and monitoring system, that
meets LR class requirements for a periodically unmanned engine room. Stein &
Sohn of Germany supplied the main engine control system, as well as its Camos
2000 engine room alarm and monitoring system. Auxiliary equipment in the
engine room includes centrifugal type sea water, fresh water, ballast and bilge
pumps, all driven by electric motors. These are capable of operating in regular
conditions in both suction and discharge mode without overloading.

The handling of cargo is carried out either by the ship's own cargo gear or
by shore cranes.
The derricks are the ship's cranes, and their lifting capacity can vary from
3 tonnes to 50 tonnes or more. If heavy items such as locomotives or boilers are
carried, jumbo derricks capable of lifting up to 200 tonnes are provided. They are
operated by the ship's winches. Derricks are necessary when cargo is loaded or
discharged into barges and are also used on the ship's quayside, where they can
work in conjunction with shore cranes. The derricks are supported by masts or
samson posts.
The bridge of a vessel is the navigating centre of the ship where her course
is determined. It is generally situated aft. In recent years the tendency to have
machinery aft has caused the navigating bridge to be similarly located, particularly
on cargo ships and tankers. Included on the navigating bridge is the helm, and also
a large amount of nautical equipment, including radar sets, a gyro compass, a
radio direction finder, etc. The bridge is in direct communication with all parts of the
vessel.
Crew accommodation on modem cargo ships and tankers is situated aft in
close proximity to the machinery. Standards of accommodation are high, and are
controlled by various IMO and ILO statutory regulations.
There are various statutory provisions concerning the quantity and type of
life-saving apparatus carried on a vessel. Broadly speaking, it is determined by
the type of the vessel, crew establishment and passenger certificate (authorized
number of passengers permitted to be carried). The life-saving apparatus includes
lifeboats, inflatable rubber liferafts, lifebuoys and individual lifejackets.

The draught (or draft) of a vessel is the vertical distance from the keel to the
waterline. The maximum permitted draught varies according to the zones, seasonal
periods and waters in which the ship plies. Freeboard is the distance measured
amidships from the water line to the main deck of a vessel. This is normally the
uppermost continuous deck in a ship with one or more decks. However, in a shelter
deck vessel it would be the next deck below.

Orientation on board and around the ship

A. Comprehension & vocabulary

A.1 Answer the following questions:
1. What is the cargo handled with?
2. What is the usual capacity of the ship's derricks and cranes?
3. Which type of cargo is carried by jumbo derricks?
4. What is the function of the bridge?
5. Where is the bridge situated?
6. What equipment does the bridge accommodate?
7. Where is the crew accommodation situated?
8. What does the ship's safety equipment depend on?
9. What does life-saving apparatus include?
10. What is the draught of a ship?
11. What is the freeboard of a ship?
A.2 Write down the main elements of the ship's construction under the following
headlines (see the relative drawings):

ships hull superstructure cargo gear

A.3 Have a look at the sketches above (ships derrick) and fill in the following missing
words: tackles runner mast derrick head topping lift guy pendants

The ship's derrick

A derrick is a strong boom pivoted on the 1. _____________ at the lower end. It is fitted
with stays and 2. _____________ to swing it to port and starboard. The derrick boom is
lifted by the 3. _____________ or span fixed at the
4. ____________ and passing through a block on the top of the mast. A whip or
5. ____________ is used to lift and lower the cargo. The guy pendants are operated by 6.
____________ .
A.5 Insert the missing labels in the layout drawing of the ship (see also Basic
terms for help):

A.6 Re-write the abbreviations referring to the terms deck and tank from the
drawings of the ship on p. 1, and give their full forms:

EXAMPLE
main dk = main deck
wb tk = water ballast tank
________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________

A.7-a Assign the labels to the letters below:

bosuns locker
chain locker,
cofferdams
collision bulkheads
engine room
forecastle
peak tank
steering machinery
superstructure
tanktop
The double bottom
tweendeck
upper deck, or main deck
upper hold and lower hold
A.7-b Give Croatian (or your own language) equivalents for the labels
above.

bosuns locker .......................

chain locker, .......................
cofferdams .......................
collision bulkheads .......................
engine room .......................
forecastle .......................
peak tank .......................
steering machinery .......................
superstructure .......................
tanktop .......................
double bottom .......................
tweendeck .......................
upper deck, .......................

A.4 Say which term from the basic terminology is described below:
Samson post derrick life-saving apparatus cargo gear
freeboard bridge accommodation draught NAVAIDS ballast freeboard

1. _____________ : height between the water level and the upper deck.
2. _____________ : boom or spar used for hoisting or lowering loads.
3. _____________ : depth in water at which a ship floats.
4. _____________ : distance from the top deck to the water.
5. _____________ : ship's own equipment for loading and discharging.
6. _____________ : instruments used for the ship's navigation.
7. _____________ : cabins for the ship's personnel.
8. _____________ : control centre of the ship.
9. _____________ : king post.
10. ____________ : means and equipment for the rescue and protection of seafarers, such
as lifeboats, liferafts, lifejackets, etc.
11. _____________ : sea-water carried in tanks for the ship's stability.
A.5 Insert the appropriate label for the relevant ship spaces, structural members and
equipment
A.6 Give your language equivalents for the following ship's terms (Ship's Hold, Unit
2):

1. central stringer ___________________

2. deck plating ___________________
3. deck stringers ___________________
4. deck beam ___________________
5. knee, angle bar ___________________
6. frame ___________________
7. 'tween-deck plating ___________________
8. 'tween-deck beam ___________________
9. side plating (strakes) ___________________
10. margin plate ___________________
11. central girder ___________________
12. side stringer ___________________
13. bottom and double bottom stringers ___________________
14. floor ___________________
15. tank top, inner bottom ___________________
16. bottom plating (strakes) ___________________
17. cross bulkhead ___________________
18. bulkhead stiffener ________________
19. hold pillar ________________
20. hatch coaming ________________

Design of a Ship's Hold (Cross Section)

A.8 Fill in the following missing terms (structural members of the ship):
stem stern post beams angle bars keel knees brackets stringers
floors frames

The 1. ____________ is a longitudinal structural member at the bottom of the vessel, to

which floors and frames are attached. The 2. ___________ is a structural member forward,
rising from the keel and forming the how. The 3. ____________ is a vertical member at the
after end of the hull. The transverse members making up the structure of a ship are the 4.
__________ on the sides, the 5. ___________ supporting the decks, and the 6.
___________ forming up the double bottom space. The longitudinal members holding
together the bottom, side plates and the deck plating are bottom, side and deck 7.
_____________ . Small-sized members used for joining and reinforcing the ship's structural
members are 8. ____________ , 9. ____________ , and 10. __________ .

A.9 Ship Terms-Revision:

1. Aboard is the opposite to _____________ .

2. In the past the ____________ was usually placed amidships.
3. The openings in the deck are called ____________ .
4. Through the hatches, entrance into the _____________ is possible.
5. The cargo is discharged or loaded with the ship's cranes or ____________ .
6. The equipment of a derrick includes standing or fixed and running
7. Derricks are supported on the _____________ or king posts.
8. On board ship instead of the terms behind and in front of, ___________ and
_____________ are used.
9. When the ship is coming to her berth or anchorage, the Chief Officer stands on the
_____________ .
10. The ladder leading from one deck to another is called a _____________ .
11. A passage or a corridor in a ship is called the ____________ .
12. The lefthand and the righthand sides of the ship are referred to as the ____________
and the ____________ side.
13. The ____________ of the bridge project out of the bridge on either side.
14. To get from the side alleyway into the cabin or any other space inside the ship, you
must step over the ____________ .
15. The ____________ is also a raised vertical edge of a hatchway.
16. The derricks and deck cranes are driven by _____________ either electrical or
hydraulic.
17. The ____________ winch is used for shifting the ship alongside the same quay or
pier.
B. Grammar
B.1 Adverbs are mainly formed by adding -ly to the adjective, (e.g. strong -strongly,
quick - quickly,). Find such adverbs in the reading text and state whether they refer
to a verb, an adjective or to the whole sentence (the first example has been worked
out for you):

1. commonly referring to the verb carry

2. ____________________ ____________________
3. ____________________ ____________________
4. ____________________ ____________________
5. ____________________ ____________________
6. ____________________ ____________________
7. ____________________ ____________________