Journal of Advances in Mechanical Engineering and Science, Vol. 1(3) 2015, pp.

28-40

RESEARCH ARTICLE
Analysis of Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient and Effectiveness in
Split Flow Heat Exchanger using Nano Fluids
*
T Aseer Brabin1, S Ananth2
1
Principal, Universal College of Engineering and Technology, Vallioor, Tamilnadu, 627117, India.
2
PG Scholar, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universal College of Engineering and
Technology, Vallioor, Tamilnadu, 627117, India.

Received-12 November 2015, Revised-14 December 2015, Accepted-22 December 2015, Published-22 December 2015

ABSTRACT
Heat exchanger plays a major role in industrial process heating. Heat is transported
among liquids by conduction and convection over the partitions of the heat exchanger. Heat transfer
solutions have little thermal conductivity that significantly bounds the heat exchanger
competence. Many research activities are carried out to improve the thermal properties of fluids
by adding thermally conductive solids into liquids. Nanofluids are suspensions of nanoparticles in the
base fluid which is a new challenge in the field of thermal science provided by nanotechnology. In this
paper an experimental setup of split flow heat exchanger was designed and fabricated. Heat exchanger
performance is analyzed by adding Aluminium oxide (Al2O3) with the base fluid (tap water, distilled
water and a mixture of distilled water and ethylene glycol).The thermal properties like overall heat
transfer coefficient and effectiveness of the heat exchanger were calculated and compared with the
results of base fluid (water).
Keywords: Aluminium oxide, Heat transfer coefficient, Split flow heat exchanger, Effectiveness,
NTU, LMTD.

1. INTRODUCTION contribution of all these effects on heat

Heat exchangers are devices that transfer. The rate of heat transfer between the
facilitate the exchange of heat between two two fluids at a location in a heat exchanger
fluids that are at different temperatures without depends on the magnitude of the temperature
direct contact of fluids. Heat exchangers are difference at that location, which varies along
commonly used in practice in a wide range of the heat exchanger. In the analysis of heat
applications, from heating and air-conditioning exchangers, it is usually convenient to work
systems in a household to chemical processing with the logarithmic mean temperature
and power production in large plants. Heat difference LMTD, which is an equivalent
exchangers differ from mixing chambers in the mean temperature difference between the two
way that they do not allow the two fluids fluids for the entire heat exchanger.
involved to mix with each other. For example,
in a car radiator, heat is transferred from the 1.1. Classification
hot water flowing through the radiator tubes to The heat exchangers are classified in
the air flowing through the closely spaced thin to four types, according to the following
plates attached outside of the tubes. Heat Nature of heat exchanger process
transfer in a heat exchanger usually involves Relative direction of motion of
convection in each fluid and conduction fluids
through the wall separating the two fluids. In Mechanical design of heat
the analysis of heat exchangers, it is exchanger surface
convenient to work with an overall heat Physical state of heat exchanging
transfer coefficient U that accounts for the

*Corresponding author. Tel.: +919443606238

Email address: aseerbrabin@rediffmail.com (T.A.Brabin)
Double blind peer review under responsibility of DJ Publications
http://dx.doi.org/10.18831/james.in/2015031004
2455-0957 2016 DJ Publications by Dedicated Juncture Researchers Association. This is an open access
article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). 28
 T.A.Brabin and S.Ananth./Journal of Advances in Mechanical Engineering and Science, Vol. 1(3), 2015 pp. 28-40

1.2. Nanofluids the volume concentration of 0.008 % and then

Over the past decade, nanofluids, decreases.
which are liquids containing suspensions of [2] have carried out an experimental
nanoparticles have been reported to possess study in order to find out the effects of silicon
substantially higher thermal conductivity than nitride nanofluid, having nanoparticles
anticipated from the effective medium theories. concentration of 0.1% by volume on heat
This makes them very attractive for the usage transfer, mass flow rate, effectiveness, LMTD
as heat transfer fluids in many applications. of a shell and tube heat exchanger.
For example, nanofluids would be useful as [3] have performed an experimental
coolants in automobile and electronics and numerical study on-Al2O3/water
industries. However, the reported high thermal nanofluid flowing through the double pipe
conductivity sometimes cannot be reproduced, counter flow heat exchangers under laminar
and the potential mechanisms leading to the flow conditions. They have found that the heat
enhancement are still under scrutiny. transfer performance of both the double pipes
By suspending nanophase particles in increases with increase in the hot and cold
heating or cooling fluids, the heat transfer volume flow rates as well as the particle
performance of the fluid can be significantly concentrations and nanofluid inlet temperature
improved. The main reasons may be listed as compared to pure water.
follows: [4] have investigated the heat transfer
1. The suspended nanoparticles increase of a fluid containing nanoparticles of
the surface area and the heat capacity aluminum nitride with a diameter of about 20
of the fluid. nm, with the water volume fraction (0.1 0.3)
2. The suspended nanoparticles increase percent in a horizontal double pipe counter
the effective (or apparent) thermal flow heat exchanger under turbulent flow
conductivity of the fluid. conditions. They have found that heat transfer
3. The interaction and collision among of nanofluid in comparison with the heat
particles, fluid and the flow passage transfer of fluid is slightly higher than 9%.
surface are intensified. [5] have analysed the empirical
4. The mixing fluctuation and turbulence correlations associated with the previous
of the fluid are intensified. research papers and gave the correlations for
5. The dispersion of nanoparticles thermal conductivity, density, Nusselt number,
flattens the transverse temperature Reynoldss number and viscosity of the
gradient of the fluid. nanofluid.
[6] studied the fluid flow and heat
2. LITERATURE REVIEW transfer characteristics of nanofluids in forced
Comprehensive reviews of published and free convection flows and potential
papers are available in the open literature applications of nanofluids.
related to the application of nanofluids in heat [7] have given the various methods for
transfer. preparation of nanofluids and its stability
[1] have carried out an experimental mechanisms and effects of surfactants on
study on the effect of nanofluid on heat nanofluids.
transfer characteristics of double pipe heat [8] studied the various applications of
exchanger with the effect of aluminium oxide nanofluids. The fields include heat transfer
nanofluid. An experimental investigation is applications, automotive applications,
carried out to determine the effect of various electronics applications, biomedical
concentrations of Al2O3nano-dispersion mixed applications etc.,
in water as base fluid on heat transfer [9] made experimental study on the
characteristics of double pipe heat exchanger forced convective heat transfer and flow
for parallel flow and counter flow characteristics of a nanofluid consisting of
arrangement. The volume concentrations of water and different volume concentrations of
Al2O3nanofluid prepared are 0.001 % to 0.01 Al2O3nanofluid (0.32)% flowing in a
%. The conclusion derived for the study is that horizontal shell and tube heat exchanger
overall heat transfer coefficient increases with counter flow under turbulent flow conditions
increase in volume concentration of are investigated.
Al2O3nano-dispersion compared to water up to

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[10] analysed the performance of a volume fraction of 0.1%0.3% (V/V). Effects

counter flow micro channel heat exchanger of temperature and concentration of
CFMCHE with a nanofluid as a cooling nanoparticles on Nusselt number changes and
medium. Two types of nanofluids used are Cu- heat transfer coefficient in a double pipe heat
water and Al2O3-water. From the results exchanger with counter turbulent flow are
obtained, they found that the thermal investigated.
performance of CFMCHE increased with In [17] experimental investigations
nanofluids as a cooling medium with no extra were made on heat transfer and pressure drop
increase in pressure drop due to the ultra fine characteristics of water based CuO nanofluid
solid particles and low volume fraction inside a horizontal tube. The upper limitation
concentrations. of the particle volume fraction with respect to
[11] presented an overview of the heat transfer performance was also found.
recent investigations in the study of the thermo CuO-water nanofluids with volume fractions
physical characteristics of nanofluids and their of 0.5%, 1%, 2%, and 4% were prepared by
role in heat transfer enhancement from heat dispersing the CuO nanoparticles with an
exchangers. General correlations for the average diameter of 33 nm into deionised
effective thermal conductivity, viscosity and water.
Nusselt number of nanofluids are presented. [18] investigated turbulent forced
[12] studied the applications of convection of -Al2O3/water nanofluid in a
nanofluids by focusing on the previous concentric double tube heat exchanger using
research papers and concluded the importance mixture two-phase model. Nanofluids are used
of nanofluids in various fields by providing as coolants flowing in the inner tube while hot
some experimental results. pure water flows in the outer tube. The studies
[13] investigated the thermal are conducted for Reynolds numbers ranging
performance of a shell and tube heat from 20,000 to 50,000 and nanoparticle
exchanger using nanofluids and found that volume fractions of 2, 3, 4, and 6 percent.
the effectiveness was increased by a In [19] the forced convective heat
considerable amount, while the convective and transfer in a water based nanofluid has been
overall heat transfer coefficient increases even experimentally compared to pure water in an
further with the addition of 3% Al2O3 automobile radiator. Five different
nanoparticles in water based fluid. concentrations of nanofluids in the range of
[14] studied the Overall Heat Transfer 0.1-1 vol. % have been prepared by the
Coefficient of Nano Fluids (OHTCNF) in heat addition of
exchangers and the relevant effective TiO2 nanoparticles into the water. Results
parameters. They reported an improvement in demonstrate that increasing the fluid
Heat Transfer (HT) and OHTCNF containing circulating rate can improve the heat
nanoaluminum oxide with ca. 20 nm particle transfer performance. Meanwhile, application
sizes and particular volume fraction in the of nanofluid with low concentrations can
range of 0.001-0.002. They also studied the enhance heat transfer efficiency up to 45% in
effects of temperature and concentration of comparison with pure water.
nanoparticles on HT variation as well as [20] reported the theoretical study on
Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient (OHTC) in a the heat transfer and flow characteristics of
counter current double tube heat exchanger nano fluids consisting of water flowing in a
with turbulent flow. horizontal shell and tube heat exchanger. The
[15] investigated the thermal Al2O3 nano particles are used in the present
characteristics of turbulent nanofluid flow in a study. The result show that the heat transfer
rectangular pipe. Four different types of coefficient of nano fluid is slightly higher
nanoparticles Al2O3, ZnO, CuO and SiO2 at than that of the base liquid at same mass flow
different volume fractions of nanofluids in the rate and at same temperature.
range of 1% to 5% are considered in this In [21] literature survey was made
investigation. which gives the techniques for implementation
[16] investigated the enhancement of of nanofluids in a car radiator for cooling the
heat transfer coefficient and Nusselt number of engine.
a nanofluid containing nanoparticles (- [22] showed the review of various
AL2O3) with a particle size of 20 nm and research papers in nanofluids and concludes

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that nanofluids have great potential for heat control valve is used to control the flow of
transfer enhancement and are highly suited fluids. Two submersible pumps are immersed
for application in heat transfer processes. in water tanks to pump the hot fluid in to the
[23] presented a short review on the tube and cold fluid in to the shell.
heat transfer enhancement of a car radiator by
using nano fluids. 3.1. Shell
[24] studied the enhancement of heat Shell is the outermost part of the heat
transfer in a solar collector using nano-fluid. exchanger in which the cold fluid carrying
They also presented a review of various nanoparticles flows and it consists of an inner
research papers on solar collectors. port and an outer port. The cold fluid enters the
[25] studied the heat transfer input port and receives heat from the hot fluid
characteristics of nanofluids mixed with base and exits via the outer port. The inner port and
fluids in a certain proportion flowing in a tube, outer port has a diameter of 12mm and it is
under constant heat flux boundary conditions fitted in the centre part of the shell. The
in laminar and transition flow regimes. material of the shell is stainless steel.
Experiment shows that the 3% volume
concentration gives highest value of % 3.2. Tube
increment in convective heat transfer The inner tube rests inside the shell
coefficient when compared to 2% and 4% and it gives heat to the cold fluid. The hot fluid
volume concentration. from the water tank enters in to the tube and
The review of exising literature reveal exits via the exit port. The inlet and outlet
the facts related to the application of nanofluid temperatures are recorded by the digital
in heat exchangers for the enhancement of heat temperature sensor by means of a probe
transfer rate. They can be summarized as attached at the inlet and outlet ports. The tube
follows. Nanofluids are relatively practiced has a diameter of 10mm. The material of the
recently to enhance the heat transfer rate. inner tube is copper.
There are different types of nanofluids which
can be used to enhance the heat transfer rate 4. ANALYSIS OF HEAT EXCHANGERS
and many researchers have carried out [26] used two methods for the analysis
numerical and experimental analysis on the of heat exchangers viz the Logarithmic Mean
application of nanofluid in the enhancement of Temperature Difference (LMTD) and NTU-
heat transfer rate under different conditions. Effectiveness Method. The analysis is shown
Extensive experiments have been carried out by means of equations from (4.1) to (4.22)
on double pipe heat exchanger to determine the Using first law of thermodynamics, the
effect of different type of nanofluids (having rate of heat transfer from the hot fluid is equal
nanoparticles of Al2O3 and CuO.) and to the rate of heat transfer to the cold one. That
concentration of nanoparticles in nanofluid is,
during parallel and counter flow condition. The ( ) (4.1)
present work is focused on the analysis of ( ) (4.2)
overall heat transfer coefficient and where the subscripts c and h stands for
effectiveness in split flow heat exchanger using cold and hot fluids respectively.
nano fluids. , mass flow rates of cold and hot
fluids in kg/s.
3. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP Specific heat rates for cold and hot
,
The setup consists of an inner tube and
an outer shell. The inner tube is made of fluids in
copper and it has a length of 400mm and a , inlet temperatures in
diameter of 10mm. The outer shell is made of , outlet temperatures in
stainless steel and it has a length of 300mm It is often convenient to combine the
and diameter of 50mm. Figure B1 shows the product of the mass flow rate and the specific
fabricated split flow heat exchanger and figure heat of a fluid into a single quantity in heat
B2 shows the experimental set up used for the transfer analysis. This quantity is called the
analysis. Four digital temperature sensors are heat capacity rate and is defined for the hot and
used to measure the inlet and outlet cold fluid streams as
temperature of the hot and cold water. Flow = (4.3)

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= (4.4) inlet and outlet temperatures of the hot and

Therefore, heat transfer rate in terms cold fluids are specified. With the LMTD
of heat capacity rate becomes method, the task is to select a heat exchanger
( ) (4.5) that will meet the prescribed heat transfer
requirements. The procedure to be followed by
( ) (4.6) the selection process is as follows:
1. Select the type of heat exchanger
In a heat exchanger the rate of heat suitable for the application.
transfer can also be expressed in an analogous 2. Determine any unknown inlet or outlet
manner to Newtons law of cooling as temperature and the heat transfer rate
(4.7) using an energy balance.
where is the overall heat transfer 3. Calculate the log mean temperature
difference Tm and the correction
coefficient in , is the heat transfer factor F, if necessary. Obtain (select or
area in , is an appropriate average calculate) the value of the overall heat
temperature difference between the two fluids. transfer coefficient U.
4. Calculate the heat transfer surface area
4.1. Logarithmic Mean Temperature .
Difference(LMTD) The task is completed by selecting a
The heat transfer rate equation is given heat exchanger that has a heat transfer surface
by area equal to or larger than . A second kind
(4.8) of problem encountered in heat exchanger
where analysis is the determination of the heat
( ) (4.9) transfer rate and the outlet temperatures of the
For parallel flow heat exchangers hot and cold fluids for prescribed fluid mass
(4.10) flow rates and inlet temperatures when the type
(4.11) and size of the heat exchanger are specified.
For counter flow heat exchangers The heat transfer surface area A of the heat
(4.12) exchanger in this case is known, but the outlet
(4.13) temperatures are not. Here the task is to
For cross flow heat exchangers determine the heat transfer performance of a
= (4.14) specified heat exchanger or to determine if a
is known as the log mean heat exchanger available in storage will do the
temperature difference, which is the suitable job.
form of the average temperature difference for For this alternative problem, the
use in the analysis of heat exchangers. Here LMTD method could still used. It is not
and represent the temperature practical because the procedure would require
difference between the two fluids tedious iterations. In 1955, Kays and London
came up with a method called the
4.2. The Effectiveness NTU method effectiveness-NTU method, which greatly
It is easy to use in heat exchanger simplified heat exchanger analysis in an
analysis when the inlet and outlet temperatures attempt to eliminate the iterations from the
of the hot and cold fluids are known or can be solutions of such problems.
determined from an energy balance when we This method is based on a
discuss the method in log mean temperature dimensionless parameter called the heat
difference (LMTD). Once Tm, the mass flow transfer effectiveness , defined as the ratio of
rates, and the overall heat transfer coefficient actual heat transfer rate to the maximum
are available, the heat transfer surface area of possible heat transfer rate.
the heat exchanger can be determined from (4.16)
(4.15)
Therefore, the LMTD method is very The actual heat transfer rate in a heat
suitable for determining the size of a heat exchanger can be determined from an energy
exchanger to realize the prescribed outlet balance on the hot or cold fluids and can be
temperatures when the mass flow rates and the expressed as

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( ) 5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

( ) The experimental analysis is carried
(4.17) out in split flow heat exchanger using tap
To determine the maximum possible water, distilled water and a mixture of distilled
heat transfer rate in a heat exchanger, we first water and ethylene glycol. The measured
recognize that the maximum temperature temperatures of hot water outlet and cold water
difference in a heat exchanger is the difference outlet by keeping constant temperature hot
between the inlet temperatures of the hot and water inlet are presented in table 1, 2 &3.
cold fluids. That is, Table A1, A2 & A3 shows calculated results of
(4.18) mass flow rate, heat transfer rate, LMTD,
The heat transfer in a heat exchanger overall heat transfer coefficient, NTU and
will reach its maximum value when (1) the effectiveness. From tables A1, A2 and A3 it is
cold fluid is heated to the inlet temperature of found that heat transfer rate, LMTD, overall
the hot fluid or (2) the hot fluid is cooled to the heat transfer coefficient, NTU and
inlet temperature of the cold fluid. These two effectiveness decreases with decrease in
limiting conditions will not be reached temperature. From these tables it is also found
simultaneously unless the heat capacity rates of that the effectiveness of heat exchanger
the hot and cold fluids are identical (i.e., increases for a mixture of ethylene glycol and
).When , which is usually the distilled water compared to tap water and
case, the fluid with the smaller heat capacity distilled water. Thus it is evident from these
rate will experience a larger temperature results that the use of nano fluids increases the
change, and thus it will be the first to effectiveness of heat exchanger.
experience the maximum temperature, at
which point the heat transfer will come to a Table 1.Tap water as a cooling fluid
halt. Therefore, the maximum possible heat
Time taken for
transfer rate in a heat exchanger is One litre water 40 42 43 44
( ) (4.19) collection (litres/sec)
where is the smaller of Hot water inlet
90 80 70 60
= and . ( )
Effectiveness relations of the heat Cold water inlet ( )
30 30 30 30
exchangers typically involve the dimensionless
group . This quantity is called the Hot water outlet
85 77 68 59
number of transfer units NTU and is expressed ( )
as Cold water outlet
( ) 33 32 31 31
(4.20)
where the overall heat is transfer
coefficient and is the heat transfer surface Table 2.Distilled water as a cooling fluid
area of the heat exchanger. Note that is
proportional to .Therefore, for specified Time taken for
One litre water 38 39 39 40
values of and , the value of is a collection (litres/sec)
measure of the heat transfer surface area . Hot water inlet
Thus, the larger the , the larger is the heat 90 80 70 60
( )
exchanger. Cold water inlet
In heat exchanger analysis, it is also 30 30 30 30
( )
convenient to define another dimensionless Hot water outlet
83 75 66 58
quantity called the capacity ratio c as ( )
(4.21) Cold water outlet
34 34 33 32
The effectiveness of the heat ( )
exchanger for cross flow heat exchanger with
both fluids unmixed is given by the equation

* , ( ) +
(4.22)

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APPENDIX A
Table A1.Heat transfer characteristics for a tapwater

Temperature ( ) 90 80 70 60
Mass flow rate
0.0250 0.0238 0.0232 0.0227
(kg/sec)
Heat transfer rate
(k ) 0.602 0.344 0.223 0.109
Eq (4.6)
LMDT ( )
54.88 45.57 38.49 28.50
Eq ( 4.14)
Overall heat
transfer
coefficient 0.0877 0.0603 0.0463 0.0305
(k )
Eq (4.7)
NTU
0.105 0.0756 0.0518 0.0349
Eq (4.20)
Effectiveness (%)
3.84 3.51 3.20 2.92
Eq (4.22)

Table A2.Heat transfer characteristics for a distilled water

Temperature ( ) 90 80 70 60
Mass flow rate
0.0263 0.0256 0.0256 0.0250
(kg/sec)
Heat transfer rate
(k ) 0.770 0.535 0.428 0.313
Eq (4.6)
LMDT ( )
54.48 45.50 36.50 27.50
Eq ( 4.14)
Overall heat
transfer
coefficient 0.1130 0.0940 0.0938 0.0910
( )
Eq (4.7)
NTU
0.112 0.0953 0.0951 0.0945
Eq (4.20)
Effectiveness (%)
3.92 3.75 3.78 3.77
Eq (4.22)

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T.A.Brabin and S.Ananth./Journal of Advances in Mechanical Engineering and Science, Vol. 1(3), 2015 pp. 28-40

Table A3.Heat transfer characteristics for a mixture of ethylene glycol and distilled water

Temperature ( ) 90 80 70 60
Mass flow rate
0.0238 0.0227 0.0222 0.0217
(kg/sec)
Heat transfer rate
(k ) 0.944 0.750 0.513 0.358
Eq (4.6)
LMDT ( )
50.45 41.96 34.47 25.98
Eq ( 4.14)
Overall heat
transfer
coefficient 0.150 0.143 0.119 0.110
(k )
Eq (4.7)
NTU
0.2384 0.2382 0.2027 0.1917
Eq (4.20)
Effectiveness (%)
5.24 5.23 4.92 4.84
Eq (4.22)

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T.A.Brabin and S.Ananth./Journal of Advances in Mechanical Engineering and Science, Vol. 1(3), 2015 pp. 28-40

APPENDIX B

Figure B1.Fabricated split flow heat exchanger

Figure B2.Experimental setup of split flow heat exchanger used for analysis

Graph B1.Temperature v/s heat transfer rate

39
T.A.Brabin and S.Ananth./Journal of Advances in Mechanical Engineering and Science, Vol. 1(3), 2015 pp. 28-40

Graph B2.Temperature Vs Overall Heat transfer coefficient

Graph B3.Temperature Vs. Effectiveness

40