[ ]

ADIGRAT UNIVERSITY
AND
ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT ELECTRICLA AND COMPUTER

ENGINEERING
INTERNSHIP FINAL REPORT PAPER
CAMPANY NAME MICRO WAVE TELE

Year V
SEMESTER I
SUBMITTED BY: -TADESSE
TEKLEMICHAEL
ID NUMBER: - RET1091/05

Submitted to: Submission

Date:Monday, February 20, 2017

Final Intern ship Report

 Declaration
I declare this report is my original work .I take internship program in hosting company of Ethio
Telecom Addis Ababa. All writings in this document contain things that are done by
my effort and original work carried out by myself under guidance of my company advisors.
This internship report has not been presented for a degree in any other University and I confirm
that all the source of material used for internship have been dully acknowledged.

Student name: Tadesse Teklemichael

Signature:

Date

Supervisor Name: Henok Melese

Signature:

Date:

[II]
 Acknowledgment
Above all I would like to thank the son of virgin Merry, the almighty and the merciful Jesus.
Without his endorsement and blessing this internship program and project would not have
been accomplished and then I would like to thank my family for supporting me through this
program economically as well as ideally .

Next to this I would like to give a great regards and thanks to my department Electrical and
Electrical Engineering for providing me with this internship program to develop my practical
knowledge and understanding. I would also be very grateful to announce thanks to ethio telecom
micro wave Addis Ababa for giving me the chance to perform my internship in their company.

Words cant express to say thanks those people and institution that have helped me in
accomplishing my internship program .but the following deserve a special mention. First and
foremost I would like to thanks my advisor melaku, in providing me the request materials,
Constructive comments, guidance and encouraging me in all moment. His comments on
every work greatly helped me to come up with good experience and practically would have
been hardly impossible without his guidance and heart full support. Secondly I would like
to thanks Mr henok the supervisor of GSM optimization, and Mr gedlu yimer Mr Habitamu
abayneh and Mr Kassaye Mamo & Mr Selemon for advise me in order to achieve my Internship
program.

[III]
 Executive summery
This report introduces several new concepts and terms that will be used through the internship
program and practical application of Electrical & Computer Engineering.

And this internship program is mainly concerned in communication Engineering and to create
productive, skilled and know legible generation. The report is an outcome of the practice I
conducted during my internship period at ethio telecom micro wave tele Addis Ababa. This bring
to me a great opportunity to realize my theoretical knowledge by practical works, which we
gained for the last four years of study in Adigrat University and EngineeringTechnology .

The purpose of this report is to put in paper the work experience I had performed and the
knowledge obtained from performing specific tasks while working in a professional environment
in these program. I develop theoretical knowledge through practical work. This thing makes me
to be active and confidential. This report is divided in to different parts starting from briefly
describing the background of ethio telecom, including its history, objective, vision, mission and
any others. While the other part is describes the overall internship experience I had gained during
the practical periods, including how I get in to the company, the section of the company we have
been working in, the procedure we used while preforming my task. Finally this report includes
the benefits I gained from my internship program in terms of improving my practical skills,
interpersonal communication skills, team playing skills, leadership skills, upgrading my
theoretical knowledge and work ethics and finalized by conclusions and recommendation.

[IV]
Declaration....................................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Acknowledgment ...........................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Executive Summery .......................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
List of Figures ............................................................................................................................ VIII
List of Tables ............................................................................................................................. VIII
Acronyms ........................................................................................................................................ I
CHAPTER ONE ........................................................................................................................... 1
1. Background of Ethiotelecom .................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Historical Overview of Ethiotelecom .................................................................................... 1
1.1.1 Product Development .......................................................................................................... 2
1.1.2 Benefits Offered and relations with Government .................................................................. 3
1.2. Vision....................................................................................................................................... 3
1.2.1 Mission .................................................................................................................................. 3
1.2.2 Values and principles of ethiotelecom ................................................................................ 4
1.2.3 Objectives of the Company ................................................................................................. 4
1.3 Main product and services of ethiotelecom .......................................................................... 4
1.3.1 Mobile products and Services of Ethiotelecom ................................................................. 5
1.4.2 Internet and data.................................................................................................................. 8
1.5 Customers of Ethiotelecom .................................................................................................... 9
1.6 The Overall Organizational Structure and Workflow ........................................................ 9
CHAPTER TWO ........................................................................................................................ 11
2. The Overall Internship experience ........................................................................................ 11
2.1 Objective of the internship ................................................................................................... 11
2.2 How We Face the Company ................................................................................................. 11
2.2.1 Workflow and Structure of RAN section......................................................................... 12
2.2.2 The team Major Roles ....................................................................................................... 12
2.3 Evolution of Mobile Telecommunication from 1G to 2G ................................................... 13
1) Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM................................................................ 14
2) GPRS........................................................................................................................................ 16
2.4.3 Cell Techniques ...................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
[V]
2.4 Aspects of Mobility ............................................................................................................. 18
2.4.1 End-user aspects of Mobility............................................................................................. 18
2.4.2 UE IDLE MODE BEHAVIOR ......................................................................................... 21
CHAPTER THREE .................................................................................................................... 21
3. Overall Benefits Gained from the Internship ....................................................................... 22
3.1 Improving our practical skills.............................................................................................. 22
3.2 Upgrading theoretical knowledge........................................................................................ 22
3.3 Company problem solving ability........................................................................................ 22
3.4 Team playing skills ............................................................................................................... 23
3.5 Leadership skills.................................................................................................................... 23
3.6 Work ethics, company psychology & related issues .......................................................... 23
3.7 entrepreneurship skills ......................................................................................................... 24
3.8 Interpersonal communication skills .................................................................................... 24
CHAPTER FOUR ........................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
4. PROJECT .................................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.1 TITLE: RF OPTIMIZATION IN THE CASE OF ADDIS ABEBA LAFTO LOCAL
AREA ............................................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.2 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 25
4.3 Statement of the problem ........................................................................................................ 25
4.4 Scope of the work ................................................................................................................... 26
4.5 Objective of the present work ................................................................................................. 27
General objective .................................................................................................................................. 27
Specific objective ................................................................................................................................... 27
4.6 Methodology ........................................................................................................................... 27
4.7 Literature review ..................................................................................................................... 27
4.8 Work schedule ........................................................................................................................ 28
4.9 Required Resource .................................................................................................................. 28
4.1 Drive Test Report .................................................................................................................. 29
4.1.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 29
4.2DT Analysis Coverage and Quality performance ................Error! Bookmark not defined.

[VI]
 a. Coverage test result....................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
1. Action Taken ........................................................................................................................ 38
2. Conclusion/Observation ...................................................................................................... 38
CHAPTER FIVE ........................................................................................................................ 39
5. CONCLUSION, RECOMMANDATION, REFERENCE, AND APPENDICE ............... 39
5.3 References ...............................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
5.4 APPENDICE ......................................................................................................................... 40
Appendix A: Tariff of BM ............................................................................................................ 40
Appendix B: Vanity Offer and Selling Price ............................................................................... 42

[VII]
List of Figures

1..0 Figure 1: Main products and services of ethiotelecom ....................................................... 5

2..0 Figure 1.1: The overall organizational structure and workflow ....................................... 10
3..0 Figure 2.0: Structure and workflow of the RAN section .................................................. 12
4..0 Figure 2.1 Team major role flow diagram ........................................................................ 13
5..0 Figure 2.2: GSM architecture ........................................................................................... 15
6..0 Figure 4: Site Location Google Map .................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
7..0 Figure 4.1: Drive Test Route ............................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
8..0 Figure 4.2: Drive Test Rxlev Distribution .......................Error! Bookmark not defined.
9..0 Figure 4.3: Drive Test RxQuality Distribution ..................Error! Bookmark not defined.
10..0 Figure 4.4: Drive Test Case Analysis ................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
11..0 Figure 4.5: UE_Result After Action Implemented .........Error! Bookmark not defined.
12..0 Figure 4.6: UE_Rx Pow after Antenna Adjustment ..........Error! Bookmark not defined.

[VIII]
List of Tables

Table1: Work schedule.28

Table2: Test protocol....32

Table 3: Test procedure..33

Table 4: Call statistics..31

[IX]
Acronyms

1G.First Generation
2G..Second Generation
3GThird Generation
3GPP...Third Generation Partnership Project
ADSL Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line
APN.. Access Point Name
ATM.. Asynchronous Transfer Mode
AuCAutantication Center
BM.Business Mobile
BSCBase Station Controller
BSS.base station subsystem
BTS.Base Transceiver Station
CDMA. Code Division Multiple Access
CDRs. Call Data Records
CS.Circuit switch
CQI. Channel Quality Indicator
CUG. Closed User group
DDN. Digital Data Network
DL.Down Link
DT.Drive Test
EDGE.Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution
EIR. Equipment identity register
ETA. Ethiopia Telecommunication Authority
ETC.Ethiopia Telecommunication Corporation
EPON. Gigabit Passive Optical Network
EVDO. evolution data optimized
FDD.Frequency Division Duplex
FDMA. Frequency Division Multiple Access
GERAN. GSM EDGE radio access network
[I]
GGSN. Gateway GPRS support node
GOTA. Global Open Trucking Architecture
GMSK. Gaussian minimum-shift keying
GPON Gigabit Passive Optical Network.
GPRS. General Packet Radio Service
GPS.Global Positioning System
GSM. Global System for Mobile communications
HLR.Home Location Register
HRPD.High Rate Packet Data
HSDPA.High speed downlink packet access
HSUPA.High speed uplink packet access
IBTE.Imperial Board of Telecommunications in Ethiopia
IP. Internet Protocol
IMSI. international mobile subscriber identity
ISDN. Integrated Services Digital Network
LLC.Logical Link Control
LTE.Long Term Evolution
M2M.Machine To Machine
MAC. Medium access control
MAT.Multi Access Technology
MPLS. Multi-Protocol Label Switching
MS.Mobile Station
MSC.Mobile Switching Center
NGN.Next Generation Network
NSS Network Switching Subsystem
OOB.Out of bundle
OSS. Operation Support Subsystem
PCU. Packet Control Unit
PDN.Packet data network
PDP.Packet data protocol

[II]
PLMN.Public land mobile network
PS...Packet Switch
PSK.Pulse Shift Key
PSTN. Public Switched Telephone Network
RAT.Radio Access Technology
RAN.Radio Access Network
RLC.Radio Link Controller
RNC.Radio Network Controller
RNS.Radio Network subsystem
RSCP.Received Signal Code Power
RSSI.Received signal strength indicator
QoS.Quality Of Service
SC.Service center
SGSN. Serving GPRS support node
SIM. Subscriber Identity Module
SINR.Signal interference to noise ratio
SME.subscriber mobile equipment
SMS.Short Message Service
SOHO. Small Office/Home Office
TBF.Temporary Block Flow
TBS. Transport Block Set
TCP. Transmission Control Protocol
TDD.Time Division Duplex
TDMA.Time Division Multiple Access
TD-SCDMA. Time division synchronous code division multiple
access
UE.User Equipment
UHF.Ultra High Frequency
UL.Up Link
UMTS. Universal Mobile Telecommunications System

[III]
UTRAN.UMTS terrestrial radio access network
VAS. Value-Added Services
VPN. Virtual Private Network
VSAT. Very Small Aperture Terminal
WCDMA. Wideband Code Division Multiple Access

[IV]
 CHAPTER ONE

1. Background of Ethiotelecom

1.1 Historical Overview of Ethiotelecom

The introduction of telecommunication in Ethiopia dates back to1894, 17 years after its

invention. Ethiopian Telecommunications Corporation is the oldest public telecommunications

operator in Africa. In those years, the technological scheme contributed to the integration of the

Ethiopian society. When the extensive open wire line system was laid out linking the capital with

all the important Administrative cities of the country. After the end of the war against Italy,

during which telecommunication network was destroyed, Ethiopia re-organized the Telephone,

Telegraph and Postal services in 1941. In 1952 the Imperial Board of Telecommunications

(IBTE) was established by proclamation No. 131/52 in1952. The Board had full financial and

administrative autonomy and was in charge of the Provision and expansion of

telecommunications services in Ethiopia. The Imperial Board of Telecommunications of

Ethiopia, which became the Ethiopian Telecommunications Authority in 1981, was placed in

charge of both the operation and regulation of telecommunication services in the wake of the

market reforms. In 1996, the Government established a separate regulatory body, The Ethiopian

Telecommunication Agency (ETA) by Proclamation 49/1996, and during the same Year, by

regulation 10/1996, the Council of Ministers set up the Ethiopian Telecommunications

Corporation (ETC). Under the supervision of the ETA, the principal duty of ETC is maintaining

and expanding telecommunication services in the country and providing domestic and

international telephone, telex, and other communication services. In this respect, currently ETC

[1]
is changed into ethiotelecom and ETA become telecom standard and regulation directorate of

ministry of communication and information technology is the only operator of any

telecommunication related service. At present, the total numbers of exchanges are 306 with a

total exchange capacity of 780,000 Lines; out of this 171 is automatic Digital exchange with

760,368 capacities of lines. Their mailing lines are connected to manual exchanges. By the end

of June 2004, 91 Microwave, 43UHF, 242 DRMASS, 281 VSAT, 78 VHF and 8 HF stations

have been operational. The total Number of fixed telephone subscribers has reached 484,368.

These subscribers had generated2, 225.14 million urban metered calls and 17.7 million outgoing
minutes. The corporation has been providing internet services since 1997. The number of
subscribers has reached 12,155 by the end of June 2004. The current server capacity is about 20
Mb. Ethiotelecom internet renders.

Domain name, web designing and web hosting service. Metro Ethernet, Wireless internet,
ADSL and GPRS services are planned to be provisioned. The broadband internet project
/40,000/ is also under way and expected to be commissioned soon. ETC established Digital
Data networking service in 2001. By the end of June 2004 the number of customers reached 91
with a circuit of 178. DDN best supports the applications dedicated Access to internet, point-of-
sale applications, online transactions, Audio/video Conferencing, Telecommuting, Telemedicine,
Distance learning, wireless internet, ATM service, Virtual private Network (VPN) and
Internetworking (connection among Local Area Network LANs). For its International traffic
services, ETC mainly uses its earth station at Sululta which transmits and receives to and from
both the Indian and the Atlantic Oceans satellites.

1.1.1 Product Development

In 2009 ETC launched a pilot project for notifying postpaid mobile phone subscribers of their
bills through text messages; and it began providing General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) that
enables subscribers to receive as well as send text, visual, and audio-video massages from the
Internet using GPRS Enabled Mobile Apparatus. The new technology enables subscribers to
[2]
obtain e-mail service through their GPRS enabled mobile apparatus; however, access to GPRS is
limited to post-paid mobile subscribers for the time being. The corporation envisages providing
similar service to prepaid mobile subscribers in the future. Nine projects of its Next Generation
Networking (NGN) would be completed and ready for use by January 2010. These projects
began in September 2008-09 with an outlay of 1.5 billion Br paid out of its own coffers. These
projects include GSM mobile, CDMA-WLL, optical fiber transmission, and next generation call
centers, which are at various levels of completion.
Ethiotelecom is the ownership of the business of the whole owned state company.
1.1.2 Benefits Offered and relations with Government

The ETC finances the expansion of its telecommunication services through vendor financing
schemes. In addition, mmo0bile phone handsets are subject to taxation when they are imported
but, not taxed when sold in the domestic market. The tax rate levied on the value of the mobile
handsets is 36.82 percent, including custom duty (5%), value added tax (15%), withholding tax
(3%), and surtax (10%). The black market for mobile phone handsets is a serious concern to ETC
as the government loses the revenue that ought to be generated from the taxation of handsets.
ETC charges for fixed line and mobile phone usage in addition to the 15 percent value added tax.

1.2. Vision

To be a world-class provider of telecom services.

Supporting the steady growth of Ethiopia by transforming and modernizing
telecommunication services

1.2.1 Mission

To provide world-class, modern and high quality telecom services or all citizens equitably so
as to transform the multifaceted development of the country to the highest level.

to connect every Ethiopian through ICT

to provide products and services that enhance the development of our nation
to build a successful brand known for its customer consideration

[3]
 1.2.2 Values and principles of ethiotelecom

Customer-centric: We provide quick response to our customers and employees in line

with their interest and values.
Excellence: We are committed for quality and efficiency so that we are able to ensure
excellent customer experience.
Accountability: We carry out our activities with integrity, transparency, honesty and full
responsibility.
Impartiality: We are committed to be impartial and serve without any bias.
Sharing: We always strive in synergy so as to accomplish the mission o our company.

1.2.3 Objectives of the Company

Ethiotelecom signed Financing and Frame Agreement with Ericsson to transform and expand its
telecom services. Today to further improve the capacity and performance of its network
particularly mobile communication and related services. The expansion project is vital to attain
ethiotelecom objective of increasing the country`s telecom service coverage as well as

Being a customer focused company Leverage to achieve goals.

Focus on customer service by ensuring easy access and coverage to the whole population.
Offering the best quality of services.
Building a financially sound company and Meeting world class standards
Develop and enhance Network and Information systems
Develop Human Resources management and create a strong brand image.
Implement & control standard processes for better Financial, Sourcing & Facility Processes.

1.3 Main product and services of ethiotelecom

Ethiotelecom as a company has many product and services offered to its customers.
Ethiotelecom ensure satisfaction by developing and managing specific products, offers and
Services, pricing and events for customers through dedicated sales team to improve customer
relations and centricity. Description of over all products and services of ethiotelecom are as

[4]
follows. Actually, there are three domain services and products offered by ethiotelecom. These
are; mobile, internet and fixed.
1.3.1 Mobile products and Services of Ethiotelecom

There are five mobile services and products.These are:moble roaming, satellite mobile, GOTA
mobile services, business mobile and CUG, and M2M.
A. Mobile Roaming
Mobile roaming is a service that helps subscribers automatically to make and receive voice calls,
send and receive data, or access other services when travelling outside the geographical coverage
area of ethiotelecom, by means of using a visited countrys operators network.
Outbound Roaming: It is a service given to ethio customers who wants to use their
mobile phone abroad (out of ethio network coverage).

Figure 1: Main products and services of ethiotelecom

[5]
 Inbound Roaming: It is a service given to customers of foreign operator who has a
roaming agreement with ethio (like tourists, foreigner investors ). Currently, this
service is provided only for GSM post paid subscribers.

B. GOTA Service (Global Open Trucking Architecture)

GOTA is a service given using the CDMA2000 wireless network for the purpose of group
communication. The service allows two or more individuals to communicate and also use for
private and group calls. It allows to communicate two or more individuals by using only push to
talk. The service also allows the subscriber to make external calls after subscribing to the mobile
wireless service. Customers should subscribe mobile service to make a call outside the group.
Calls outside the group is charged as per the normal tariff of mobile service. GOTA service is
featured as, push to talk, voice calls, SMS, Location base service (LBS), and Global Positioning
System (GPS).

C. Satellite Mobile Telephone

Type of mobile phone that connects to orbiting satellites instead of terrestrial network. It enables
customers in every part of the globe to be beneficiaries of telecom services through satellites
stationed on the universe. Satellite phone is one of the greatest innovation in communication.
The satellite mobile telephone provides similar features of communication services to that of
earthly mobile telephones such as; voice, SMS and low-band width internet access. Satellite
phone vital communication tool in remote area where local telecom are unreliable. This kind of
service needs special telephone apparatus and SIM. The following diagram shows the features of
satellite mobile telephone.

D. Business Mobile Service With/without CUG option

Business Mobile is a bundled postpaid mobile service that allows enterprise customers to make
calls at a discounted rate compared to the normal mobile tariff rates. BM with CUG (Closed User
Group) option, in addition to the business mobile bundles, any calls out of the bundle made
within the group are treated at a much discounted rate. To subscribe CUG there should be at least
five defined internal users within the group for each organization. All services supported by

[6]
GSM are also supported by Business mobile. The target customers are key accounts and
SOHO/SME market segments. The features of BM are, low-cost minutes, limited free SMS,
limited free mobile internet, and etc.

Hybrid Business Mobile: In the hybrid BM, customers will have postpaid bundle
but after the bundle it will be changed into prepaid mode automatically, so that Customer
can recharge whatever amount to use for out of bundle (OOB) usage and international
calls. The hybrid business mobile will have two accounts simultaneously. These are; a)
Monthly hybrid packages account & b) Basic balance account from scrachable card. The
packages are similar with the existing postpaid business mobile. Monthly rental fee of the
bundle will be invoiced on companys aggregate bill. The owners of the BM SIM can be
either under the name of employee or company. The hybrid business mobile Packages are
designed for local usages only. International calls and other premium services will be
treated from basic balances (balance from scratch able card) even if they are within the
packages.
Vanity Numbers: Vanity numbers are Mobile numbers which are memorable and easy
to dial. Vanity numbers are classified into four categories based on their easiness to
remember.These are; platinum, gold, silver and bronze
For these four vanity numbers, the offers and selling price has its own rules.
Ethiotelecom also offer package services for the customers. These services may be SMS (daily,
weekly, or monthly), voice (hourly, or special time), and GPRS (weekly, Biweekly, or monthly).
In general all package targets all the prepaid mobile subscribers which can be expressed as GSM,
CDMA, and WCDMA. Target customers includes; Student (high school or university), night
shift worker, big hotel worker and taxi driver
E. Machine to Machine

Machine to Machine is a wireless technology that enables machines to talk

to each other, and which customers can access directly from their office or
home computer. E.g. ATM, post card

[7]
1.4.2 Internet and data

Broadband internet (Wired broadband internet, Wireless broadband internet)

Data (MPLS- VPN) :(Multi-Protocol Labeled Switch-Virtual private network)
Internet VAS (Domain Name, Internet Protocol (IP) address, Graphic Scanning, Counter
Service and Web hosting.

Broadband Internet

It is a relatively fast Internet service provided through wired and wireless connections with a
speed level from 256 Kbps.

Fixed Wired broadband internet :- is provided through copper or fiber with different
access methods like ADSL, VDSL, EPON and GPON
Fixed wireless BB internet: wireless devices or systems used to connect different fixed
locations with a radio or other wireless link. Target Markets are all enterprise customer.

WIRELESS BROADBAND INTERNET:-Is an Internet service which can be given through

different access methods like, AIRONET, VSAT, EVDO and 3G.

AIRONET- Is a wireless technology that supports up to 54Mbps down loading capacity near the
source is a wireless technology which is delivered through the air and it supports up to 54Mbps
downloading capacity near the source, or 2mbps from the maximum distance of line of sight
(25miles).

VSAT Is a wireless CPE with a technology that supports up to 2Mbps down loading capacity

VSAT (Very Small Aperture Terminal), which is a very small satellite transmitting and receiving station
that is installed at each customers premises.

EVDO -It is a CDMA technology that supports an internet data connection with a peak speed of
3.1mb/s and with an average speed of 300kb/s -700kb/s.

EV-DO is a data service and it is provided in a pre-paid and post-paid option

[8]
3G Internet:-Refers to third generation wireless network technology, in which subscribers can
use to access data at faster speeds.

Virtual Private Network (VPN):-is a network technology that creates a secure network
connection over a public network such as the Internet.

1.5 Customers of Ethiotelecom

Ethiotelecom mission is runs parallel with the missions of Ethiopian government which is
supporting the steady growth of Ethiopian by transforming and modernizing telecommunication
Services and products. End user of Ethiotelecom services and products are the entire people
within Ethiotelecom network, small and large companies particularly residential and enterprise
customers. Ethiotelecom ensures satisfaction by developing and managing specific products and
Services for residential and enterprise customers. For prioritize customer needs ethiotelecom
gives services and products separately for each customers. Enterprise customers are managed by
enterprise sales activities through deductive Sales teams which will give personalized attentions,
the same thing also for residential customers.

[9]
1.6 The Overall Organizational Structure and Workflow

Figure 1.1: The overall organizational structure and workflow

[10]
CHAPTER TWO

2. The Overall Internship experience

2.1 Objective of the internship

I. General Objective

The general objective of this internship program is to enable engineering students under the
institute to reflect and upgrade their theoretical knowledge practically in the real world.
II. Specific Objective

The specific objective during the internship is aimed to improve the students practical,
theoretical, interpersonal communication skill, team playing skill and understanding about work
ethics related issues.

2.2 How We Face the Company

On the first day, we 250 students had met at the ministry of education. The ministry of education
gave us some orientation on the educational performance in Ethiopia, the plan and strategies of
the country on education, and the role that we play to run forward these plans and strategies. We
also informed that we have a UIL training held at ethiotelecom.
The two days training was started by the welcome program. Then, by the random selection, I got
a chance to join the network division engineering department. The network division of
engineering department includes the following sections.
1. RAN section

2. Network Access and Engineering Support

3. Core network section

4. IP core

5. Transmission section.

6. Power and Environment

Finally, from the engineering department, I was join RAN section. After we get there they also
let as choose different offices of RAN, in RAN there are 3 offices. They are:
[11]
1, 2G Digital cellular e.g. GSM

2, 3G Multimedia cellular e.g. UTMS/WCDMA

3, 4G Broad band cellular e.g. LTE

And I choose to work with 2G because of the different reasons that I am going to list in the body
of this internship report.

2.2.1 Workflow and Structure of RAN section

RAN

GSM CDMA WCDMA RAN MW RAN A & RAN E2E

RAN design &
planning optimization optimization optimization E QOs
surveying

Figure 2.0: Structure and workflow of the RAN section

Originally the team was manned with 1 supervisor and 5 staffs. All staffs are with the first degree
in engineering plus one staff with the masters degree. Most staffs with + 7 years experience in
telecom.

2.2.2 The team Major Roles

[12]
Figure 2.1 Team major role flow diagram

2.3 Evolution of Mobile Telecommunication from 1G to 2G

The first generation (1G) systems used analogue communication techniques, which were similar
to those used by a traditional analogue radio. The individual cells were large and the systems did
not use the available radio spectrum efficiently, so their capacity was by todays standards very
small. The mobile devices were large and expensive and were marketed almost exclusively at
business users.
Mobile telecommunications took off as a consumer product with the introduction of Second
generation (2G) systems in the early 1990s. These systems were the first to use digital
technology, which permitted a more efficient use of the radio spectrum and the introduction of
smaller, cheaper devices. They were originally designed just for voice, but were later enhanced
to support instant messaging through the Short Message Service (SMS).
The most popular 2G system was the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), which
was originally designed as a pan-European technology, but which later became popular
throughout the world. IS-95, otherwise known as CDAM ONE, is the version of GSM, which was
designed by Qualcomm, and which became the dominant 2G system in the USA.
The success of 2G communication systems came at the same time as the early growth of the
internet. It was natural for network operators to bring the two concepts together, by allowing

[13]
users to download data onto mobile devices. The General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)
incorporated these techniques into GSM, while IS-95 was developed into a system known as IS-
95B

2.3.1 Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM)

GSM is the second generation mobile telephony system, or 2G. The GSM is the leading cellular-
system with over a billion end users and a market share of 70%. GSM is cellular technology,
which means that terminals (cellular phones or TE) searches for cells and connects to the base
station with the best radio-signal. GSM uses frequency-divided duplex (FDD), which means one
frequency for up- and downlink. Time division multiple access, or TDMA, is used for multiple
access.
Ethios 2G GSM networks operate in the 900 MHz & 1800 MHz bands. => P-GSM 900 & DCS
1800. GSM supports circuit switched voice & data. VAS included in mobile GSM services such
as SMS, MMS, CRBT (via 822 access code), NGVMS - Voice mail, Call waiting, Call Barring,
Call diverting, etc.

a. Architecture of GSM

As seen in Figure 4, the GSM system consists of three subsystems, the radio subsystem (RSS),
the network switching subsystem (NSS) and the operation subsystem (OSS).
b. Radio Subsystem

The RSS comprises the radio specific devices such as the MS and the whole base station
subsystem (BSS) which consists of the base station controller (BSC) and the base station
transceiver (BTS).The MS contains SIM card, and UE.
It is the user equipment that has the necessary hardware and software to communicate with a
GSM network.
BTS of BSS is in simples words the antenna on the network side. It comprises the radio
equipment. The BSC controls one or several BTSs. It reserves radio frequencies and performs
handovers from one BTS to another.

c. Network and switching subsystem

[14]
The NSS connects the wireless network with the wired network, i.e. ordinary phone lines.
Handovers between different BSSs is managed in the NSS. NSS contains the parts like MSC,
VLR, HLR, EIR, and AuC. The mobile services switching center (MSC) is an advanced digital
ISDN switch. It forms the backbone of the GSM system and can manage one or several BSCs. A
gateway MSC has connections to other fixed networks, such as ISDN or analog networks. The
home location register (HLR) contains subscriber information.

Figure 2.2: GSM architecture

Subscriber information is e.g. the mobile subscriber ISDN number (MSISDN), and the
international mobile subscriber identity (IMSI). The location of the current location area (LA) is
also stored here and is dynamically updated. The visitor location register (VLR) is associated to a
MSC and stores all information for the MS currently in the LA associated to that particular MSC.
Such information is typically IMSI, MSISDN and information about the HLR of that MS.

To display IMEI number of your phone: * # 06 #

To display the phone model, SW version & date: *#0000#

[15]
 d. Operation subsystem

This system contains the functions for network operation and maintenance. Signaling system
number 7 (SS7) is used to access other network elements. The OMC monitors and controls the
network, and provides traffic monitoring and status reports, accounting and billing. The
authentication center (AuC) contains the algorithms for authentication and each subscribers
authentication keys. It generates the values needed for user authentication. The equipment
identity register (EIR) contains a register over all devices registered for its network. Typically
and ideally a reported stolen MS should be blacklisted here and not allowed used in the network.
e. Tele services

The goal with GSM was to provide a wireless mobile phone system that could provide services
compatible to ISDN, and give the users ability to roam throughout Europe.
High quality digital voice calls was the primary target for GSM, and voice call is still the most
used service. The short message service, SMS is a service that has experienced an enormous
popularity in Europe since the mid-nineties. It allows text messages with up to 160 characters to
be sent. These SMS messages do not use traditionally data channels, but are transferred over the
signaling channels. This means that sending and receiving SMS is possible during voice and data
communication.
SMS is also the only way to reach the MS from the network, so it is used for updating
MS software and push services. GSM also provides another tele service, group 3 fax which
transmits fax data as digital data over the analog network.
2) GPRS

General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) is packet switched (PS) communication enhancement for
GSM. GPRS is often recognized as2.5G, since it is halfway a step towards UMTS or 3G, but
this isnt an official term. The PS domain optimizes the use of network and radio resources.
GPRS was originally developed for GSM, but the network subsystem and radio interface was
kept separated so that re-use of these with other radio technologies is possible. A common core
network is used with both GPRS and UMTS. This enables the ability to have real time

[16]
sound/video transfer together with non-real time data transfer. GPRS data is usually billed per
kilobyte of downloaded and uploaded data. Such data volume based charging is based on
SGSN and GGSN Call Data Records (CDRs). The trend is however towards contents based
charging where e.g. the GGSN actively looks into the data contents and generates CDRs based
on e.g. which site/link information.
Technical overview

GPRS and the packet domain transfers packet in an efficient way and optimized the use of
network and radio resources. Unlike circuit switched communication, resources are not held
when they are not used. To allow the network subsystem to be reused with other radio access
technologies, a strict separation between the radio subsystem and the network subsystem is
maintained. This allows a common packet domain core network for both GSM and UMTS.

This packet switched core network is designed to provide various Quality of Service (QoS)
levels for various types of traffic, including both non-real time traffic like mail and web and real
time applications like voice and video streaming.
3 Cell Techniques
A certain radio coverage area formed by a set of transceiver that connected to a set off antennas
is called a cell. There are two cell techniques which are defined as under.

a) Macro Cell

Macro cells provide wide-area coverage in rural areas or suburbs and have a size of a few
kilometers. In the beginning, high power BTSs (NodeBs) are adopted to provide a services. The
BTSs (NodeBs) covers a wide area, but its frequency utilization is not efficient. So, it can only
provide a few channel of subscribers.

b) Micro cell

Microcells have a size of a few hundred meters and provide a greater collective capacity that is
suitable for densely populated urban areas. Later, low power BTSs (NodeBs) joins the system for
getting a better service area with high capacity. At the same time it adopts the frequency reuse

[17]
technique to improve the efficiency of the frequency utilization and also the whole capacity of
the network.

2.4 Aspects of Mobility

2.4.1 End-user aspects of Mobility

Mobile communication has become more important in the last years. There are several
definitions and aspects of mobility. Viewing at the end-user the following different kinds of
mobility can be defined:
Static mobility:
This is an extreme case of mobility, there is no movement at all. Examples for this case are
normal PCs (e.g. connected to the internet via cable) and wired telephones in public switched
telephone networks.
Nomadic mobility: In this case it is possible to get access at every point but not while moving
from point to point. For example notebooks that move from one point (e.g. a room) to another
and get connected at each point via cable to a network apply to this case.
Continuous mobility: Connecting and access to the network is possible at every time while
moving or not. An example here is GSM. From a technical point of view this case can be divided
into three different kinds of communication:

1. Cellular communication: The network has a cellular structure with a fixed infrastructure
like GSM network.
2. Hot Spot communication: In this case the network consists of different access points/hot
spots that cover an area around them. If a devices moves away from an access point to
another the connection to the old access point is released and a new connection to the
other access point is established. The network does not have a fixed cellular structure.
E.g. WLAN and Bluetooth belong to this type of network.
3. Pervasive communication:
This describes mobile ad-hoc networks. The networks have no infrastructure.

[18]
Every participant connects itself to the participants around him. Because of the movement of all
participants connections often break down and new ones are established to other neighbors.
Because of often changing links routing is a big problem in such networks.
Mobility Scenarios
There exist several different scenarios of mobility:
Service mobility:
A personalized service can be used by many people at the same time, also in different networks
and regions. This can be for example nearly worldwide access to a database at the same time by
many people that is possible via GSM networks (via the wireless application protocol (WAP)),
WLANs and a fixed network connection (for example with an ethernet cable).
Network mobility:
The network itself is mobile. This is the case in mobile ad-hoc networks.
Personal mobility:
Personal mobility can be divided into two aspects:
I. Personal communication:
Services and ubiquitous reachability are provided for every user at every terminal/device a user
may use. Examples are SIM cards in GSM or personal 0700-telephone numbers. An incoming
call to this number for example can be directed to a mobile phone or a plain telephone.
II. Personalizing operating environment:
A user has the same setting in every device he uses. GSM SIM cards provide a little bit of this
because the telephone book and some SMS are available in each device. They are stored in the
SIM card. Public switched telephone networks do not offer personalizing operating
environments.
Device mobility:
In this case the device moves. For example mobile phones fit into this scenario. Device mobility
affects many layers. That means in every layer compared to wired connections new problems
occur that have to be solved. In some layers support for new special applications and services
can be provided. Some of this new problems and services are described in the following points.
They are listed by the layer that should solve the problem or provide the service:
Physical layer:

[19]
The quality of a radio link varies with direction, place, distance etc. Hence this layer has to deal
with the reuse of resources and avoiding interferences.
Data link layer:
Problems that have to be solved by this layer are for example bandwidth, reliability and security.
Network layer:
In wireless networks the movement of a mobile device has to be tracked and the connection to a
mobile device must be kept while it moves. To do this also routing has to be changed within the
network if a mobile device changes the point of attachment to the network. This problems should
be solved in this layer.

Transport layer:
End to end connections can mix wired and wireless links. Congestions control is very difficult
because of the different characteristics of those links. For example packet loss is mainly caused
by high error rates in wired networks. In wireless networks transmission errors have to be solved
in the data link layer. Packet loss can occur for example if a queue that saves packets for a
mobile device in the fixed network gets an overflow during a handover situation because the new
connection to the mobile device is not established fast enough. In this two cases the cause for the
loss of packets is different in the wired and wireless network. In the transport layer this different
problems that lead to the same result (packet loss) have to be solved in different ways for both
cases.
Middleware and application layer:
To support some new special applications this layer has to provide service discovery schemes,
quality of service and environment auto configuration. Applications must be device aware for the
different possible devices. Connection aware applications must adapt to different conditions of
network quality. This problem should be solved in the application layer or the middleware itself.

[20]
 2.4.2 UE IDLE MODE BEHAVIOR

A User Equipment (UE) that is powered on, but does not have a connection to the radio network,
is defined as being in idle mode. A UE in Idle mode can both access and be reached by the
system. The MS looks for a suitable cell of the chosen PLMN and chooses that cell to provide
available services, and tunes to its control channel. This choosing is known as "camping on the
cell". The MS will then register its presence in the registration area of the chosen cell if
necessary, by means of a location registration (LR), GPRS attach or IMSI attach procedure.
In general the UE idle mode behavior constitutes the following.
PLMN selection
Cell selection and reselection
Location registration
Paging reception
System information reception

[21]
 CHAPTER THREE
3. Overall Benefits Gained from the Internship
3.1 Improving our practical skills
As the fact that companies are the typical locations of where numerous kinds of technologies,
new inventions and sciences are applied in the real world, I really could able to develop my
practical skill in the four month duration.
Even though most of practical world relies on theoretical knowledge through education, practice
makes it easy to understand everything in a short period of time with no ambiguity.
Like so ethio telecom was my secondary real world campus to implement what I have learned

before. On the other hand after I graduate, when I suppose to join the practical environment, the

internship gets me to the beginning of the staircase.

3.2 Upgrading theoretical knowledge

At ethio telecom there was operational and maintenance manual for each & every network as
well as small appliances so I got lots of theoretical knowledge and information beside the
practical session.
There are also some soft wares which are designed recently by latest technologies, in order to
understand them they try to show us by getting us in the plasce where the changed equipment
are.
Those phenomena altogether help me to upgrade our previous theoretical knowledge and to now
a new thing I never heard of.

3.3 Company problem solving ability

It is a very important skill we have ever identified. In my company the engineers not only make a
big salary but also they are always ready to give solution for every problem occurred in the
network whether it is office hour or part time. And I, as an intern were observing the way how
they troubleshoot & give answer for a specific problem.
Once again I can speak loudly that I have now awared of what is expected from an electrical
engineer working at company. And I also believe that somebody should ask WHY five times
to examine and dry a specific problem at the source.
[22]
Based on these imagination I could tried to improve my company problem solving capability in
the past four month.

3.4Team playing skills

Team playing is a key point for success in every profession. Normally I had adopted this
behaviour in my stay on university of helping each other and work with cooperation to get the
best output.
Similarly team playing at the company is vital to be efficient and successful in work.
As a matter of fact nobody knows everything so as to compensate these gap, I was working
together with everybody to increase my team playing skill.

3.5 Leadership skills

There is a wide meaning for leadership. Leaders are classified into five levels and it is better to
evaluate the characteristics of level five leaders in contrast with my movement to develop
leadership skills in the stay at ethio telecom.
In these level of leadership being a leader means simply being the most influential person,
having better knowledge, being open-minded & honest for co-workers rather than nominated by
somebody & hold power to suppress others.
So as evaluating myself under such criterion is somehow difficult as there are graduated and
experienced professionals at the company.
Whatever it is, I was doing my best & occasionally study how to develop this habit as much as
possible.

3.6 Work ethics, company psychology & related issues

At the time I was going to ethio telecom, I knew nothing about company psychology as well as
work ethics and related issues but as I stay on the company & smartly react to the employers I
got something new and very essential knowledge specially for my futurity, which is work
discipline, how to behave on work place, how much value it earns of respecting a co-
worker/customer, what will be the benefit of respecting boss, how could we be the most
influential person in the company.

[23]
To these extent, I was able to collect all what will be important for me to have a better work
experience.

3.7 entrepreneurship skills

In our country Ethiopia searching for a job often followed by joblessness, becomes a great
problem from time to time due to the super increment of educated human resource. And I
directly concerns it as part of these generation.
From my stay on ethio telecom, I had identified that how could I be a self-relying professional.
As far as my scope, being an entrepreneur implies that of having more than enough knowledge
on ones profession.
On the other hand the most usual definition associated with the word entrepreneur is creating
your own work whether it is new or not.
Having these meanings in mind, I could create awareness for myself on how to be a young &
educated entrepreneur rather than being like somebody graduated and looking for only
governmental position.
And my internship stay at ethio telecom contributes a lot in terms of updating myself-regarding
entrepreneurship skills.

3.8 Interpersonal communication skills

As I could able to understood from internship time at the company, out of the key points that
makes someone successful in work 90% is communication, 5% knowledge & the remaining 5%
is work experience. I got an amazing fact that how hard you work depends on how smartly you
communicate.

[24]
 CHAPTER FOUR
4 PROJECT

4.1 TITLE: RF OPTIMIZATION IN THE CASE OF ADDIS ABABA TAFO

LOCAL AREA

4.2 Introduction
RF optimization is one of the important undertaking in delivering the best compromise of
capacity, coverage and quality in 2G mobile network. RF optimization normally starts
immediately after network commissioning and continued up to later stages of network life cycle.
In cities like Addis Ababa, where there are lots of construction activities is going on, maintaining
the radio propagation environment is a bit challenging. For this reason radio propagation
environment should be tested and tuned periodically to maintain good radio environment. In
doing so Addis Ababa city is divided in to 21 smaller clusters, where each cluster consists of 20-
30 Node b sites. The radio environment for each cluster is characterized using sample radio
measurement samples collected while driving with in the cluster boarder using special mobile
apparatus. The log file collected by the mobile apparatus is further analyzed to understand the
coverage performance at different spatial location from Node b site.

In this project one typical cluster is selected and the effort required optimizing the radio
environment to maintain good mobile service quality is demonstrated by collecting field
measurements. The field measurement sample amount and the test cases are framed in such a
way that typical coverage problems are captured. The collected measurement data is further
analyzed and drill down to identify and localize service quality issue related to coverage. Based
on the identified problem possible coverage optimization solution will be proposed and the effect
the proposed solution in improving the coverage problem will be simulated using commercial
coverage predication tool.

4.3 Statement of the problem

Based on sample field radio signal measurement collected over one cluster, various coverage
problems can be identified. Typical coverage problems consist of poor coverage, no dominant

[25]
server,high down link interference , ping pong hand and one way handovers coverage
imbalance and rapidly changing radio environment. Different problems have different
optimization solutions and depending on the scenario one or two of the above problem exists
within one cluster drive route. To this end identification of the problem involves field test where
by radio environment measurement is taken at certain point in time and place. The radio
measurement attributes will be further analyzed against certain sets of criteria to identify the
occurrence of the problem in specific location.

The definition for the possible coverage problem is given here below based on certain sets of
criteria for the measurement attributes to fulfill

Poor coverage

poor coverage is a phenomenon where by coverage hole exists . channel is set too low. In such
case

Received Rxlevel (>=-80dbm)

Received RxQuality(<=3dB)
DL RSSI is very low and
The connection finally drops.

High downlink interference

4.4 Scope of the work

In this project we have done RF optimization in the case of Addis Ababa yekabadu local area.
RFoptimization must be performed on a cluster of node B s instead of performing on a single site
one by one. It includes the following aspects:
Coverage optimization
Call drop optimization
Handover optimization
A lot of parameters like radio propagation, signal strength, and etc have been examined and
optimized.

[26]
 4.5 Objective of the present work
General objective
To optimize coverage while in the same time keeping interference and pilot pollution under
control over the target area.

Specific objective
Designing test case for the drive test
Route preparation for drive testing
Script preparation for the test
Conducting test on selected route
Geo-data preparation for the analysis
Analysis tool setup
Weak coverage analysis
Recommendation to improve the radio condition

4.6 Methodology
1. Drive test plan
2. Data collection
3. Data analysis
4. Recommendation

4.7 Literature review

There are documented projects of RF optimization that similar with our current project. These
projects done in the year 2012 by Huawei technologies co., LTD. These documented RF
optimization includes the aspects of:

5. Coverage optimization
6. Pilot pollution optimization
7. Handover optimization

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4.8 Work schedule
S.N Activity Plan started date Plan ended date Duration day

1 Test preparation 1/19/2017 1/20/2017 2

2 Data collection 1/23/2017 1/24/2017 2

3 Problem analysis 1/25/2017 1/27/2017 3

4 Parameters adjustment 1/30/2017 2/1/2017 2
5 Antenna adjustment 2/6/2017 2/8/2017 2

4.9 Required Resource

Cable
Scanner
GPS
GPS Antenna
Phone terminal
Computer(Laptop)
Soft wares (Nemo, Actix , Nastar)
Car
Area map

[28]
 4.1 Drive Test Report
4.1.1 Introduction

Background
Drive test is normally conducted to investigate network problem associated to poor coverage
and Quality in case ofGSM net work. Accordingly Drive test has been done for Mobile Customer
Complaint around yekabadu, January 1 to 5, 2017. The DT was done by using test Tool called
NEMO handy and gathers data, which are later, analyzed using standard tool Actix software to give a
picture of the coverage footprint of these cells. Typically coverage is identified by the Coverage
performance indicator (Rxlev, RxQualityand Rx power), which will show the signal strength. The
main objective of the test was to investigate Mobile Customer Complaint around yekabadu.

Figure 4: Site Location Google Map/driving route

AA cluster-15 test method

KIT Termial Mode Test Output

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 # Type

1. Rxlevel (>=-80dbm)
2. Rxquality (<=3dB)
3. CS_Call Drop Rate
CS 2G Short Call (120
2G Mobile 4. CS_Call Setup
MS 1 Short sec Call and 10 sec
Kit Phone Success Rate
Call wait)
5. CS_HO Success Rate
6. Call drop number on
Main Road

Drive test KPIs summary

Coverage & Quality Analysis and Statistics

4.1 Drive Test Route

[30]
4.1.2 EVENT MAP

[31]
 Figure 3: call completed event map

Event Number

Outgoing call start 27

Call completed 27

Droped call 0

Handover failure 0

Table 2: Test protocol

CQT Drive test Analysis engineer Gedlu Yimer; Habtamu Abayneh;

name Kaseye Mamo;
Drive test GSM Lock Short Call
Drive test date January 01,2017
Outdoor Measurement tool Namo Handy
Analysis tool Actix soft ware
UE type Mobile Phone

[32]
Table 3: Test Procedure

Test case Drive test methodology

Coverage performance Coverage performance of the service

area will be checked.(Best Rx Lev)
check

Quality performance Quality performance of the service area

will be checked. (Best Rx Quality)

Rx power check Both quality and Coverage performance

will be checked through Rx Power.

4.2 DT Rx level Distribution

[33]
b.RxQual Dstribution

[34]
 Figure 4 quality distribution on map

Figure 4 coverage distribution on histogram

[35]
Drive Test cases analysis
Case 1: Poor Coverage (Poor Rx level and bad Rx quality)
[Case description]

In cluster 15, we have found two areas of poor coverage due to no dominancy.

[Case analysis] Figuer 5

The main problem we have seen from log file analysis is no dominancy.

For area 1 , the nearby site 113003 is supposed to cover the road but actually the road is covered
by far sites .

So 113003 should have to be strong the area

For area 2 , the nearby site 112134 is supposed to cover the road but actually the road is covered
by far sites .

So 112134 should have to be strong the area

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 45.0%
40.0%
35.0%
30.0%
25.0%
20.0%
15.0%
10.0%
5.0%
0.0%
Interference Poor Level Poor Quality No Interference Poor Level Poor Quality,
and Poor Dominance and No and No Poor Level
Level Dominance Dominance and No
Dominance

[Proposal and Adjust]

From the above analysis the bad quality and the poor coverage can be minimized by adjusting the nearby antenna of
the sites as shown below.
Electrical
Mechanical Mechanical Electrical
sector Tilt Reason Date
Tilt Before Tilt After Tilt After
Before

113003-G3 7 12 7 3 overshooting 2/1/2017

113003-G2 8 12 8 4 overshooting 2/1/2017

112134-G1 2 7 2 2 overshooting 2/1/2017

Result after action implemented

After adjusting the recommended antenna tilt the poor coverage and no dominancy is minimized
as shown below.

N.B for the poor coverage area shown there is UMTS only sites inorder to improve the GSM
poor coverage at the area layering to GSM is needed.

[37]
 After adjustment

After adjustment

1. Action Taken

Increase the Coverage area of sites 112134 and 111413

2. Conclusion/Observation

The DT test result indicates that the outdoor network performance of the Complain area after
antenna adjustment of Sites 112134 and 111413 is satisfactory.
[38]
 CHAPTER FIVE

5. CONCLUSION, RECOMMANDATION, REFERENCE, AND

APPENDICE
5.1 Conclusion
In general, we were well trained and developed our skills we have in theoretical knowledge in
the field of practical environment. Basically the training includes the concepts of RF, MAT
(CDMA, FDMA, TDMA) and etc. We learnt the concept of RF in EMF course and that of MAT
in communication. From theoretical lesson EM signal propagates in different forms which may
carried out by RF and so RF plays a vital role in transporting EM signal from transmitter to
receiver.
The bandwidth of the channel is limited and the traffic load increases extensively. Therefore it
should be optimized so as to reduce the traffic load and other related factors like delay, channel
capacity and etc. These and such a like problems are solved by the introduction of MAT.

5.2 Recommendation
First of all, I would like to recommend ethiotelecom to be punctual on accepting and start
training students. I intern training on fifth year first semester, there are very necessary course we
should take before we get into training. So we also like to recommend this to Adigrat University
to change the curriculum from fourth year to fifth year so as to train student well before they join
the working environment.

[39]
 REFERENCES

APPENDICE
5.4 APPENDICE

Appendix A: Tariff of BM

[40]
[41]
Appendix B: Vanity Offer and Selling Price

1. Platinum Number

2. Gold Number

3. Silver Number

4. Bronze Number

[42]
[43]