Addis Ababa Science and Technology

University
College of Architecture and Civil Engineering
Department of Civil Engineering
Company Name: YOTEK Construction Plc.
Prepared By: FELMETA DECHASA
ID No: ETS0421/11
Section: A.
E-mail address: felmetadechasa17@gmail.com
Period of internship: From March 10 to June 10 2021 G.C.
Company supervisor: Mr. ALAZAR
Academic supervisor/Advisor: Mr. EYOB T/MARIAM

JUNE, 2022 G.C

Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
 DECLARATION

This document is prepared by FELMETA DECHASA as a final internship report after

two-month training at YOTEK Construction Plc. This Practical Work (Internship Report)
is submitted in practical fulfillment of the requirements for internship to Addis Ababa
Science and Technology University. I assure that the report contains actual events and
facts that was observed and performed during my internship practice program. The
contents of the report are based on the internship report out line which was given by our
department.

Name of student: ZEMENE KIDIE

Signature:

Date:

Approved by:

Academic supervisor/Advisor: Mr. EYOB T/MARIAM

Signature:

Date:
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, I would like to thank to GOD for helping me in all my work and guide me in
this internship time.I also thank to Addis Ababa science and technology University for
giving me the golden chance to practice what I have learned theoretically by internship. I
want to thank for my hosting company YOTEK for allowing me to pass my internship
time in that company. I want to thank and appreciate to the site engineers Mr. GEBRU,
for elaborating every step and element in the construction field.

I want to thank for office engineer Mr. TIGIST HIRPO for helping me to office works
and for giving me some comment on my work. I also offer my deepest thanks to my
advisor Mr.EYOB T/MARIAM. I would like appreciate my family for this support
throughout this experience.
 EXCUTIVE SUMMARY

This report covers my stay at Addis Ababa Science and Technology University Research
and Technology Center project construction site at AASTU. The report provides a
summary to my internship practice outcome which I gained during my internship period
stay in the sites and office. And also, the report consists of five chapters and different sub
topics within it.
Thus, in the first chapter of this report, I have briefly described the hosting company
background (YOTEK Construction PLC). It starts from the brief history, vision, mission,
objective and organizational structure of the company. In line with this, I have pointed
out objective of internship, and understanding of the project.
The second chapter of the report describe the overall internship experience on material
and methodology used. The chapter covers areas I have been working with construction
equipment and materials used on site, methodology used and material or machines and
their uses.
The third chapter of the report describe the overall internship experience on site and
office works. The chapter covers areas I have been working with (both in site and office),
structural elements, Preparation of bar schedule, take- off, bill of quantity and challenges
and measures shown on site.
The fourth chapter of the report, overall benefits I gained from internship time is
described. The overall benefits in terms of improving practical skill, theoretical
knowledge, Interpersonal communication skill, team playing skill and leadership Skill are
included. And also, the fourth chapter includes what I understood about work ethics
during my internship period.
Finally, the fifth chapter covers conclusion and recommendation. Reference and
appendix also provided on the report.

Table of Contents

Contents

DECLARATION.............................................................................................................................. I

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT............................................................................................................... II

EXCUTIVE SUMMARY .............................................................................................................. III

Table of Contents ........................................................................................................................... IV

List of Figure ................................................................................................................................ VIII

List of tables .................................................................................................................................... X

Acronyms and Abbreviations ......................................................................................................... XI

CHAPTER ONE.............................................................................................................................. 1

1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 1

1.1 Internship objective ............................................................................................................. 1

1.2 Understanding of the Project.............................................................................................. 1

1.3 Overview of the company.................................................................................................... 2

1.3.1 Vision of the company .................................................................................................. 2

1.3.2 Mission of the Company .............................................................................................. 2

1.4 Organizational structure of the company (Work flow structure) ................................... 3

1.5 Objectives of the project ..................................................................................................... 4

1.5.1 General objective .......................................................................................................... 4

1.5.2 Specific objective .......................................................................................................... 5

1.6 Quality policy ....................................................................................................................... 5

1.7 Health and safety policy ...................................................................................................... 6

CHATER TWO ............................................................................................................................... 8

2. Material and Methodology used .................................................................................................. 8

2.1 Construction equipment ..................................................................................................... 8

2.2 Construction materials ...................................................................................................... 13

2.2.1 Concrete ...................................................................................................................... 13

2.2.2 Reinforcement bars .................................................................................................... 15

2.3 Methodology....................................................................................................................... 15

CHAPTER THREE ....................................................................................................................... 17

3. Data analysis, result, design work and accomplishment of activities........................................ 17

3.1 Formwork construction .................................................................................................... 17

3.1.1 Column forms ............................................................................................................. 18

 3.1.2 Beam forms ................................................................................................................. 19

3.1.3 Slab forms ................................................................................................................... 20

3.1.4 Form work lift shaft (shear wall) .............................................................................. 21

3.1.5 Stair case work................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.

3.1.6 Scaffoldings ................................................................................................................. 21

3.2 Reinforcement work .......................................................................................................... 22

3.2.1 Beam reinforcement ................................................................................................... 23

3.2.2 Slab reinforcement ..................................................................................................... 25

3.2.3 Reinforcement in columns ......................................................................................... 27

3.2.4 Overlap length (Lap length) ...................................................................................... 28

3.2.5 Anchorage(development)length ................................................................................ 29

3.3 Concrete cover (spacer)..................................................................................................... 29

3.4 Water proof ............................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.

3.5 Concrete work .................................................................................................................... 29

3.5.1 Lean concrete .................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

3.5.2 Reinforced Concrete................................................................................................... 30

3.6 Batching and mixing of concrete ...................................................................................... 30

3.7 Placing and compaction of concrete................................................................................. 32

3.7.1 Placing of concrete...................................................................................................... 32

3.7.2 Compaction of concrete ............................................................................................. 33

3.7.3 Leveling concrete ........................................................................................................ 33

3.7.4 Curing of concrete .......................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

3.8 Removing the forms .............................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

3.9 Concrete test........................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

3.9.1 Compression strength test ............................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

 3.9.2 Slump test ........................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.

3.10 Hard core work .................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

3.11 Areas I have been involved on site ................................................................................. 34

3.12 Office work ....................................................................................................................... 34

3.12.1 Areas I have been involved on office....................................................................... 34

3.12.2 Quantity survey ........................................................................................................ 35

3.12.3 Takeoff sheet ............................................................................................................. 35

3.12.4 Preparation of Bill of Quantity ............................................................................... 37

3.13 Challenges Faced During my Internship Period........................................................... 38

3.13.1 Personal Challenges ................................................................................................. 38

3.13.2 project challenges ..................................................................................................... 38

3.14 Measures that I have taken in order to overcome challenges ...................................... 38

3.15 Common mistakes/misconduct at site ............................................................................ 38

CHAPTER FOUR ......................................................................................................................... 39

4. Assessment of the internship ..................................................................................................... 39

4.1 Over all benefits I gained from the internship ................................................................ 39

4.2 In Terms of Improving Practical Skill ............................................................................. 39

4.3 In Terms of Upgrading Theoretical Knowledge ............................................................. 40

4.4 Improving interpersonal communication skill ................................................................ 41

4.5 Improving team playing skills .......................................................................................... 41

4.6 Improving leadership skill ................................................................................................ 42

4.8 Entrepreneurship Skill ...................................................................................................... 42

CHAPTER FIVE ........................................................................................................................... 43

5.Conclusion and Recommendation .............................................................................................. 43

 5.1 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................... 43

5.2 Recommendation ............................................................................................................... 44

Reference .................................................................................................................................. 46

Appendices ............................................................................................................................... 47

List of Figure

Figure 1 Organizational structure of the company……………………………………….4

Figure 2 Crane……………………………………………………………………………..9
Figure 3 Vibrator..……………………………………………………………....................9
Figure 4 Concrete batching plant………………………………………………………...10
Figure 5 Truck-mixer……………………………………………………………………10
Figure 6 Concrete pump………………………………………………………………….10
Figure 8 Equipment used in site ………………………………………………………....13
Figure 9 Aggregate and water tanker…………………………………………………….15
Figure10 Column
formwork………………………………………………………….…..19
Figure 11 Beam formwork………………………………………………………….…....20
Figure12 Slab formwork………………………………………………………………....21
Figure 13 Solid slab and it‟s
reinforcement…………………………………………...….26 Figure 14 Flat slab and its
reinforcement………………………………………………...27 Figure 16 Reinforcement
in columns…………………………………………………..…29
Figure 18 Batching of concrete ingredients by computer software………………34
Figure 19 Placing of concrete for column……………………………………...………...35
 List of tables

Table 1. parties involved in the project……………………………………………............6

Table 2. Size of concrete cover……………………………………………………..30
Table 3. Amount of Material in kg in cubic meter of fresh concrete…………………….33
Table 4. Takeoff sheet for concrete………………………………………………….......41
Table 5. Takeoff sheet for reinforcement bar schedule……………………………...…..42
Table 6. Format for BOQ…………………………………………..……………..……..43
 Acronyms and Abbreviations

 AASTU: Addis Ababa Science and Technology University

 ETB: Ethiopian Birr
 CBE: Commercial Bank of Ethiopia
 VAT: Value Added Tax
 ISO: International Organization for Standardization
 PLC: Private Limited Company
 PPC: Pozzolana Portland Cement
 OPC: Ordinary Portland Cement
 RC: Reinforced Concrete
 GPS: Global Position System
 BOQ: Bill of Quantity
 HCB: Hallo Concrete Block.
 CHAPTER ONE

1. Introduction

This report presents the details of my internship experience at YOTEK Construction Plc
as a trainee civil engineer from March to June 2021 G.C. As back ground for your
reading of this report I have included (1) The internship objective (2) brief description of
the host company (overview of the company) (3) Understanding of the Project.

1.1 Internship objective

The purpose of the internship is to expose Addis Ababa Science and Technology
University students to the world of work so that can relate theoretical knowledge with
application in industry. They will also develop skills in work ethics, communication and
management. And it will explore students to potential employers too.
1.2 Understanding of the Project

The project is the construction of Research and Technology Center consisting of Block
A, Block D and Block E with site works, with a total planning area around 23.1ha at
Addis Ababa Science and Technology University.
Block A: It consists of one main function which is common facilities.
 This block is divided in to two smaller parts
2
 The plot area is 5,320m 
 This building is a 2B+G+7 which is five up to six levels and
each level height being 4m.
Block D

 This block is divided in to five parts.

 The overall plot area is 6080m2.
 Block D (5 Floors + Roof Terrace Building).
Block E

Block E (G+6+Roof Terrace Building).

 This block is divided in to five parts.
The overall plot area is 6102m2.

1.3 Overview of the company

YOTEK construction Plc. General Contractor class one was established in 1991 E.C. This
Company is founded by engineer YOHANNES TEKLAY. It starts with rural schools in
Tigray regional state, particularity at Mekelle and Aduwa, and health center in Afar
regional state.

The company is now involved in the construction of buildings, roads, special factory
foundations and various types of civil engineering constructions. YOTEK construction
PLC is currently a general class I contractor. Logo of the company;

1.3.1 Vision of the company

YOTEK construction PLC aspire to further strengthen and expand out new established
position and continue being the first choice for clients

The company‟s vision can be summarized as follows;

 To be all stakeholders‟ first choice company.

 To be a company that will inspire the construction industry in Ethiopia and rest
of Africa.
1.3.2 Mission of the Company

YOTEK construction PLC is an indigenous enterprise whose mission is to flourish

thorough rendering and multifaceted services to the public with a high degree of
competence and reliability, and thereby carry on towards enhancing the achievement of
socio-economic growth and development of Ethiopia. As a company, YOTEK
Construction PLC seeks to be a high quality innovative and enduring builder by applying
attention to detail, hand on project management, safety, technology and strong cost
containment methods to benefit its clients and end users. Build worthwhile partnership by
developing responsive, innovative and professional mechanical and environmental
services that provide sustainable solution for clients, is the company mission.

Generally, the company seeks

 We strive to work hard to maximize the benefits of our clients by delivering

projects with quality on time and competitive cost.
 To participate in the development endeavor of Ethiopia by bridging the
construction technology and knowledge gap between Ethiopia and the rest of the
world.

1.4 Organizational structure of the company (Work flow structure)

The company uses the combined knowledge and experience of personnel, from director
to skilled worker.
 PROJECT SITE ORGANIZATION CHART

Head Office support

YOTEK (Project follow-up
Engineers) Project
Manager

Secretary

Safety Construction
Supply & Project
Office Engineers Engineers Admin&
Engineers Purchase
finance head
Head
Nurse

Purchasers & Accountants

Store Keepers & Cashers
Architect Surveyors

Structural
Engineer
Mechanical Building Electrical Sanitary
Engineer Engineers Engineer
Engineer

Construction Electrical Sanitary

Foremen Installation Installation
Work Leader Work Leader

Carpentry & Steel Structure & Masonry &

Joint Work Rebar Preparation Finishing Works
Leader Leader Team Leader

Figure 1 Organizational structure of the company

1.5 Objectives of the project

1.5.1 General objectives

The main objectives of the company are:

 Satisfy the housing demand in Ethiopia.

 Create employment opportunities
 Play a major role in the development of the construction sector.
 Improving way of business and customer approach, quality -based construction
and management.
  Proper utilization in project, quality -based workmanship and adapting new
technology in construction and becoming internationally competitive bidder in
Ethiopia.
1.5.2 Specific objectives

 To implement international finance reporting system (IFRS) by June 2019.

 100% of site staff will be inducted on safety procedures. To provide personal
protective equipment (PPE) to all project site personnel by June 2019.
 To use 100% steel scaffolding for AASTU and CBE Mekelle by June 2019.
 To increase net profit by 100% from previous year by June 2019.
 To increase company turnover by 60% from previous year by June 2019.
 Set company productivity rate for Concrete, Form work, Re-bar, HCB and
plastering wall by June 2019.
1.6 Quality policy

YOTEK Construction PLC team is committed to meet and driven to exceed customers‟
expectation. It has established quality management system which contains our business
management system which has the objectives of meeting our vision:

 To be all stakeholders‟ first choice company.

 To be a company that will inspire the construction industry in Ethiopia.
The management is committed to ensuring the established quality management system is
implemented in line with ISO 9001: 2015 by all employees, subcontractor and suppliers
working on YOTEK Construction PLC project.

YOTEK Construction PLC aims to be a learning organization by developing continual

improvement culture through the application of

 Adaptation of technology
 Transfer the knowledge to management
 Audit results
 Analysis of data
 Corrective and preventive actions
 Management review
  Effective integration into a team
The policy will be enforced and reviewed annually for continual improvement.

1.7 Health and safety policy

YOTEK Construction committed to provide a safe and healthy work pace for all
stakeholders.

The management understands no activity is more important than protecting the health and
safety of our employees, sub-contractors, employees, and those who live and work
adjacent to our operations.

It is YOTEK Construction PLC policy to:

 Prevent occupational illness, injury and property damage.

 Take active steps to create safe work environments.
 Have a well- trained and fully competent workforce that actively contributes to
the safe planning of its work.
As a minimum, our health and safety obligations will comply with international
guidelines.

YOTEK Construction PLC takes prides that all stakeholders returning home safety to
their loved once every day.

Table 1 Parties involved in the project

Project ADDIS ABABA SCIENCE &

TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY
RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY
CENTER
Client ADDIS ABABA SCIENCE &
TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY
Consultant YOHANNES ABAY CONSULTING
ARCHITECTS & ENGINEERS
Contractor (for lot 1) YOTEK CONSTRUCTION PLC
Location Addis Ababa, Kilinto
Contract type Admeasurement [Unit Rate]
Initial Contract Amount 2,081,901,404.18 (ETB Without VAT)
Date of Site Handover June 14/2018
Mobilization of period 21 Cal. Days
 Commencement Date July 05/2018
Initial Contract Time 548 Cal. Days
Initial Completion Date January 04/2020
Extension of Time Approved 451 Cal. Days,
Revised Completion Time 984 Cal. Days
To date Time Elapsed 941 Cal. Days
Revised Completion Date March 30/2021
Number of Schedule Revised 3 times
 CHATER TWO

2. Material and Methodology Used

2.1 Construction Equipment

The efficient and effective implementation of construction projects requires good

management of relationships for resources, activities and stakeholders as applied to the
context where such projects are implemented.

Materials, Money, Manpower and Machineries (the 4 M's) are usual resources recognized
in most situations. Equipment types used in a construction project is largely dependent on
their direct input to unit prices or not, type of work or trades, scope of work, mobility,
system of control and availability.

Construction equipment‟s have a high role on the construction process we have tried to
see the main construction equipment‟s in our site.

 Crane: is a lifting device which can be fixed or mobile. It‟s a very important
piece of equipment on the construction site. It can influence production time,
costs, working conditions and the quality of the product. The choice of a suitable
crane is essential in designing the construction process. Its more functions are
 used to transport construction material.
 To transport rebar‟s for high rising building.
  To transport water for different purpose including water for curing of
concrete.

Figure 2 Crane

 Vibrator: - used in elimination of entreated air and forcing the particles in to a

closer configuration. To compacts concrete, you apply energy to it so that the mix
becomes more fluid. Air trapped in it can then rise to the top and escape. As a
result, the concrete becomes consolidated, and you are left with a good dense
material that will, after proper curing, develop its full strength and durability.

Figure 3 Vibrator

 Concrete batching plant is equipment that combines various ingredient to form

concrete. This is commonly used in big projects these days a better mix. In our
 site, combines ingredient of concrete by weighing all in kg.

Figure 4 Concrete batching plants

 Mixer: used to mix concrete ingredient. There are two types of mixers in our site
those are truck mixer and mobile mixer. There difference is the amount of mixing
the truck mixer can mix large amount of concrete. Concrete ready- mix truck used
to transport ready mix concrete.

Figure 5 Truck-mixer

 Concrete pump: used to transport concrete in high pressure to higher floor.

 Figure 6 Concrete pump

 steel bar cutter: Cutting of reinforcement.

Its common practice at site either to cut off bars where they no longer required to
resist stress or in case of continuous beams, to bend up bottom steel so that it
provides tensile reinforcement at the top of the beam over the support. At site I
observed when they use table like wooden material and welded steel in order to
bend and cut bars.

Figure 7 steel bar cutter

 Excavator: used to excavate soil (to carry excavation work).

 Trucks: Trucks have high role on construction especially during the earthwork by
removing out soil and also during backfill. It also, used to use to transport
material.
 Loader: used to move stockpiled material from ground level and deposit it in to a
waiting truck. And also, it is used to Transport construction material and some
equipment like hand compactor. It has a front bucket that tilts vertically to load
and unload and lifts vertically.
 Plumb bob (tumbi): It‟s very important equipment in order to check the
alignments of column.
 Theodolite: type of surveying equipment which measure the elevation difference
between points.

Truck Loader

Generator
 Plumb bob

Theodolite Figure 8 Equipment used in site

2.2 Construction materials

2.2.1 Concrete

Concrete is defined as a mixture of cement, water, inert material fillers known as

aggregates and admixtures(optional).

 Cement is a pulverized material that develops binding forces due to a reaction

with water. Portland cements are hydraulic cements, meaning they react and
harden chemically with the addition of water. Cement should not be stock above
six months in store. To avoid dampness cement should be stored in a position of
10-20 cm above the store floor. But, in our site cement stored in cement silos.
The cement that they use in this project is Dangote and Mesebo. The types of
cement used in the project site are:
1. PPC (Portland Pozzolana Cement): In the project it is used for the lean
concrete. The most important effects accompanying the use of PPC in
concrete construction work are improved workability, improved resistance to
sulfate attack and it has less cost than ordinary Portland cement.

2. OPC (Ordinary Portland Cement): on the site this is used to construct the
structural part of the building. OPC is the most commonly used cement in
construction. It is used where the concrete will not be subjected to sulphate
attack from the soil or water or exposed to severe weathering conditions.
 Aggregate is a granular material, such as sand, gravel, crushed stone or iron-blast
furnace slag. They generally occupy 65% -75% of the volume of concrete. Hence
Considerable care should be taken in their selection and proportioning to provide
the best aggregates available. All material that passes through #4(4.75 mm
openings) is conventionally referred to as fine aggregate or sand, while all
material that is retained on the #4 sieve is referred to as coarse aggregate, gravel
or stone. Aggregate classified in to two categories based on size.
1. Coarse aggregate: The aggregate should be clean since dirt or clay sticking to the
aggregates will weaken the bond between paste and aggregates. It should be free
from deleterious materials such as silt, salt, clay, coal, mica and organic impurity
which can affects the hydration of cement, the bond with cement paste, the
strength and the durability of hardened concrete. It should be washed by water to
increase the quality of the concrete mix.
2. Fine aggregate (sand): Sand should be free from clay material, organic matters
and other bad material. The grains should be sharp, angular and coarse. It shall
be natural or crushed gravel or stone, clean sharp coarse grit, pit or river sand. In
our site, river sand is used. Fine aggregate are small size range particles which
are used to fill the voids created by the coarse aggregates in case of concrete and
they are the bulk materials in case of mortars.
 Water: In the production of concrete, water is used for chemical reaction with
cement, workability of concrete, washing aggregate and curing process of
concrete. Water must be clean, fresh and free from any dirt, unwanted chemicals
or rubbish that may affect concrete. Clean water is important since any impurities
present will affect bond strength between the paste and aggregate.
 Coarse aggregate Fine aggregate(sand)

water tanker

Figure 9 Aggregate and water tanker

2.2.2 Reinforcement bars

Reinforced concrete structures are hybrid structures made from Concrete and
reinforcement bars. Reinforcements are circular metallic bars/rods used to strengthen
concrete section and carry the incoming loads, shear and moments.

 Materials for formwork construction, like typing wires and nails.

 Electrical installation materials, pipes, fitting, etc.

2.3 Methodology

In my internship time I have seen different methodologies used in the site for the
construction of slab, column, beam shear wall, staircase etc. And also, different
methodologies for backfill for hard core, cart way and storing of materials has been
followed. On some parts of this report I tried to include different methodologies for some
works. Here are some of methodologies followed:

 To check column vertical alignment Plumb bobs and also Suspended stones and
on site fabricated concrete material) were used to measure the deviations from
vertical line. The principle behind is that any weight is pulled exactly vertically by
gravity.
 Reinforcement bars shall be prepared at a bar bending to be established during
mobilization and shall always be kept under shade on raised platform at all times
to kept it rust.
 Concrete should be mixed with mixer to create good concrete. It should be
transported, placed, compacted and cured properly to meet its requirements.
I used to the following methodologies to gain experience and information about the
Project by asking;

 Oral questions to site supervisors

 Objective of the project
 Components of the site construction
 Site worker and Forman
 CHAPTER THREE

3. Data analysis, result, design work and accomplishment of activities

How I get into the company

After university industry linkage office gives the request for internship placement paper; I
started to search to get accompany that fulfills the criteria mentioned by the office. After
search many companies I apply to YOTEK Construction plc. Then I decide to continue
my internship program to work there. I participated there and during my stay I did many
works in both office and sites. I understood how can change it the theoretical knowledge
into practical.

3.1 Formwork construction

Formwork: is a temporary structure built to contain fresh concrete so as to form it

to the required shape, dimensions and to support it until it becomes self-
supporting. A formwork includes the surface in contact with concrete and any
necessary concrete supporting structure. The surface should be smooth. It should
be sufficiently rigid and by no means defective throughout the placing, vibrating
and setting of the concrete without visible deflection. There are two types of
formwork on our site. These are steel formwork and timber formwork.

On our site Steel formwork is used for circular elevation column and slab as soffit
and timber formwork is used for beams, lift-shaft, inclined roof, stair-case and
rectangular elevation column. A steel formwork is comparatively costly but it has
the following advantages.

 It can put to high number of uses.

 It is easy to dismantle after the concrete gain strength.
 It ensures an even and smooth concrete surface.
 It is not liable to shrinkage or distortion.
 3.1.1 Column forms

This consists of a vertical mold of the desired shape and size which has to retain the wet

concrete and resist the initial hydrostatic pressure caused by wet concrete.

Column formwork on our site, steel formworks which are circular and timber formworks
which are rectangular. The construction procedure is as follow to erect vertical column
form;

 Check the centering (eccentricity) of previous column heads to column form.

 Column crachers are placed immediately after the slab cast and helps to keep the
column forms straight and strong.
 Column forms are then placed in the crashers after the already prepared column
reinforcement is placed, on four sides for rectangular. And this should erect
straight & supported very well.
 Finally, check before casting. Plumbing bob or we were using stones in place of it
to check verticality of the column form.

In our site columns are circular and rectangular;

 Circular columns which have minimum number of bars are 20.

 Most dimension of rectangular columns is 70cm*80cm and minimum number of
bars are 16.
 Diameter of main bars is varying from φ14-φ20mm.
 ker bat

crachers plum bob

Figure 10 column formwork

3.1.2 Beam forms

This is basically a three- sided box supported and propped in the correct position and to
the desired level. The beam formwork sides have to retain the wet concrete in the
required shape and be able to withstand the initial hydrostatic pressure of wet concrete
whereas the formwork soffit apart from retaining the concrete has to support the initial
load of the wet concrete and finally the set concrete until it has gained sufficient strength
to be self -supporting.
The construction procedure is:
 Props (Christy) positioned as per the required spacing and leveled through.
 Soffit (fondo) placed, leveled and position checked.
 Side forms (Esponda) placed after placing of re-bar, their position checked before
being fixed.
 Strutting position and fixed.
 Final check before casting, for concrete cover, position and for structural member.
 stanga
Esponda
Figure 11 beam formwork
3.1.3 Slab forms

There are different types of slab in our site, for solid slab we prepare suspended beam

form work and slab form work together. The slab form works have to retain wet concrete

and able to with stained the initial hydrostatic pressure of wet concrete whereas the form

work soffit it appears from retaining the concrete has to support the initial loads of the

wet concrete and live load finally the set concrete until it has ginned sufficient strength to

be self- supporting. Procedure

 Props positioned as per required spacing and leveled through- out the slab and
joists are laid horizontally.
 Soffit (Fondo or a form work under slab) or called panel as general name is
placed, leveled and positioned.
 Place bottom and top (negative rein forcemeat) as required and fix reinforcement
with beam reinforcement bar.
 Finally check before casting for spacers.
Solid slab consumes more concrete than other type of the slabs and have heavy weight.

Steps followed for flat slab construction:

 Erect the props longitudinally.

 Check the horizontal level of the soffit.
 Place the reinforcement bar column and middle strip of the slab in both directions.
 Install Electrical lines.

Figure 12 slab formwork

3.1.4 Form work lift shaft (shear wall)

This consists of vertical or horizontal mold as desired shape and size which has to retain
the wet concrete and resist the initial hydrostatic pressure caused by wet concrete. Its
procedure is similar to column but it needs special care and professional because it is
complicated.

Figure 13 Form work for shear wall

3.1.6 Scaffoldings

These are constructing to support the formwork. In addition, it serves as a ladder for the
workers to walk up & down, and to transport the necessarily construction inputs, also
enables for the workers to stand on it at the time of plastering and painting. It is necessary
to consider width. It must be enough to pass walk up and down with material at the time.
Scaffolding is a temporary structure used to support people and material in the
construction or repair of buildings and other large structures. It is usually a modular
system of wood material. The scaffolding should be stable and should be strong enough
to support workman and other construction material placed on the plat form of
scaffolding. If it was not, it may lose many live of the workers.
Scaffolding may have two types these are
1. Wooden and
2. Metal or steel scaffolding.

Figure 14 Scaffolding
3.2 Reinforcement work

Reinforcement include cutting, bending, placing in position, tie and spacer. The entire
necessary reinforcement bar for this project is prepared in the site. According to the
design the maximum bar diameter is 24mm. That is why the “Ferayo” accomplish the
task by using hand tool and simple cutting and bending machine. On our site they use bar
size of Ø8, Ø10, Ø12, Ø14, Ø16, Ø20 and Ø24.

General Requirements;

 Reinforcement measured by the net weight of the bars.

  It is stored in clean condition and is specified quality.

 Reinforcement shall be cleaned to remove loose rust and mill scale, earth, loose
rush, oil, grease and other materials.

 No concrete shall be cast until reinforcement has been checked approved by the
engineer. The dimension, length and shape of the reinforcement of bar is
according to drawing and specification.

 Bending of reinforcement is done with adequate bending tools. The bending tool
that is using in my site is Automatic steel bar bender and barge and it is made
from reinforcing steel bar.

 All bars with cracks or splits are not using in construction.

 Supporting by concrete spacer, reinforcement shall be secured against

displacement by formwork construction or concrete placement.

Planning of reinforcement bar

As required for the constriction of beam, columns and slab when all of the reinforcements
bar have been cut to the right length and then the main beam and column reinforcement
tied with stirrup diameter 8 mm bar by tying wire.

 Reinforcing steel is placed in position in the concert form by workers (bar

benders). The main beam and columns bars have been produced before it should
place in position carefully and for slab after cut of right length the bar is placed on
the prepared form work and bends as necessary and fix with beams as per design
the bottom and top bars.

Preparation of reinforcing bar

As per the design and shown in the plan, the size of the bars and spacing of the bars to be
placed in the concrete are known. The supervisor gives a copy of the engineer‟s plans to
the bare bender, who prepared the reinforcement.

3.2.1 Beam reinforcement

Beams are provided with reinforcements for the following purposes:

  To prevent the tension from tearing the concrete, which is unable to withstand
tensile stress.
 To protect the concrete from shear stress.
 To protect the concrete from cracks caused by temperature and shrinkage stresses.
The reinforcement on the beam are classified in to three based on their place of
use. They are;

 Positive bars (main bars): These bars are provided at the bottom of simple and
continuous beams; but at the top of cantilever beams. The primary purpose of the
main bars is to withstand the tensile stress in the beam caused by bending of the
beam. These kinds of bars are mainly used to resist the positive moment. This
moment is mostly found at the mid span on the beams and these positive bars are
placed at the mid span.

When a simple beam is loaded, it tends to bend down because the middle portion of the
beam is unsupported. This bending or deflection of the beam creates tension at the
bottom face and compression at the top face of the beam. That means the bottom face of
the beam stretches and the top face contracts. Since the elasticity of the concrete is very
low, it cannot stand the stretching. It cannot resist the tension at the bottom. Therefore,
we provide reinforcement bars at the bottom of simple beams to protect them from
stretching or the tension. These bars are called main bars.

The top face of the beam is always under compression, and the concrete can stand plenty
of compressive stresses.

 Negative bars: Theses bars are provided on the beam for the purpose of resisting
tensile stresses that caused by the push of columns upwards.

These are bars used to resist negative moment. Most of the time they are found at the
support of the beams. They are placed at one third of the span length. In the previous
example of simple beams, we have said that the beam bends down when loads are
applied. If the beam is fixed to the support, there will be negative tension on the beam at
the support.
  Stirrups (Staffa): Reinforcement used to resist shear & diagonal tension stresses in
concrete structural members. It is highly resistant to diagonal tension crack. The
uses of stirrups:
 To resist shear.
 To restrict the growth of diagonal tension cracks.
 To tie longitudinal bars.

3.2.2 Slab reinforcement

Slab is a plane horizontal structural element used to support live loads and equipment
loads and transfer these loads to the supporting beams or walls. RC slabs are provided to
cover the space between beams or supports.

Distribution bars are provided only for one- way slabs and cantilever slabs. The purpose
of these bars is to resist cracks resulting from temperature and shrinkage stresses, and
also to distribute stresses uniformly to the main bars. The number of these distribution
bars is determined by the minimum reinforcement required. 8-10mm diameter bars are
often used. Negative bar: used to resist negative bending moment.

Negative bending moments are created at the supports, so we have to provide

reinforcement bars at the upper portion of slab near the support.

 The top (negative) reinforcement bar of a slab has been placed up to 1/3 of
the span length from the support. Because around 1/3 of the span length
there is high interaction of load and the load would be transferred to the
column.

 As we know two- way slab has both positive and negative reinforcement.
The negative reinforcements are on the top and cut off to l/3 of its length
because there is no negative moment and also there is distribution bars of Ø8
to keep the shape.
 Steel spacer must be provided used to separate bottom reinforcement and top
reinforcement known as KEBELETO. The bar will be bounded by
considering the depth of the pad diameter of the reinforcement bars.
On our site these are;
  solid slab, Flat slab, and Cantilever slab

Solid slab

The type of slab constructed on the site the one is solid slab. It is a slab that that has beam
and the loads are transferred to the beam which all sides are supported by beams. In
addition to this, the slabs have long and short span edge. And the ratio of long span to
short span is small (<2), and bending occurs along both spans. This slab is two- way slab.

The slab reinforcement is constructed in a mesh form to resist tension. As, in the beam
slab reinforcement has both top and bottom bars but is provided as a mesh. Top bars are
called negative bars and are provided to resist shear around the supports. If the span is at
the edge the bottom reinforcement is bent at the support to L/4 of the total length of the
span and serves as a negative bar. But if the span is at the middle then, additional top bar
with length of L/3 of total span length to both direction of the support is added. And this
additional bar is called negative bar. The bottom bars are called positive bars and are
provided to resist tension and positive moment.

Figure 15 solid slab and it‟s reinforcement

Flat slab

Flat slab is reinforced concrete slab supported directly by columns without the use of
beams. These slabs may be of uniform thickness throughout or apportion of it,
symmetrical about the column, may be thicker than the rest of the slab (called a column
head column capital) and the supporting column may be increased in size near the top to
form a column of head or column capital, but in our site the slab is uniform thickness
throughout and it is flat plate floor system. Which is
 Effective for short spans and light loads.
 Flexibility for partition placement and mechanical system lay out.
 Economical because form work cost is low.
 Problems: punching shear.
Slabs which are not supported by beams or walls along the edges but are supported
directly by columns are known as flat slabs.

Great advantage of flat slab is that there are no beams for which formwork must be
prepared.

One disadvantage of flat slab construction is that the arrangement of reinforcement can
be very complex, particularly adjacent to columns where punching shear reinforcement is
often required.

Figure 16 flat slabs and its reinforcement

3.2.3 Reinforcement in columns

Main bars in columns are placed vertically up along the length of the column. These bars
are meant for taking the compressive stress in the columns and also protect the column
from bending moment. As we known the total load transfer to the foundation is greater as
we move down from the top of building to the bottom of the building. As result of this
diameter longitudinal bar is becoming greater as move from tope of building to bottom of
building, but dimension of the column is the same throughout the structures. The stirrup is
used in order to avoid buckling of the longitudinal bars and protect the column from shear
stress. Concrete cover is 25cm from the face of steel bars. They are like those in beams.

In our site, there are two types of columns;

 circular and
 Rectangular.

Figure 17 Reinforcement in columns

3.2.4 Overlap length (Lap length)

Overlap length (Lap length): is a length of overlap between two successive bars. The
thicker the re-bar used the higher its lap length is. It is a known fact that loads on
columns decrease as we go up the story of a building. So, in order to make the design
economical and better, we can decrease both the size of column and number/diameter of
reinforcement and at the site, I got the chance to see this practice. Reinforcement bars
were bent inwards to decrease size. To keep the architectural integrity of the building,
the rebars were bent in as going from a floor to the next.
Overlap length of bar on which it is overlap when it is necessary to extent the bars and
also used to transfer stress to another steel.
Overlap length is given as: -
 Vertical overlap length=4D (diameter of bar)
 Horizontal overlap length=4D (diameter of bar)
 3.2.5 Anchorage (development) length

Anchorage (development) length: Anchorage length of the bar is used to transfer stress to
concrete. In simple words, the quantity of the rebar length that is actually required to be
embedded into the concrete to achieve the desired bond strength between concrete and
steel by producing required stress for the steel in that area.

3.3 Concrete cover (spacer)

A spacer is a material that secures the reinforced steel or bar in reinforced concrete
structure. The thickness of spacer is determined by the design thickness of reinforcement
cover. The spacers are left in place for the pour to keep the reinforcing in place, and
became a permanent part of the structure.

The cover to reinforcement is required for the following reasons:

 To protect the steel against corrosion.

 To provide sufficient bond or adhesion between steel and concrete.

Table 2 Size of concrete cover

structures Size of spacer

columns 25mm

beams 25mm

slabs 15mm

3.5 Concrete work

When I reached to the project the first, the second- the third floor slab of the building was
already completed since there was the time that the fourth and five- floor slab of the
building was casting.
Concrete is a mixture of Portland cement, inert mineral filler known as aggregates. It
can be mixed by a hand or a machine. Preferably, it is better to mix it with machine.
As we observed, before placing the concrete the forms and sub grade should be
cleaned and moistened thoroughly.

3.5.2 Reinforced Concrete

Reinforced concrete is composite material made of concrete and steel. Plain concrete
possesses high compressive strength, but little tensile strength which makes it weak in
bending, shear, and torsion.

3.6 Batching and mixing of concrete

The measurement of material for making concrete is known as batching. The quality of
concrete material should be checked prior to mixing. The materials for concrete are
water, cement and Aggregate (coarse& fine). Concrete batching plant uses the control
system to control the working of the machine. Concrete batching plants employ computer
aided control to assist in fast and accurate measurement of input constituents or
ingredients. The heart of the concrete batching plant is the mixer.

In our site, mixing of concrete done by weighting all ingredient in kg. Batching plant
work by instructing the computer software to measure the materials. A quantity of
material such as cement, sand, aggregate etc. needed enter. Batching plant will feed the
bucket (feeder bin) according to entered value such as weight of cement, sand etc.
Cement, coarse aggregate, fine aggregate and water are dumped into mixer. Finally,
proper mixing will be done in the mixer. After mixing, concrete will be feed to truck
mixer. Concrete is now transported to site. For our case, the mix capacity is 0.5 m^3. C-
30 for slab and C-35 for column, beam etc.

 The aggregate batcher also named as aggregate bins, is used for storage and
batch the sand, gravel and crushed stone of the concrete plant. In our site we use
10mm and 20mm aggregates.
 The cement batcher: cement have to be fed in the cement bin. The cement silos
are an indispensable device in the production of concrete. It mainly stores bulk
cement, fly ash, mineral powder and others.
Water is good for preventing plastic shrinkage, cracking and workability. Impurities in
mixing water may causes abnormal setting time, decreased strength, volume changes,
efflorescence, and corrosion of reinforcement.

Admixtures are the special ingredients added during concrete mixing to enhance the
properties and performance of fresh concrete.

Class of concrete C-30

Table 3 Amount of Material in kg in cubic meter of fresh concrete

Ingredient Ingredient in kg

Aggregate 02 765

Aggregate 01 328

Fine aggregate 796

water 170

cement 400

Admixture 5 liters

water admixture
aggregate cement

Figure 18 batching of concrete ingredients by computer software

 3.7 Placing and compaction of concrete

3.7.1 Placing of concrete

The operation of placing and compaction are interdependent and are carried out
simultaneously. They are most important for the purpose of ensuring the requirements of
strength, impermeability and durability of hardened concrete in the actual structure i.e.
beam, column or slab.

As for as placing is concerned, the main objective is to deposit the concrete as close as
possible to its final position so that segregation is avoided and the concrete can be fully
compacted. The aim of good concrete placing can be stated quite simply. It is to get the
concrete into position at a speed, and in a condition, that allow it to be compacted
properly.

Figure 19 placing of concrete for column

 3.7.2 Compaction of concrete

In these processes, effort is only directed to reduce the voids in the compacted concrete
and immediately after depositing concrete should be compacted by means of mechanical
vibrator. Once the concrete has been placed, it is ready to be compacted. The purpose of
compaction is to get rid of the air voids that are trapped in loose concrete. It is important
to compact the concrete fully because:

 Air voids reduce the strength of the concrete. For every 1% of entrapped
air, the strength falls by somewhere between 5 and 7%. This means that
concrete containing a mere 5% air voids due to incomplete compaction
can lose as much as one third of its strength.
 Air voids increase concrete's permeability. That in turn reduces its
durability. If the concrete is not dense and impermeable, it will not be
watertight. It will be less able to withstand aggression and its exposed
surfaces will weather badly.
 Moisture and air are more likely to penetrate to the reinforcement causing
it to rust.
 Air voids impair contact between the mix and reinforcement (and, indeed,
any other embedded metals). The required bond will not be achieved and
the reinforced member will not be as strong as it should be.
 Air voids produce blemishes on struck surfaces. For instance, blowholes
and honeycombing might occur.

Summing up, fully compacted concrete is dense, strong and durable; badly
compacted concrete will be porous, weak and prone to rapid deterioration.

3.7.3 Leveling concrete

When all the concrete has been placed, the concrete surface should be at the same
level as the top of the form. To level the concrete, we use a Straightedge rest on screeds
(guides for leveling the surface). The straightedge is a long piece of straight wood or
metal. One end of the straightedge rests on the top of one side of the form while the other
end rests on the opposite side of the form (also called screeds). Cement finisher push the
board back and forth over the concrete until the surface is level with the screeds or top of
the form.

3.11 Areas I have been involved on site

From the site work I was engaged in

 Checking place and alignment of bars: location of re-bar is as critical as its grade
and diameter. For instance, negative bars need to be located at top otherwise, its
existence is meaningless.
 checking the lap length for columns, the thicker the re-bar used the higher its lap
length is. Because of lap length is directly proportional to diameter of bar.
 checking enough concrete cover is provided. During fire accidents, concrete cover
protects the bars from melting, protecting the structural integrity of the building.
 Checking the store of materials, when aggregates are too dry it would take water
from the mix to saturate itself subsequently affecting the water to cement ratio of
the mix. When aggregates are too saturated, it would also affect the water to
cement ratio of the mix by increasing the water content.
3.12 Office work

Office works are works that are carried in the office mainly by the office engineer.
Ongoing site work reports and problems against execution of works are recorded and
reported in the office.

3.12.1 Areas I have been involved on office

The main tasks conducted in the office include:

 Preparation of bar schedule

 Preparation of take- off.
From each part of work, I was trying to understand some basic working principle.

In office I tried primarily to read and understand about take off, and bar schedule.
 3.12.2 Quantity survey

Quantity surveying is a term or process used in the construction industry to take

measurements. Prepare specifications and estimates the cost of works either for each
trade of work or for the whole project.

The following tasks are covered in quantity surveying as I observed;

1 Takeoff sheet

2 preparing BOQ

3.12.3 Takeoff sheet

It is the format which is used in a bill of quantity to list (include) a short description of
the specification along with its measuring unit, quantity and unit prices to determine the
total cost for each trade of item.

Preparation of take of sheet: -This is the process of preparing / defining /a detailed list of
all labor and materials necessary for the work and entering the items on properly
dimensioned paper. The standard form used for entering the dimensions taken or scaled
from drawings to determine the accurate quantity in each trade of work,

Takeoff for Concrete

As a certain office quantity surveyor, we calculate all the concrete volume required for
building structure that is about to be constructed. Concrete is measured in volume (m3).
Developing the pre-developed quantity survey help the company to prepare the materials
that will be needed before the actual construction. This measured Concrete disintegrated
in to its components aggregate, sand and cement.

Table 4. Takeoff sheet for concrete

 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4

Timing Dimension Squaring Description

 Column 1 is used for stating the number of times an item occurs and is called the
timing column.
 Column 2 is called dimension column as it is used to enter the dimensions of the
items of works. Dimensions are entered in the order indicated below: Length,
Width, Height or Thickness.
 Column 3 is called squaring column. The stated dimensions in column 2 are
multiplied to determine the quantity of the work either in ml, m2, m3 or in Pcs. or
No.
 Column 4 is called description column and description of the work item is briefly
stated.

C. Bar Schedule

Bar Schedule is a format used to calculate the quantity of reinforcement bars. In this
format the quantity of bar of each diameter will be calculated.

Table 5. Takeoff sheet for reinforcement bar schedule

Total N. bars

Length
No of bar in
Length (m)

Total
a member
Diameter

(M)
Location

member.
Item. no

Bar No.

Shape

No of

Ф8 Ф 10 Ф 12 Ф 14 Ф 16 Ф 20 Ф 24
 Total Length (m)

Weight (kg/m) 0.395 0.616 0.88 1.21 1.58 2.47 3.55

Total weight (Kg)

 Item no.: - is number of the current reinforcement bar

 Location: - describes where the bar is found. Most times it‟s described by axis.
 Shape: - give clear understanding of the shape of the bar and cutoff points.
 Diameter: - bar diameter in mm.
 Length: - bar length in meter taken from the structural plan.
 Number of bars: - shows the number of the same type of bars in that given position.
 Number of members: - members that have the same bar arrangement.
Total length=total no of bar*length of bar
Total no of bar=no of bar*member bar
Number of bars=L/space + 1
Total weight=total length *weight

3.12.4 Preparation of Bill of Quantity

 Bill of Quantity (BOQ): -is a sheet that holds more general descriptions,
measurements, unit prices and total prices of the project. A typical bill of quantity of
sheet has the following format.
Table 6. Format for BOQ

Item Description Unit Quantity Unit Price Amount

No.
 3.13 Challenges Faced During my Internship Period

3.13.1 Personal Challenges

The different challenges I faced are

 Understanding the site language and terminologies applied by different work
group.
 The discrepancy of theoretical learning and practical one.

3.13.2 Project challenges

The major problems that I faced during the practical attachment session on the project
side are:

 Shortage of office in organization the trainee shall engage to acquire different

knowledge and skill.
 Lack of construction safety wears i.e. safety shoes, helmet, and glove.
 Lack of skilled laborer.

3.14 Measures that I have taken in order to overcome challenges

 To solve Site language immediately by asking daily labors, site engineer.

 Following each day activities.
 Copying and using available materials from site office.
 Making good social interaction with workers.

 Asking workers and engineers for difficulty.

3.15 Common mistakes/misconduct at site

Some of the misconduct I looked at site are

 Waste disposal problem.

 Preparation of medical treatment center (first aid).
 shortage of material
CHAPTER FOUR

4. Assessment of the internship

4.1 Over all benefits I gained from the internship

Through the internship I have developed a better understanding in my perspective

engineering field from theoretical concept to practical application. So, my new point of
view allowed me to grasp many of the theoretical concepts that were introduced in the
class.

4.2 In Terms of Improving Practical Skill

When I first started on the company everything was new for me. I had only the
theoretical knowledge of the works. Through realistic construction-based group, I gain
practical experience of applying my engineering judgment and working successfully with
others. This internship program was exactly what I needed to future the lack of practical
skills I had. While I was on the job, I had the chance to see most construction procedures.
To briefly mention some, I first saw the formwork aligning steps for a slab, and beam.
When I was passing by buildings under construction, I‟ve always had a question about
the mechanism by which these formworks are arranged and joined in such a manner. But
now I saw how everything works.

 After this, I have learned how reinforcement bars are placed in different structural
members like the slab, elevation column, beam, stair case and shear wall.
 I‟ve also noticed the advantages of using steel formwork over timber formwork
because of Steel formworks strength, stiffness, its ability to easily be assembled
and dismantled, environmentally friendly character and its capability to be
 repeatedly used unlike timber next on the list is the casting of slabs, beams,
columns, shear wall and also stair cases.
 creativity and an innovative approach to solving problems.
All this close inspections and observations brought as much needed understanding of the
general picture. Construction is complex operation where by building and installation is
erected. Being participation in the construction history one can improve his practical
skills. During my stay in the company, I have got some practical knowledge on how
office work is done in the practical world.

4.3 In Terms of Upgrading Theoretical Knowledge

Even if I have some vision in various courses learnt in the class, briefly I know more
while I saw really. Theoretical knowledge is dependable on principles, logic and
calculations. It is interesting when the theoretical knowledge & the practice meet exactly
as you wanted to. Sometimes this relationship fails to some degree. Theoretical
knowledge doesn‟t show you the tasks, which are processed in the site.

Generally speaking, my theoretical knowledge got strengthens more by those practical

techniques invested on site. This is because I had to refer every time when I came across
a problem. The following are some points that I improved my theoretical knowledge.

 Learn more about various courses especially on RC.

 Apply classroom theoretical part to real work situations.
 Become more knowledgeable about general work functions of concrete, I learnt
on the course reinforced concrete and material.
 Gain how concrete could be produced and used.
 Stimulate new interest in academic course work and frequently develop an
interdisciplinary perspective.

This internship program provided as with the opportunity to expand our horizon,
boarding our intellectual knowledge and practical skill.

The work I did reinforced concrete building structure the lecture mainly discussed the
concept of analysis and design of RC section. I covered hire all the designs of beams,
slab, staircase and column.
 4.4 Improving interpersonal communication skill

This refers to the communication (good communication) with people and how will people
relate to one another.

 Communicating respect for other people or professional within will enable me to

reduce conflict and increase participation in obtain information or completing
tasks.
 To handle information
 To persuade people
 To improve relationships with others.
 So, I got a skill how to make an attractive communication, use the right words to
the right person and express my idea using short and precise words

4.5 Improving team playing skills

Even if tasks are done individuals by the respective person at different levels, there are
times at which different individuals come together to work for common goals of the
company for increasing productivity. The most important point in team playing skill is
just reaching an agreement from different points on the work to be done.
Furthermore, to have a common understanding on the task that is to be accomplished, I
always try to listen carefully those individuals with whom I was working. After listening
others idea, I provide my idea. Generally speaking, I gained team playing skill of the
following qualities:
 Communicates constructively
 Listens actively
 Functions as an active participant
 Shares openly and willingly
 Cooperates and helps others
 Exhibits flexibility
 Shows commitment to the team
 Works as a problem-solve
 4.6 Improving leadership skill

Leadership is the ability to influence other with or without ability to lead is function of
influence. I gained the:

 ability to communicate
 ability to resolve conflict
 ability to solve problems
 So, I got a skill how to make an attractive communication, use the right words to
the right person and express my idea using short and precise words.

4.7 Understanding about work ethics

The concept of work ethics may be summarized as the overall quality in one‟s behavior
towards appreciating the process of work flow. Ethics tells as about moral duties and
obligations so that my behavior is right, truth full and just. Some of the basic work ethics
I learned in the internship period includes:

 Co-operation: - being interactive and cooperate with the others.

 Office discipline: - in work place you don‟t have to disturb the working condition.
 Punctuality: - means keeping the companies work beginning time to compete the
given task.
 Accountability: - accountability is a key requirement of good engineers.
 Open mindedness: - I have to be open minded since it makes the work to be done
understandably.

4.8 Entrepreneurship Skill

As success entrepreneur, we will have closely with people. This is where it is critical to
be able to great to build great relationships with my team.

From this intern practice, I have got the following types entrepreneurship skills;

 Leadership and motivation

 Communication skills
 Personal relations
  Listening.

CHAPTER FIVE

5. Conclusion and Recommendation

5.1 Conclusion

This Internship program is proved to be a bridge between the student life and professional
life. The various types of orientation programs, tasks and trainings that I have been
undertaking during this past two months on the site and the office enhanced my
knowledge in building construction. I am very glad to see that what I have learnt in the
university can be a repeated in the working world. I was able to apply my theoretical
knowledge of construction works in the real life‟s situation of the building.

This program played an important role to break the conventional thought that field works
can be only implemented by students who hold a degree or people who have an
experience in building construction. I was able to acquire a high level of confidence to
deal with problems that arise in a building construction.

During these past two months I had been able to see the different theoretical aspects,
methodologies and how to construct. In the supervision session, I had been able to see the
important theoretical and practical aspects of building construction. I had been fulfilling
my curiosity into building construction takes to this internship program.

However, this internship program was not free from challenges. The first and foremost
challenge was communication and this was solved after a time. In addition to the above
the internship program help to improve the social interaction skill by communication with
people who have different behavior, culture and knowledge and also it helps to my
theoretical knowledge to practical knowledge and to improve or update my self-
confidence and to make full understanding about the outside environment.

Overall, the internship program laid sound foundation for me to start my career. The
internship helps me to apply the knowledge I have in the real- world environment. During
the internship I gained an experience that makes my theoretical knowledge stronger. In
addition to this, it helps to feel confident in my abilities. The internship also taught me
about time management, discipline, and effective communication skills.

As we all know that, in the business world critical thinking is very important and so it
enables us to develop how to make a quick decision for a certain issue based on rational
reason. Which in other word means it made me skilful, knowledgeable and more
competent as civil engineering student.

Considering all the benefits I gained from the practical session, it gave me a confidence
to say that „I am not only a store of theoretical knowledge but also I am a student who
applies all the knowledge I have in the real world and can face any problem‟.

5.2 Recommendation

YOTEK Construction PLC is one of well-known construction companies in Ethiopia

with its quality and satisfaction which gives for its clients. During my internship period I
have seen that AASTU research and technology centre project is well managed and
properly structured site lead by capable workers.

During my internship program I have seen many positive things which were done by the
company but I would like to recommend the followings to improve my hosting company

 The project has slow supervision from structural and site engineer this may affect
the safety of structure
 Lack of emergency care so the company must consider this issue seriously.
 Must provide good transportation facility to mitigate the wastage of time.
 The company should provide safety cloths.
 To provide some software training for intern students etc.
Universities are providing good opportunities for students in this internship program. But
I would like to recommend the university especially our department may act accordingly
for the effectiveness of internship program and the university adviser and intern students
should have a monthly contact either direct or through phone, thus enables a better
information flow. The department should arrange advisors by considering students who
will apply on the same area of internship project should have the same advisor.

Generally, this internship is the first power plugged to my theoretical knowledge I have
and make things bright by providing a practical skill. It also helps me to be confidential
and productive after graduation.
 Reference

1. Building Construction handout.

2. Company profile.
3. Construction material handout.
4. Ethiopia building code of standard 1995.
5. RC handout.
 Appendices

 Ø8=diameter 8mm
 Bar bender: a person who works with re-bars.
 Tumbi: is an apparatus used to check vertical alignments.
 Ferayo: Someone who works with reinforcement.
 Esponda: side board used as formwork for beams and slabs on vertical sides
 Crashers: which are a wooden piece relay around the column to stand the column
formwork.
 Ker bat: is a wood with a formwork width and length of column tied on the
middle end of the column side.
 Stanga: used to support column and beam by making 45 degree.
 Fondo(soffit): bottom board used for formwork for beams.
 Christy: is called props applied in the formwork of beam and slab.
 Staffa: Shear resistance members of columns, beams and shear wall.
 Shear wall: a wall designed to resist lateral forces parallel to the plane of the wall
(sometimes referred to as vertical diaphragm or structural wall).
 Berga: One piece of reinforcement bar with the length of 12 meter.
 Kebeleto: Space use for in the slab rebar between the upper and the bottom of
reinforcement.
 Mesh: Cast slab reinforcement.