Solved Problems:

Figure 3-2

Figure 3-4 Figure 3-5

Figure 3-6
Figure 3-8

Figure 3-11

Figure 3-15 Figure 3-16

3-1. Cylinder conditions at the start of compression in an SI engine operating at WOT on an air-
standard Otto cycle are 60C and 98 kPa. The engine has a compression ratio of 9.5:1 and uses
gasoline with AF = 15.5. Combustion efficiency is 96%, and it can be assumed that there is no
exhaust residual. Calculate: (a) Temperature at all states in the cycle. [deg. C], (b) Pressure at all
states in the cycle. [kpa], (c) Specific work done during power stroke. [kJ/kg], (d) Heat added
during combustion. [kJ/kg], (e) Net specific work done. [kJ/kg], () Indicated thermal efficiency.
[%]

Using Fig. 3-2

a)&b) T1= 60C + 273 = 333K

p1= 98kPa
T2=T1rck-1=(333K)(9.5)0.35=732K=459C
p2=p1rck=98kPa(9.5)1.35=2047kPa
QHVc=(AF+1)cv(T3-T2)
(43000kJ/kg)(0.96)=(15.5+1)(0.821 kJ/kgK)(T3-732K)
T3=3779K=3506C
p2=p1(T3/T2)=(2047kPa)(3779/732)=10568kPa
T4=T3(1/rc ) k-1=3779K(1/9.5)0.35=1719K=1446C
p4=p3(1/rc ) k=10568kPa(1/9.5)1.35=506kPa
c) w3-4=R(T4-T3)/(1-k)=(0.287kJ/kgK)(1719-3779)K/(1-1.35)=1689kJ/kg
d) qin=cv(T3-T2)=(0.821kJ/kgK)(3779-732)K=2502kJ/kg
e) w1-2=R(T2-T1)/(1-k)=(0.287kJ/kgK)(732-333)K/(1-1.35)=-327kJ/kg
wnet= w1-2+ w3-4=-327kJ/kg+1689kJ/kg=1362kJ/kg
f)t=wnet/qin=1362/2502=0.545=54.5%

3-2. The engine in Problem 3-1 is a three-liter V6 engine operating at 2400 RPM. At this speed
the mechanical efficiency is 84%. Calculate: (a) Brake power. [kW], (b) Torque. [N-m], (c)
Brake mean effective pressure. [kPa], (d) Friction power lost. [kW], (e) Brake specific fuel
consumption. [gm/kW-hr], (f) Volumetric efficiency. [%], (g) Output per displacement. [kW/L]
Using Fig. 3-2
a) V4=3L/6=0.5L=0.0005m3 (for 1 cylinder)
rc=9.5=(Vd+Vc)/ Vc=(0.0005m3+Vc)/Vc
Vc=0.0000588m3
V1= Vd+Vc=0.0005m3+0.0000588m3=0.0005588m3
Mass at point 1:
m=pV/RT=98kPa(0.0005588m3)/(0.287kJ/kgK)(333K)=0.000573kg
W=mwnet=0.000573kg(1362kJ/kg)=0.780 kJ
P1=WN/n=((0.780kJ/cycle)(2400/60 rev/s)/2 rev/cycle))(6cycles)=93.6 kW
Pb=mP1=0.84(93.6kW)=78.6 kW
b) Pb=2N=78.6kJ/s=(2rad/rev)(2400/60 rev/s)
=0.313kNm=313Nm
c) =(bmep)Vd/4= 0.313kNm=bmep(0.003m3)/ 4
bmep=1311kPa
d) Pf=Pi-Pb=93.6kW-78.6kW=15kW
e) m=0.000573kg=ma+mf=ma(1=FA)=ma(1+(1/15.5))
ma=0.000538kg mf=0.000035kg
mf=(0.000035kg/cycle-cylinder)(6cylinders)(2400/60
rev/s)(2rev/cycle)=0.0042kg/s=4.2g/s=15120g/h
bsfc=mf/Pb=(15120g/h)/78.6kW)=192.4g/kWh
f) v=ma/aVd=0.000538kg/(1.181kg/m3)(0.0005m3)=0.911=91.1%
g) OPD=Pb/Vd=78.6kW/3L=26.2kW/L

3-3. The exhaust pressure of the engine in Problem 3-2 is 100 kPa. Calculate: (a) Exhaust
temperature. [deg. C], (b) Actual exhaust residual. [%], (c) Temperature of air entering cylinders
from intake manifold. [deg. C]
Using Fig.3-2
a) Tex=T4(pex/p4)(k-1)/k =1719K(100/506)(1.35-1)/1.35=1129K=856C
b) xr=(1/rc) (T4/Tex) (pex/p4)= (1/9.5) (1719/1129) (100/506)=0.032=3.2%
c) T1=xrTex+(1-xr)T
333K=0.032(1129K)+(1-0.032)T
T=307K=34C

3-4. The engine of Problems 3-2 and 3-3 is operated at part throttle with intake pressure of 75
kPa. Intake manifold temperature, mechanical efficiency, exhaust residual, and air-fuel ratio all
remain the same. Calculate: (a) Temperature in cylinder at start of compression stroke. [deg. C],
(b) Temperature in cylinder at start of combustion. [deg. C]
Using Fig.3-2
a) Tex=1129K(75/100)(1.35-1)/1.35 =1048K
T1= xrTex+(1-xr)T=0.032(1048K)+(1-0.032)(307K)=331K=58C
b) T2=T1rck-1=(331K)(9.5)0.35=728K=455C

3-5. An SI engine operating at WOT on a four-stroke air-standard cycle has cylinder conditions
at the start of compression of 100F and 14.7 psia. Compression ratio is rc = 10, and the heat
added during combustion is qin = 800 BTU/lbm. During compression the temperature range is
such that a value for the ratio of specific heats k = 1.4 would be correct. During the power stroke
the temperature range is such that a value of k = 1.3 would be correct. Use these values for
compression and expansion, respectively, when analyzing the cycle. Use a value for specific heat
of Cv = 0.216 BTU/lbm-oR, which best corresponds to the temperature range during
combustion. Calculate: (a) Temperature at all states in cycle. [OF], (b) Pressure at all states in
cycle. [psia], (c) Average value of k which would give the same indicated thermal efficiency
value as the analysis in parts (a) and (b).

Solution: Using Fig 3-2

(a)(b) T1 = 100F = 560R given

P1 = 14.7 psia

T2 = T1 (rc)k-1= (560R) (10)1.4-1= 1 407R = 947 F

P2 = P1 (rc)k = (14.7 psia)(10)1.4 = 369 psia

qin = cv (T3 T2)

800 BTU/lbm = (0.216 BTU/lbmR)(T3 1 407R)
T3 = 5 110R = 4 650 F

At constant volume:
P3 = P2 (T3/T2 ) = (369 psia)(5 110/1 407) = 1 340 psia
T4 = T3 (1/rc)k-1= (5110 R)(1/10)1.3-1 = 2 101 F
P4 = P3 (1/rc)k = (1340 psia)(1/10)1.3 = 67.2 psia

(2 1 ) (0.069 /)(1407560)
(c) 12 = = = 146.1
1 (11.4)

(4 3 ) (0.069 /)(25615110)
34 = = = +586.3
1 (11.3)

T = wNet / qin = [(+586.3) + (-146.1)]/(800) = 0.550 = 55%

T = 0.550 = 1 (1/rc)k-1 = 1 (1/10)k-1
k = 1.347

3-6. A CI engine operating on the air-standard Diesel cycle has cylinder conditions at the start of
compression of 65C and 130 kPa. Light diesel fuel is used at an equivalence ratio of if> = 0.8
with a combustion efficiency Tic = 0.98. Compression ratio is rc = 19. Calculate:(a) Temperature
at each state of the cycle. [0C], (b) Pressure at each state of the cycle. [kPa], (c) Cutoff ratio, (d)
Indicated thermal efficiency. [%] and (e) Heat lost in exhaust. [kJ/kg]

Using Fig 3-8

(a)(b) T1 = 65C = 338 K
P1 = 130 kPa

T2 = T1 (rc)k-1= (338K) (19)1.35-1= 947 K = 674 C

P2 = P1 (rc)k = (130 kPa)(19)1.35 = 6 922 kPa

AF = (AF)stoich/ = (14.5)/(0.8) = 18.125

QHVc = (AF+1)cp(T3 T2)

(42 500 kJ/kg)(0.98) = (18.125 + 1 )(1.108 kJ/kgK)(T3 947)K
T3 = 2 913 K = 2 640 C

P3 = P2 = 6922 kPa

v4 = v1 = RT1/P1 = (0.287)(3880/(130) = 0.7462 m3/kg

v3 = RT3/P3 = (0.287)(2913)/6922 = 0.1208 m3/kg

T4 = T3 (v3/v4)k-1= (2913 K)(0.1208/0.7462)1.35-1 = 1 540 K = 1 267 C

P4 = P3 (v3/v4)k = (6922 kPa)( 0.1208/0.7462)1.35 = 592 kPa

(c) = T3/T2 = 2913/947 = 3.08

1 1 { 1} 1 1.351 {3.081.35 1}
(d) ( ) = 1 ( ) [{(1)}] = 1 (19) [{1.35(3.081)}] = . %

(e) qin = cp(T3 T2) = (1.108 kJ/kgK)(2913-947)K = 2178 kJ/kg

wnet = qint = (2178 kJ/kg)(0.547) = 1191 kJ/kg

qnet = qout = qin wnet = 2178 1191 = 987 kJ/kg

37. A compression ignition engine for a small truck is to operate on an air-standard Dual cycle
with a compression ratio of rc = 18. Due to structural limitations, maximum allowable pressure
in the cycle will be 9000 kPa. Light diesel fuel is used at a fuel-air ratio of FA = 0.054.
Combustion efficiency can be considered 100%. Cylinder conditions at the start of compression
are 50C and 98 kPa. Calculate: (a) Maximum indicated thermal efficiency possible with these
conditions. [%], (b) Peak cycle temperature under conditions of part (a). [0C], (c) Minimum
indicated thermal efficiency possible with these conditions. [%] and (d) Peak cycle temperature
under conditions of part (c). [0C]

Using Fig 3-11

T1 = 50 C = 323 K
P1 = 98 kPa

T2 = T1 (rc)k-1= (323 K) (18)1.35-1= 888 K = 615 C

P2 = P1 (rc)k = (98 kPa)(18)1.35 = 4 851 kPa

P3 = Pmax = 9 000 kPa = Px

(a) highest possible thermal efficiency will be when as much of the combustion as possible is
done at constant volume, i.e., as close to the Otto cycle as possible

At constant volume Tx = T2 (P3/P2) = (888 K)(9000/4851) = 1 647 K

(AF) = 1/(FA) = 1/0.054 = 18.52

Total heat in:

(Qin)total = Q2-x + Qx-3 = mfQHVc = (ma + mf )[cv(Tx T2) + cp(T3 Tx )]
Let c = 1/mf
QHV = (AF + 1)cv(Tx T2 ) + (AF + 1)cp (T3 Tx )
42 500 kJ/kg = (19.52)(0.821 kJ/kgK)(1647 888)K + (19.52)(1.108 kJ/kgK)(T3 1647)K
T3 = 3 050 K

= Px/P2 = 9000/4851 = 1.855

= T3/Tx = 3050/1647 = 1.852

1 1 { 1} 1 1.351 {1.855(1.852)1.35 1}
( ) = 1 ( ) [{(1)+1}] = 1 (18) [{(1.35)(1.855)(1.8521)+1.8551}]

( ) = . = . %

(b) Tpeak = T3 = 3050 K = 2777 C

(c) Minimum thermal efficiency is when combustion is at constant pressure, i.e., operate as a
Diesel cycle

QHVc = (AF+1)cp(T3 T2) = (42,500 kJ/kg)(1) = (18.52+1)(1.108 kJ/kgK)( T3 888K)

T3 = 2853 K

= T3/T2 = 2853/888 = 3.213

1 1 { 1} 1 0.35 {3.2131.35 1}
( ) = 1 ( ) [{(1)}] = 1 (18) [{1.35(3.2131)}] = . %

(d) Tpeak = T3 = 2853 K = 2580 C

3-8. An in-line six, 3.3-liter CI engine using light diesel fuel at an air-fuel ratio of AF = 20
operates on an air-standard Dual cycle. Half the fuel can be considered burned at constant
volume, and half at constant pressure with combustion efficiency Tic = 100%. Cylinder
conditions at the start of compression are 60C and 101 kPa. Compression ratio rc = 14:1.
Calculate: (a) Temperature at each state of the cycle. [K], (b) Pressure at each state of the cycle.
[kPa], (c) Cutoff ratio, (d) Pressure ratio, (e) Indicated thermal efficiency. [%], (f) Heat added
during combustion. [kJ/kg] and (g) Net indicated work. [kJ/kg]

Using Fig 3-11

(a) (b) T1 = 60 C = 333K
P1 = 101 kPa

T2 = T1 (rc)k-1 = (333 K)(14)0.35 = 839 K = 566 C

P2 = P1 (rc)k = (101 kPa)(14)1.35 = 3 561 kPa

QHVc = (AF+1)cp(T3 T2)

(42,500 kJ/kg)(1) = (20 + 1)(1.108 kJ/kgK)(T3 2072 K)
T3 = 2985 K = 2712 C
Px = P2(Tx/T2) = (3561 kPa)(2072/839) = 8794 kPA = P3

v4 = v1 = RT1/P1 = (0.287)(333)(101) = 0.9462 m3/kg

v3 = RTy/P3 = (0.287)(2985)(8794) = 0.0574 m3/kg

T4 = T3 (v3/v4)k-1= (2985 K)(0.0974/0.9462)0.35 = 1 347 K = 1 074 C

P4 = P3 (v3/v4)k = (8794 kPa)( 0.0974/0.9462)1.35 = 408 kPa

(c) = =T3/Tx = 2 985/2 072 = 1.441

(d) = P3/P2 = 8794/3561 = 2.470

1 1 { 1}
(e) ( ) = 1 ( ) [{(1)+1}]

 = 1 (1/14)0.35{[(2.470)(1.441)1.35 1]/[(1.35)(2.471)(0.441) + 2.470 1]} =0.589 = 58.9 %

(f ) qIn = cy (Tx T2) + cp (T3 Tx)

= (0.821 kJ/kgK)(2072 829)K + ((1.108 kJ/kgK)(2985 2072)K = 2024 kJ/kg

(g ) wnet = tqin = (0.589)(2024 kJ/kg) = 1192 kJ/kg

3-9. The engine in Problem 3-8 produces 57 kW of brake power at 2000 RPM. Calculate: (a)
Torque. [N-m], (b) Mechanical efficiency. [%], (c) Brake mean effective pressure. [kPa], (d)
Indicated specific fuel consumption. [gmlkW-hr]

Using Fig 3-11

(a ) = 2 = 57 kJ/sec = (2 radians/rev)(2000/60 rev/sec)T
T = 0.272 kNm = 272 Nm

(b ) V4 = (0.0033 m3)/ 6 = 0.00055 m3

re = (Vd + Vc)/Vc = 14 =(0.00055 + Vc)/Vc

Vc = 0.000042 m3

V1 = Vd + Vc = (0.00055 m3) + (0.000042 m3) = 0.000592 m3

m1 = P1V 1/RT1= (101)(0.000592)/(0.287)(333) = 0.000626 kg

Qin = mqin = (0.000626 kg)(2024 kJ/kg)(6 cyl) = 7.602 kJ/cucle

(W1)net = 1Qin = (0.589)(7.602 kJ/cycle) = 4.48 kJ/cycle

1 = WN/n = (4.48 kJ/cycle)(2000/60 rev/sec)(2 rev/cycle) = 74.7 kW

m = b/ 1 = 57/74.7 = 0.763 = 76.3 %

(c ) r = (bmep)Vd/4 = 272 N-m = bmep(0.0033 m3)/4

bmep = 1036 kPa

(d ) with AF = 20, mass of fuel will be (1/21) of total mass

Mf =(0.000626 kg/cyl-cycle)(1/21)(6 cyl) = 0.00018 kg/cycle

3-10. An Otto cycle SI engine with a compression ratio of rc = 9 has peak cycle temperature and
pressure of 2800 K and 9000 kPa. Cylinder pressure when the exhaust valve opens is 460 kPa,
and exhaust manifold pressure is 100 kPa. Calculate: (a) Exhaust temperature during exhaust
stroke. [0C], (b) Exhaust residual after each cycle. [%], (c) Velocity out of the exhaust valve
when the valve first opens. [m/sec] and (d) Theoretical momentary maximum temperature in the
exhaust. [0C]

a) Using Equation (3-37) and Figure 3-6

Tex = T7 = T3 (P7/P3)(k1)/k = (2800 K)(100/9000)(1.351)/1.35
= 872 K = 599 C
b) Equation (3-1h)
T4 = T3 (P4/P3)(k1)/k = (2800 K)(460/9000)(1.35-1)/1.35 = 1295 K

Equation (3-46)
xr = (1/rc)(T4/Tex)(Pex/P4) = (1/9)(1295/872)(100/460) = 0.036 = 3.6%

c) Velocity will be sonic choked flow

Equation (3-1j)
Velocity = c = (kRT)1/2 = [(1.35)(287 J/kg.K)]1/2 = 708 m/sec

d) As velocity is dissipated, kinetic energy will be change to an enthalpy increase

V2/2gc = h = cpT
(708 m/sec)2/[(2)(1 kg-m/N-sec2)] = (1.108 kJ/kg-K) * T
T = 226 K

Tmax = T7 + T = 872 + 226 = 1098 K = 825 C

3-11. An SI engine operates on an air-standard four-stroke Otto cycle with turbocharging. Air-
fuel enters the cylinders at 70C and 140 kPa, and heat in by combustion equals qin = 1800
kJ/kg. Compression ratio rc = 8 and exhaust pressure Fex = 100 kPa. Calculate: (a) Temperature
at each state of the cycle. [0C], (b) Pressure at each state of the cycle. [kPa], (c) Work produced
during expansion stroke. [kJ/kg], (d) Work of compression stroke. [kJ/kg], (e) Net pumping
work. [kJ/kg], (f) Indicated thermal efficiency. [%] and (g) Compare with Problems 3-12 and 3-
13

a & b) Using Figure 3-5

Given:
T1 = 70 C = 343 K
P1 = 140 kPa

Equations (3-4) and (3-5)

T2 = T1 (rc)k=1 = (343 K)(8)0.35 = 710 K = 437 C
P2 = P1 (rc)k = (140 kPa)(8)1.35 = 2319 kPa

Equation (3-12)
Qin = cv (T3 T2) = 1800 kJ/kg = (0.821 kJ/kg-K)(T3 710)K
T3 = 2902 K = 2629 C

At constant volume
P3 = P2(T3/T2) = (2319 kPa)(2902/710) = 9479 kPa
 Equation (3-16) and (3-17)
T4 = T3 (1/rc)k-1 = (2902 K)(1/8)0.35 = 1402 K = 1129 C
P4 = P3 (1/rc)k = (9479 kPa)(1/8)1.35 = 572 kPa

c) Equation (3-18)
w3-4 = R(T4 T3)/(1-k)
= [(0.287 kJ/kg-K)(1402-2902)K]/(1-1.35) = +1230 kJ/kg

d) Equation (3-7)
w1-2 = R(T2 T1)/(1-k)
= [(0.287 kJ/kg-K)(710-343)K]/(1-1.35) = -301 kJ/kg

e) v1 = RT1/P1 = (0.287)(343)/(140) = 0.7032 m3/kg

v2 = RT2/P2 = (0.287)(710)/(2319) = 0.0879 m3/kg

Using Equation (3-35) per unit mass

wpump = (P1 Pex)(v1 v2)
= [(140-100) kPa][(0.7032-0.0879) m3/kg] = 24.6 kJ/kg

f) wnet = (-301) + (+1230) + (+24.6) = 953.6 kJ/kg

t = wnet/qin = 953.6/1800 = 0.530 = 53.0%

3-12. An SI engine operates on an air-standard four-stroke Miller cycle with turbocharging. The
intake valves close late, resulting in cycle 6-7-8-7-2-3-4-5-6 in Fig. 3-15. Air-fuel enters the
cylinders at 70C and 140 kPa, and heat in by combustion equals qin = 1800 kJ/kg. Compression
ratio rc = 8, expansion ratio re = 10, and exhaust pressure Fex = 100 kPa. Calculate: (a)
Temperature at each state of the cycle. [0C], (b) Pressure at each state of the cycle. [kPa], (c)
Work produced during expansion stroke. [kJ/kg], (d) Work of compression stroke. [kJ/kg], (e)
Net pumping work. [kJ/kg], (f) Indicated thermal efficiency. [%] and (g) Compare with
Problems 3-11 and 3-13.

a & b) Using Figure 3-15

Given:
T7 = T8 = 70 C = 343 K
P7 = P8 = 140 kPa

T2 = T7 (rc)k-1 = (343 K)(8)0.35 = 710 K = 437 C

P2 = P7 (rc)k = (140 kPa)(8)1.35 = 2319 kPa

qin = cv(T3 T2) = 1800 kJ/kg = (0.821 kJ/kg-K)(T3 710)K

T3 = 2902 K = 2629 C

At constant volume P3 = P2(T3/T2) = (2319 kPa)(2902/710) = 9479 kPa

T4 = T3 (1/rc)k-1 = (2902 K)(1/10)0.35 = 1296 K = 1023 C

 P4 = P3 (1/rc)k = (9479 kPa)(1/10)1.35 = 423 kPa

At constant volume T5 = T4(P5/P4) = (1296 K)(100/423) = 306 K = 33 C = T6

P5 = P6 = 100 kPa given

c) Equation (3-1i)
w3-4 = R(T4 T3)/(1-k) = (0.287 kJ/kg-K)(1296-2902)K/(1-1.35) = +1317 kJ/kg

d) Equation (3-1i)
w7-2 = (0.287 kJ/kg-K)(710-343)K/(1-1.35) = - 301 kJ/kg

e) v5 = RT5/P5 = (0.287)(306)/(100) = 0.8790 m3/kg

v7 = RT7/P7 = (0.287)(343)/(140) = 0.7032 m3/kg
v6 = v7/rc = 0.7032/8 = 0.0879 m3/kg
w5-6 = P(v6-v5) = (100)(0.0879-0.8790) = -79.1 kJ/kg
w6-7 = P(v7-v6) = (140)(0.7032-0.0879) = +86.1 kJ/kg
w7-8 cancels w8-7

wpump = (+86.1) + (-79.1) = +7.0 kJ/kg

f) wnet = (+1317) + (-301) + (+7.0) = +1023 kJ/kg

t = wnet/qin = 1023/1800 = 0.568 = 56.8%

3-13. An SI engine operates on an air-standard four-stroke Miller cycle with turbocharging. The
intake valves close early, resulting in cycle 6-7-1-7-2-3-4-5-6 in Fig. 3-15. Air-fuel enters the
cylinders at 70C and 140 kPa, and heat in by combustion equals qin = 1800 kJ/kg. Compression
ratio rc = 8, expansion ratio re = 10, and exhaust pressure Pex = 100 kPa. Calculate: (a)
Temperature at each state of the cycle. [0C], (b) Pressure at each state of the cycle. [kPa], (c)
Work produced during expansion stroke. [kJ/kg], (d) Work of compression stroke. [kJ/kg]
(e) Net pumping work. [kJ/kg], (f) Indicated thermal efficiency. [%] and (g) Compare with
Problems 3-11 and 3-12.

a & b) Using Figure 3-16

Given:
T7 = 70 C
P7 = 140 kPa

T2 = T7(rc)k-1 = (343 K)(8)0.35 = 710 K = 437 C

P2 = P7(rc)k = (140 kPa)(8)1.35 = 2319 kPa

qin = cv(T3 T2) = 1800 kJ/kg = (0.821 kJ/kg-K)(T3 710)K

T3 = 2902 K = 2629 C

At constant volume
P3 = P2(T3/T2) = (2319 kPa)(2902/710) = 9479 kPa
 T4 = T3(1/rc)k-1 = (2902 K)(1/10)0.35 = 1296 K = 1023 C
P4 = P3(1/rc)k = (9479 kPa)(1/10)1.35 = 423 kPa
P5 = 100 kPa = P6 given

At constant volume
T5 = T4(P5/P4) = (1296 k)(100/423) = 306 K = 33 C = T6

v1 = v5 = v4 = RT5/P5 = (0.287 kJ/kg-K)(306 K)/(100 kPa) = 0.8790 kg/m3

v6 = v3 = v2 = v5/rc = (0.8790 m3/kg)/10 = 0.0879 m3/kg
v7 = RT7/P7 = (0.287)(343)/(140) = 0.7032 m3/kg

P1 = P7(v7/v1)k = (140 kPa)(0.7032/0.8790)1.35 = 104 kPa

T1 = P1v1/R = (104 kPa)(0.8790 m3/kg)/(0.287 kJ/kg-K) = 318 K = 45 C

c) Equation (3-1i)
w3-4 = R(T4-T3)/(1-k) = (0.287 kJ/kg-K)(1296-2902)K/(1-1.35) = +1317 kJ/kg

d) Equation (3-1i)
W7-2 = (0.287 kJ/kg-K)(710-343)K/(1-1.35) = -301 kJ/kg

e) w6-7 = P(v7-v6) = (140)(0.7032-0.0879) = +86.1 kJ/kg

w5-6 = P(v6-v5) = (100)(0.0879-0.890) = -79.1 kJ/kg
w7-1 cancels w1-7

wpump = (+86.1) + (-79.1) = +7.0 kJ/kg

f) wnet = (+1317) + (-301) + (+7.0) = +1023 kJ/kg

t = wnet/qin = 1023/1800 = 0.568 = 56.8%

3.14 A six cylinder, two-stroke cycle CI ship engine with bore B = 35 cm and stroke S = 105 cm
produces 3600 kW of brake power at 210 RPM. Calculate: (a) Torque at this speed. [kN-m], (b)
Total displacement. [L], (c) Brake mean effective pressure. [kPa], (d) Average piston speed.
[mlsec]

(a) Eq. (3-4)

T2 = T1 (rc)k-1 = (570 R) (10.5)1.35-1 = 1298 R = 838 F
(b) R = r/a = (6.64 in.)/(1.66 in.) = 4.0

Eq. (2-14) gives chamber volume intake valve closes

V1/Vc = 1 + ()(rc 1)[R + 1 cos 2 sin2 ]
= (1) + ()(10.5 1)[(4.0)+(1) cos(200) (4.0)2 sin2 (200)] = 10.283
 Eq. (2-14) for volume when spark plug fires
V2/Vc = 1 + ()(10.5 1)[(4.0)+(1) cos(245) (4.0)2 sin2(245)] = 1.202

V1/V2 = (V1/Vc)/(V2/Vc) = (10.283)/(1.202) = 8.556

T2 = T1(V1/V2)k-1 = (570 R)(8.556)1.35-1 = 1208R = 748F

3.15 A single-cylinder, two-stroke cycle model airplane engine with a 7.54-cm3 displacement
produces 1.42 kW of brake power at 23,000 RPM using glow plug ignition. The square engine
(bore = stroke) uses 31.7 gmlmin of castor oil-methanol-nitromethane fuel at an air-fuel ratio AF
= 4.5. During intake scavenging, 65% of the incoming air-fuel mixture gets trapped in the
cylinder, while 35% of it is lost with the exhaust before the exhaust port closes. Combustion
efficiency 'TIc = 0.94. Calculate: (a) Brake specific fuel consumption. [gm/kW-hr], (b) Average
piston speed. [mlsec], (c) Unburned fuel exhausted to atmosphere. [gm/min], (d) Torque. [N-m]

(a) P2 = P7(rc)k = (100 Kpa)(8.2)1.35 = 1713 kPa

Pmin = P1(1/rc)k = (1713 kPa)(1/10.2)1.35 = 74.5 kPa
(b) Miller cycle has no pump worl Wpump = 0
(c) PEVO = P4 = P3(1/rc)k = (9197 kPa)(1/10.2)1.35 = 400 kPa

3-16. A historic single-cylinder engine with a mechanical efficiency 'TIm = 5% operates at 140
RPM on the Lenoir cycle shown in Fig. 3-20. The cylinder has a double acting piston with a 12-
in. bore and a 36-in. stroke. The fuel has a heating value QLHV = 12,000 BTU/lbm and is used
at an air-fuel ratio AF = 18. Combustion occurs at constant volume half way through the intake-
power stroke when cylinder conditions equal 70F and 14.7 psia. Calculate: (a) Temperature at
each state of cycle. [OF], (b) Pressure at each state of cycle. [psia], (c) Indicated thermal
efficiency. [%], (d) Brake power. [hp] and (e) Average piston speed. [ft/sec]

(a) R = r/a = (9.5 in.)/(2.5 in.) = 3.8

Eq. (2-14)
V1/Vc = 1 + ()(rc 1)[R + 1 cos 2 sin2 ]
= (1) + ()(10.5 1)[(3.8)+(1) cos(110) (3.8)2 sin2 (110)] = 7.935
T2 = T1(V1/V2)k-1 = (4660 R)(1/7.935)1.35-1 = 2257R = 1797F
(b) (rc)off = 7.935
(c) P7 = P6[(rc)off]k = (17.8 psia)(7.935)1.35 = 292 psia

At constant volume
T7 = T1(P7/P1) = (4660R)(292/1137) = 1197R = 737F
3-17. Cylinder conditions at the start of compression of a four-stroke cycle SI engine are 27C
and 100 kPa. The engine has a compression ratio of rc = 8:1, and heat addition from combustion
is qin = 2000 kJ/kg. Calculate: (a) Temperature and pressure at each state of the cycle, using air-
standard Otto cycle analysis with constant specific heats. [OC,kPa], (b) Indicated thermal
efficiency in part (a). [%], (c) Temperature and pressure at each state of the cycle, using any
standard air tables which are based on variable specific heats as functions of temperature (e.g.,
reference [73]). [OC,kPa], and (d) Indicated thermal efficiency in part (c). [%]

(a) Eq. (2 43)

Wb = 2NT = 3600 kK/sec = (2 radians/rev)(210/60 rev/sec)T
T = 164 kNm = 164,000 N-m
(b) Eq. (2 9)
Vd = Nc(/4)B2S = (6 cyl)(/4)(0.35 m)2(1.05 m) = 0.606 m3 = 606 L
(c) Eq. (2 40)
T = (bmep) Vd2 = 164 kNm = bmep(0.606 m3)/2
bmep = 1700 kPa
(d) Eq. (2 2)
Up = 2SN = (2 strokes/rev)(1.05 m/stroke)(210/60 rev/sec) = 7.35 m/sec