Vol 2 Airconditioning Ventilation UserGuide

JAKARTA GREEN BUILDING USER GUIDE
VOL. 2
AIR
CONDITIONING
& VENTILATION
SYSTEM
The Government of the Province of

Jakarta Capital Special Territory
In cooperation with: IFC in partnership with:

CODE REQUIREMENTS
Air Conditioning (AC)

AC01 Temperature Setpoint
AC02 Minimum Cooling System Efficiency
AC03 VAV for central cooling system
AC04 VSD for pump and fan motors
AC05 Minimum chilled water pipe insulation
Ventilation System (VS)

VS01 Minimum ventilation rate
Air Quality in Spaces (AQ)

AQ01 CO2 sensor control
AQ02 CO control in enclosed parking
AQ03 CFC-free refrigerants
The calculation should be done using the calculator

available on this website
http://greenbuilding.web.id
Checklist for all code requirements lists the required

documents is also available on this website
http://greenbuilding.web.id
JAKARTA GREEN BUILDING USER GUIDE
VOL. 2
AIR CONDITIONING &
VENTILATION SYSTEM
table of contents
INTRODUCTION 2
01 C O D E R E Q U I R E M E N T 6
02 C O D E R E Q U I R E M E N T 7
D E T A I L S
03 O T H E R G O O D P R A C T I C E S 23
Reducing Cooling Load 23
Commissioning 24
Thermal Zoning 25
Absorption Chillers 26
Magnetic Drive on Compressors 27
Chiller Sizing 27
Maintenance 29
Building Automation System 31
Piping and Ducting 32
Cooling Tower Design and Operation 34
Natural Ventilation 35
Energy Recovery 38
Maintenance 40
Ceiling Fans 40
Air Conditioning, Air
Quality, and Ventilation:
An Introduction
Most modern buildings are designed to be completely or mostly
enclosed, shielding its occupants from direct contact with the
outside environment. Air-conditioning systems are used to provide
comfortable indoor thermal conditions. This is in contrast to the
traditional architecture of Indonesia, which relied heavily on shading
the indoors from the harsh sun, while allowing breeze to flow freely
through the building.
In Jakartas tropical climate, thermal comfort is primarily provided by

cooling indoor temperature, lowering humidity levels in the air being
supplied to the space, and ensuring the cleanness of the supply air.
Comfortable conditions as defined by standards for Jakarta include
indoor temperature of 25oC and 54% to 66% relative humidity. As Figures
1 and 2 show, the Jakarta outdoor conditions are mostly above these
values, requiring mechanical cooling and dehumidification. This results in
significantly high need for air-conditioning throughout the year.
F I G U R E . 0 1
Average Jakarta Outdoor
Temperature vs.
34
Recommended Indoor
Temperature 32
AJr Temperature (oC)
30
Period when outdoor temperature is

Average Minimum 28
higher than indoor
Temperature 26
Recommended
24
Indoor Temperature
AIR CONDITIONING & VENTILATION SYSTEM
22
Average Maximum
Temperature 20
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
2
F I G U R E . 0 2
Average Jakarta outdoor
Relative Humidity vs.
90
Recommended indoor
85
Relative Humidity
Relative Humidity (%)

80
75
Period when outdoor Relative Humidity is
70
Outdoor Relative higher than indoor
65
Humidity
60
Recommended 55
Indoor Relative
50
Humidity
45
40
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
A study of multiple Jakarta buildings (Figure 3 below) shows air-

conditioning to be the highest energy consuming end-use among all the
studied building types.
F I G U R E . 0 3
Building Energy Use
Breakup for Multiple 100
Jakarta buildings1
Building Energy Use (%)
80
Air Conditioning 60
Lighting + outlet 40
65%
57% 57% 55%
47%
Elevator 20
0
Others Hotel Hospital Shopping Mall Government Office Office Building
Energy modeling studies and numerous real life examples also indicate that
energy efficiency measures related to air-conditioning offer some of the
best energy saving opportunities with very reasonable paybacks.
Due to these reasons, the new Jakarta Green Building code puts a lot
of emphasis on reducing air-conditioning load and increasing its system
efficiencies.
It is estimated that about 1.37 million metric tons of CO2e emissions can
be reduced by 2030 if all the large new buildings in Jakarta follow the
efficiency improvements mandated in the new Green Building code2.
1
Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) Electric Power Development, 2009.
2
IFC sensitivity analysis for Jakarta Green Building Regulations, 2011.
3
Supplying fresh outside air and removal of stale indoor air from
inside the building or ventilation is an important element of
air conditioning systems. The word ventilation is derived from
Latin word ventus, meaning wind. Ventilation may be provided
mechanically through fans or naturally through flow of air from
windows and other openings. It is one of the most important factors
for maintaining healthy indoor air quality and occupant comfort in a
building as it replenishes oxygen and removes moisture, odors, smoke,
heat, and airborne bacteria.
Increasing ventilation rates to acceptable levels has shown a positive impact

on occupant health and productivity in many studies. Acceptable ventilation
rates vary with occupancy, activity and contaminant levels in the space. The
productivity improvement shown by these studies ranges from 0.62% to
7.3%. In some cases the value of even a small increase in productivity far
outweighs the additional cost of providing high ventilation rates3.
F I G U R E . 4
Improved Air Quality
Increases Individual
Productivity4
Individually 11
Controlled
n=73, p<0.001
Ventilation System
14
% Improved Individual Productivity
Remove Pollutants
7.37**
12
Increase Outdoor
n=399
Ventilation Rate 10
Provide Task Air 8
Improve Filteration 6 3.25*

n=30
3
1.7 1.65**
1.36**
2 1.1 * l
0.99** g
0.76** 0.7** 0.8** 0.76**
n=30, p<0.02
b 0.62** 0.53** 0.48**

n=210
1 c
n=2764
d e h i
n=3720
f j k
0
7 8 000 995 i 2000 l 1998 8 7B 00 1 A l 1991 5 B 89 9
199 199 tz 2 ia 1 199 199 ton 20 k 199 195 991 PA 19 199
nzi
es cki ran Jakko ck del age eld Hal ner Fisk 1 en
Me rgo erc rgo Sun Brund osenf Mil Fis Fitz E Ros
Wa Lag Wa R
k&
Fis
* Performance improvement for special tasks multiplied by estimated time at task.

** Improved ventilation effectiveness calculated relative to productiivity gains from other studies.
a. 8.5 % improvement in typing. g. 45 % improvement in ventilation
b. Typing, addition proof reading and creative effectiveness.
thinking. h. 2 workdays loss from mucosa symp.
c. 33 % reduction in SBS. i. 20 % reduction from pollutant.
d. 2 workdays lost from ARD. j. 17.8 % improvement in ventilation
e. 2 % production lost from SBS. effectiveness

f. 35 % reduction in short term sick leave. k. 3 % self-reported production loss.
l. 55 % reduced non-attendance.
3
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings
Resource Bank. Health and Economic Impacts of Building Ventilation. (http://www.
iaqscience.lbl.gov/vent-summary.html)
4
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Home Interview of IAQ Acknowledgement.
Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank. (http://www.iaqscience.lbl.gov/
vent-summary.html)
4
Loftness, Vivian FAIA, Hartkopf, Volker, Ph.D., Gurtekin, Beran,
Ph.D., Hansen, David, Hitchcock, Robert Ph.D., U.S. DOE, Lawrence
Berkeley National Laboratory.
Advanced Building Systems Integration Consortium (ABSIC),
Linking Energy to Health and Productivity in the Built Environment.
Evaluating the Cost-Benefits of High Performance Building and
Community Design for Sustainability, Health, and Productivity.
(http://www.usgbc.org/Docs/Archive/MediaArchive/207_Loftness_
PA876.pdf)
Olesen W. Bjarne. Indoor Environment - Health - Comfort and
Productivity. (http://www.ashrae.org.sg/Olesen-Health-comfort-
productivity.pdf)
Increasing the mechanical ventilation rates requires running fans at higher

speeds or for longer periods. Additionally, if the outdoor air being brought
in is warmer and more humid than desired, energy is used to cool and
dehumidify it. This can increase the energy use of the air conditioning
and ventilation systems. Therefore, careful optimization of the ventilation
rate should be done to avoid energy penalties. A well designed ventilation
system provides adequate ventilation while limiting energy use and
avoiding occupant discomfort.
The importance of ventilation is highlighted in the Jakarta Special

Capital Region Province Governor Regulation Number 54 year of
2008 on Indoor Air Quality Standard (KUDR), which lists the indoor air
quality standard for various building types.
Occupied indoor spaces, that are not ventilated well, can have an
accumulation of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) that is detrimental to human health.
The new code addresses this by requiring automatic control of ventilation
in high-occupancy spaces. Similar controls in enclosed parking spaces are
also required to prevent buildup of carbon monoxide from vehicle exhaust.
5
01 code requirement
R E F E R R I N G T O A R T I C L E 8
1 AC01 - Minimum 25oC and relative humidity 60%10%

for conditioned and occupied spaces.
R E F E R R I N G T O A R T I C L E 9
2 AC02 - Minimum cooling system efficiency as per SNI

6390-2011.
3 AC03 - Variable Air Volume (VAV) for centrally cooled
systems.
4 AC04 - Variable Speed Drives (VSD) for chilled water
pumps and cooling tower fans.
5 AC05 - Chilled water pipe insulation as per SNI 03-6390
2011.
6 VS01 - Minimum ventilation rates per Section 4.4 of

SNI 03-6572 2001.
R E F E R R I N G T O A R T I C L E 1 8
AIR CONDITIONING & VENTILATION SYSTEM CODE REQUIREMENTS
7 AQ01 - CO2 control of outside air in some spaces.

8 AQ02 - CO control of ventilation in enclosed parking.
9 AQ03 - Chiller refrigerant to be free of Chloro Fluoro
Carbons (CFC).
6
02 code requirement details
C O D E R E Q U I R E M E N T 1
Mechanical system for occupied spaces should be designed to

maintain a minimum 25oC (twenty-five) and relative humidity 60%
10% (i.e. between 54% and 66%). This requirement applies to
occupied and air-conditioned spaces only.
I M P A C T Typical indoor temperature set points in Jakarta range from 22-26oC,

although thermostat setting in some public spaces as low as 20oC have
been observed. Such low set points are quite common in Jakartas malls,
high-end hotels, and offices.
Energy simulation studies by IFC show that increasing the average set
point temperature by 2oC can save up to 11% of the total energy use in
typical Jakarta buildings.
Since human comfort depends on wind speeds along with the space
temperature, ceiling fans can maintain acceptable comfort conditions
even if the space temperatures are increased. It has been shown through
multiple studies that most occupants accept higher temperatures when
they are subjected to a breeze.
Ceiling fans have been a very effective means of increasing air circulation AIR CONDITIONING & VENTILATION SYSTEM CODE REQUIREMENT DETAILS
and velocity for over a century. However, many new air conditioned
buildings in Jakarta do not have ceiling fans and completely depend on
the air conditioning system for air circulation. Ceiling fans can be a very
effective means of energy conservation especially in tropical climates like
Jakarta, where the humidity levels are relatively high.
7
Simulation studies have demonstrated that in the American tropical
state of Florida, using ceiling fans combined with raising a homes
temperature by 1oC will generate about 14% net savings in annual
cooling energy use (subtracting out the ceiling fan energy and
accounting for internally released heat).5
Several governments have set temperature set point policies for

buildings. Hong Kong government encourages a setting of 25.5oC
during summers6. Taipei (Taiwan) recently passed a statute requiring
all buildings to maintain the temperature above 26oC.
Japanese Ministry of Environment (MOE) has gone even further

and recommended that indoor temperatures be set at 28oC as part
of its Cool Biz campaign. This campaign was initiated due to
power scarcity in the country and accelerated recently due to the
Fukushima nuclear disaster and the resulting nuclear power plant
closures. All Japanese government departments, businesses and
the general public were asked to pre-set their office and home air
conditioners to 28oC (82oF) throughout the cooling season until
September. On its face, the request seemed simple, but in Japanese
culture it is socially unacceptable to show up for work in anything
but business attire. Encouraging people to dress down and wear
cool and comfortable clothes to work, therefore, was a main focus of
the campaign. In a 2009 nationwide poll conducted by the Japanese
Cabinet Office, 57% of 2,000 survey respondents reported that Cool
Biz had been implemented in their workplaces. In the region served
by Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO), there was an approx.
11.8% reduction (temperature adjusted) in electric power usage in
households during summer 2011 (July and August) compared with
the preceding year, avoiding any blackouts and brownouts.7
More information on impact of increasing cooling temperature set

AIR CONDITIONING & VENTILATION SYSTEM CODE REQUIREMENT DETAILS
points can be found in these documents:

Miller, Wendy; Kennedy Rosemary; Loh, Susan. Benefits and
Impacts of Adjusting Cooling Set points in Brisbane - How office
workers responded. (http://eprints.qut.edu.au/55120/1/Miller_
Kennedy_and_Loh_Jan012.pdf)
British Council for Offices. 2008. 24C Study Comfort Productivity
and Energy Consumption. (http://www.bco.org.uk/uploaded/24_
Degrees_Full_Report_FEB_8.pdf)
5
James, Patrick W, Sonne, Jeffrey K, Vieira, Robin K, Parker, Danny S, Anello, Michael
T. Are Energy Savings Due to Ceiling Fans Just Hot Air? (http://www.fsec.ucf.edu/en/
publications/html/FSEC-PF-306-96/)
6
Electrical and Mechanical Service Department. (http://www.epd.gov.hk/epd/english/
environmentinhk/conservation/files/25.5.pdf)
7
Tools of Change. Cool Biz, Japan. (http://www.toolsofchange.com/en/case-studies/
detail/662/)
8
All cooling systems are required to have a minimum efficiency

according to following table from SNI 6390-2011. Please note that
these are full load efficiencies.
T A B L E . 0 1
M IN IM U M E F F IC IE NC Y
Minimum Efficiency of RE F RI G E R A T IO N M A C H INE
Electric Cooling Equipment8 T YP E S COP KW/TR
Split < 65.000 BTU/h 2.70 1.303

Variable Refrigerant Value 3.70 0.951
Split Duct 2.60 1.353
Air Cooled Chiller < 150 TR (recip) 2.80 1.256
Air Cooled Chiller < 150 TR (screw) 2.90 1.213
Air Cooled Chiller > 150 TR (recip) 2.80 1.256
Air Cooled Chiller > 150 TR (screw) 3.00 1.172
Water Cooled Chiller < 150 TR (recip) 4.00 0.879
Water Cooled Chiller < 150 TR (screw) 4.10 0.858
Water Cooled Chiller > 150 TR (recip) 4.26 0.826
Water Cooled Chiller > 150 TR (screw) 4.40 0.799
Water Cooled Chiller > 300 TR (centrifugal) 6.05 0.581
I M P A C T Since cooling is the single largest energy use in most buildings in

Jakarta, cooling efficiency improvements provide excellent energy saving
opportunities.
F I G U R E . 0 5
Energy Saving Potential
12
due to Increased Cooling
10.1%
Total Energy Savings (%)
System Efficiency9
10
8
6 5.3% 5.5%
4.9%
3.7% 3.6%
4
0
Office Hotel Hospital Retail School Apartment
8
SNI 6390-2011.
9
IFC sensitivity analysis for Jakarta Green Building Regulations.
9
According to a research paper by the US Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory (LBNL), Indonesias residential air conditioning energy
consumption is projected to increase almost three fold by 2030 as
compared to 2005. In order to control the resultant energy consumption
increase, the efficiencies need to increase in a similar proportion10.
A similar dominance of growth over efficiency has prevailed in the United

States. From 1993 to 2005, energy efficiency of air-conditioning equipment
improved by almost 30 percent, but household energy consumption for air
conditioning still doubled during this period11.
The current efficiency requirements are fairly lenient as compared to

most international standards and codes, in order to make it easy and
cost effective for the industry to implement. Future versions of the code
are planned to have efficiency requirements that match international
standards and also provide higher energy savings. Some typical efficiencies
recommended by ASHRAE 90.1- 2010 are listed below.
T A B L E . 0 2
Recommended Cooling MINUMUM
SIZE
E Q U I PME N T T Y P E EFFICIENCY
System Efficiencies12 (tons)
(COP)
Air cooled - split and single package 5.42 - 11.25 3.28

Air cooled - split system < 5.42 3.81
Air cooled - single package < 5.42 3.81
Water cooled - sply and single package < 5.42 3.55
Air cooled - package and split > 20 2.78
Air cooled with condenser < 150 2.80
Water cooled < 75 4.51
Water cooled 75 - 100 4.54
Water cooled 150 - 300 5.17
Water cooled > 300 5.67
More information on designing cooling systems is available in

following documents:
Energy Design Resources. 2009. Chilled Water Plant Design Guide.
(http://www.taylor-engineering.com/downloads/cooltools/EDR_
DesignGuidelines_CoolToolsChilledWater.pdf)
McQuay International. 2001. Application Guide - Chiller Plant
Design. (http://www.mcquay.ru/downloads/wsc%20design.pdf)
10
McNeil, Michael A; Letschert, Virginie E - Environmental Energy Technologies
Division, Lawrence Barkeley National Laboratory. Future Air Conditioning Energy
Consumption in Developing Countries and what can be done about it: The Potential
of Efficiency in the Residential Sector. (http://escholarship.org/uc/item/64f9r6wr)
11
Cox, Stan. Cooling a Warming Planet: A Global Air Conditioning Surge. (http://e360.
yale.edu/feature/cooling_a_warming_planet_a_global_air_conditioning_surge/2550/)
12
ASHRAE 90.1- 2010.
10
For centrally cooled systems, a Variable Air Volume (VAV)

system should be used.
I M P A C T Variable Air Volume systems can between 1% and 2% operational energy

for typical buildings in Jakarta, as shown in the following figure.
F I G U R E . 0 6
Energy Savings
due to VAV13 2.0
1.7%
1.6%
1.5 1.4%
1.0%
1.0
0.5
0.0
Office Retail Hotel Hospital
In a Variable Air Volume (VAV) air handling system, space cooling is

controlled by varying the supply air flow while the supply air temperature
is kept constant. The system tailors the output of the fan precisely as the
load changes. While a VAV system is rare in single zone systems, it is
common and more likely to be economical in large fan systems14.
VAV systems are efficient because they provide fan energy savings that
constant volume systems cannot. Typically fans consume more energy in
a HVAC system than the compressors.
In a VAV system, each building zone is equipped with a VAV terminal. The AIR CONDITIONING & VENTILATION SYSTEM CODE REQUIREMENT DETAILS
terminal controls vary the internal damper position to provide just the right
volume of air to match the zone cooling load.
It is recommended that fans in parallel VAV fan-powered boxes be sized

for 50% of the peak design flow rate. Minimum volume set points for fan-
powered boxes should be equal to 30% of peak design flow rate or the
rate required to meet the minimum outdoor air ventilation requirement,
whichever is larger.
13
14
Energy Efficiency Manual by Donald Wulfinghoff.
11
For further information on VAV systems, please refer to the
following documents:
Davis, Gray. California Energy Commission. 2003. Design
Guideline - Advanced Variable Air Volume System Design Guide.
(http://www.energy.ca.gov/2003publications/CEC-500-2003-082/
CEC-500-2003-082-A-11.PDF)
Energy Design Resources. 2009. Advanced Variable Air Volume
VAV System Design Guide. (http://www.energydesignresources.
com/media/2651/EDR_DesignGuidelines_VAV.pdf)
Energy Star Building Manual. 2008. Air Distribution System. (http://
www.energystar.gov/ia/business/EPA_BUM_CH8_AirDistSystems.
pdf?b50f-779d)
Provide Variable Speed Drives for primary loop chilled water pumps
and cooling tower fans.
I M P A C T Variable Speed Drives (VSD) can provide savings on the pump and fan
energy at a reasonably low cost.
F I G U R E . 0 7
Energy Savings due to
5.0
VSDs on Cooling Towers in 4.7%
Typical Jakarta Buildings15 4.5
4.0
3.5 3.4%
3.1%
3.0
2.6%
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
Office Hotel Hospital Retail
A Variable Speed Drive (VSD) allows the motor speed to be controlled to

match the need of the load it serves, rather than running at full speed at
all times. Installing a VSD on the primary chilled water pumps will allow
the speed of the pumps to be varied in response to changes in the cooling
loads and chilled water system temperature differentials. VSDs are also
known as Variable Frequency Drives (VFDs).
15
12
Since the power demand of the primary chilled water pump motor scales
approximately to the 2.5 power with speed, reducing the pump speed to
70% when the chiller load is around 70% will result in a primary chilled
water pump energy savings of approximately 55% to 60%. At low loads,
reducing the pump speed to 50% will result in a primary chilled water
pump energy savings of approximately 80%. Since the chillers operate
mostly below 70% of their design cooling capacity, the energy savings
can be substantial.
F I G U R E . 0 8
Typical Power Saved Using a
VSD for Pumps16 100
90
Fixed Speed Power 80

Input
70
Power Input to
Drive
Power (%)
60
Power Saved Power Saved

50
40
30
20
10
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Flow (%)
Besides saving energy consumption, VSDs also provide:

Close control of leaving water temperature back to condenser
Soft starts, reducing stress on fan drive system
Sound control AIR CONDITIONING & VENTILATION SYSTEM CODE REQUIREMENT DETAILS
Built in diagnostic and control capabilities
More information on VSDs is available in these documents:

Honeywell. Variable Frequency Drive (VFD) - Application Guide.
(http://www.kele.com/Catalog/13%20Motor%20Controls/PDFs/
Honeywell%20VFD%20Application%20Guide.pdf)
Hydraulic Institute; Europump; U.S. Department of Energys
Industrial Technologies Program. Variable Speed Pumping - A
Guide to Successful Applications, Executive Summary. (https://
www1.eere.energy.gov/manufacturing/tech_deployment/pdfs/
variable_speed_pumping.pdf)
16
Carbon Trust -Making Business Sense of Climate Change. Variable Speed Drives,
Introducing Energy Saving Opportunities for Business. (http://www.energylab.es/
fotos/081105155611_5gf9.pdf)
13
Provide chilled water pipe and refrigerant pipe insulation per the
following table taken from SNI-0306572 as specified in Article 8.3.
T A B L E . 0 3
Minimum Insulation for F L U ID M IN IM U M IN S UL A T IO N
P I PE
T E M P E R A T U R E T H IC K NE S S F OR T H E P IPE
Chilled Water Piping17 SYST E M
(oC) S I Z E (mm)
TYPE 50mm <25mm 31-50mm >200mm
Chilled Water 4.5 - 13 12 12 20 25

Refrigerant < 4.5 25 25 38 38
N O T E 1. If the pipe is in the exterior environment, the insulation needs the

addition of 12 mm.
2. The insulation thickness is valid for the materials with thermal
resistance of 28 to 32 m2.K/W per meter. If the thermal resistance is
outside this range, please use the formula in 8.5 of SNI 03-6390-2011 to
calculate the required thickness.
I M P A C T Insulation substantially reduces heat gain in chilled pipe, thus making chiller
load unaffected by thermal heat gain in pipes. The second is to prevent
condensation on the chilled water pipes, which can lead to rusting of the
pipes that can incur significant capital cost to replace.
More information on chilled water pipe insulation is available at:

Hulin, Stanley Quentin. 2010. Insulation Saves Energy, Complies.
with Building Codes (http://www.facilitiesnet.com/energyefficiency/
article/Insulation-Saves-Energy-Complies-with-Building-
Codes--11686)
Armacell UK Ltd. How to Guide Insulating Pipes & Fittings with
Armaflex. (http://www.armacell.com/WWW/armacell/ACwwwAttach.
nsf/ansFiles/ArmaflexHowToPipeWorkPocketGuide.pdf/$File/
ArmaflexHowToPipeWorkPocketGuide.pdf)
Best Practice Manual. Fluid Piping Systems & Insulation. (http://
www.energymanagertraining.com/bee_draft_codes/best_practices_
manual-PIPING.pdf) (see Chapter 6)
17
Source: SNI 03-6390-2011 (Table 8.5.a).
14
Refrigerants used for air conditioning should not contain

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC). (Article 18.5)
I M P A C T Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are a compound of carbon, hydrogen, chlorine

and fluorine that depletes the stratospheric ozone layer. Because of their
stable nature, they do not break up easily, and are able to rise up into the
stratosphere, where they can reduce the ozone. Depletion of the ozone
layer can lead to higher levels of ultraviolet radiation on earth, which can
cause skin cancer, cataracts, impaired immune systems, reduced crop
yields etc. Most countries in the world have banned the use of CFCs,
including Indonesia since 2008. However, chillers with banned refrigerants
are still available in many countries.
As a replacement for CFCs, Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) is now

often used as a refrigerant. However, HCFCs also deplete stratospheric
ozone although to a lesser extent than CFCs. They are also considered as
green house gases, which contribute to climate change due to their high
global warming potential (GWP). Recognizing this, Indonesian government
has put together an HCFC phase out plan, according to which HCFC
consumption in air-conditioning and refrigeration sectors will be completely
phased out by 201518.
It is recommended that chillers with non-HCFC refrigerants be used wherever

feasible. The following graphic shows some safe alternatives to HCFC.
F I G U R E . 0 9
Safe Refrigerant Alternatives
to CFCs and HCFC19
Stand Alone Equipment Condensing Units Centralized Systems
R-744
R-744
R-744 R-404A R-404A R-717
R-404A
R-12 R-717 R-12
R-600a R-22 R-507A R-22 R-507A R-1270
R-22 R-1270 R-502
R-134a
R-290 R-407C R-407C R-290
R-290
New
HFCs/
HFOs
Solid Arrows represent alternatives already vailable in the market.

Dashed Arrows indicate those likely to be available in the future.
18
United Nations Environment Programme. Project Proposal: Indonesia. (http://www.
multilateralfund.org/62/English%20Document/1/6235.pdf)
19
United Nations Environment Programme. Project Proposal: Indonesia. (http://www.
multilateralfund.org/62/English%20Document/1/6235.pdf)
15
Mechanical system should be designed to provide the minimum

ventilation rates per Section 4.4 of SNI 03-6572 2001 (Article 7.3)
For spaces served by a central air conditioner system, mechanical

ventilation system shall be designed to provide the minimum fresh air
supply rate per Section 4.4 of SNI 03-6572 2001 (tables below). Table 4
provides an average ventilation rate based on the building type, whereas
Table 5 provides ventilation rates for specific building functions in the
building. Either of these tables can be used for code compliance. In case
an air duct is supplying air to multiple spaces with different functions, the
highest required ventilation rate among those spaces should be used.
T A B L E . 0 4
M INIM UM F R E S H A IR S UP P LY
Fresh Air Requirements
T YP E
for Building Types20 Air Exchange/Hour M3/Hour/Person
Office 6 18
Restaurant 6 18
Shop, Supermarket 6 18
Factory, Workshop 6 18
Class, Cinema 8
Lobby, Corridor, Stairs 4
Bathroom, Toilet 10
Kitchen 20
Parking Area 6
T A B L E . 0 5
Fresh Air Requirements BU I L DI N G UNIT OUT S ID E A IR
for Space Types21 F U N CT I O N R E Q U IR E M ENT
Non-Smoking Spaces
L A U N D R Y
Laundry (m3/min)/person 0.46

R E S T A U R A N T
Dining Room (m3/min)/person 0.21

Kitchen (m3/min)/person 0.30
Fast Food (m3/min)/person 0.21
C A R S E R V I C E
Closed Garage (m3/min)/person 0.21

Workshop (m3/min)/person 0.21
H O T E L , M O T E L , E T C .
Sleeping Room m3/min/person 0.21

Living Room m3/min/person 0.75
Lobby m3/min/person 0.15
Small Meeting Room m3/min/person 0.21
Meeting Room m3/min/person 0.21
20
SNI 03-6572 2001 (Table 4.4).
21
SNI 03-6572 2001 (Table 4.4.2).
16
T A B L E . 0 5
Fresh Air Requirements BU I L DI N G UNIT OUT S ID E A I R
for Space Types F U N CT I O N R E Q U IR E M E NT
(continued) Non-Smoking Spaces
O F F I C E
Working Room (m3/min)/person 0.15

Meeting Room (m3/min)/person 0.21
P U B L I C R O O M
Public Toilet (m3/min)/WC 2.25

Locker Room (m3/min)/person 0.45
S H O P P I N G A R E A
Basement & Ground Floor (m3/min)/person 0.15

Upper Floor (m3/min)/person 0.15
Mall & Arcade (m3/min)/person 0.15
Elevator (m3/min)/person 0.45
B E A U T Y R O O M
Parlor & Barber (m3/min)/person 0.60

Sport Room (m3/min)/person 0.42
Florist Shop (m3/min)/person 0.15
Pet Shop (m3/min)/person 0.30
E N T E R T A I N M E N T R O O M
Disco & Bowling (m3/min)/person 0.21

Moving Floor & Gym (m3/min)/person 0.60
Playing Room (m3/min)/person 0.21
Swimming Pool (m3/min)/person 0.21
T H E A T E R
Counter (m3/min)/person 0.15

Lobby & Lounge (m3/min)/person 0.21
Stage & Studio (m3/min)/person 0.30
T R A N S P O R T A T I O N
Waiting Room, Platform, m3/min/person 0.21

etc.
W O R K I N G R O O M
Food Processing (m3/min)/person 0.15

Treasury Bank (m3/min)/person 0.15
Pharmacy (m3/min)/person 0.21
Photography Studio (m3/min)/person 0.21
Dark Room (m3/min)/person 0.60
Photo Printing Room (m3/min)/person 0.15
S C H O O L
Class Room (m3/min)/person 0.15

Laboratorium (m3/min)/person 0.30
Library (m3/min)/person 0.15
H O S P I T A L
Patient Room m3/min/bed 0.21

Examine Room (m3/min)/person 0.21
Operating & (m3/min)/person 1.20
Delivery Room
Emergency Room (m3/min)/person 0.45
Autopsy Room (m3/min)/person 3.00
H O U S E
Living Room (m3/min)/room 0.30

Sleeping Room (m3/min)/room 0.30
Kitchen (m3/min)/room 3.00
Toilet (m3/min)/room 1.50
Garage (m3/min)/car 3.00
Joint Garage (m3/min)/m2 0.45
17
T A B L E . 0 5
Fresh Air Requirements BU I L DI N G UNIT OUT S ID E A IR
for Space Types F U N CT I O N R E Q U IR E M ENT
(continued) Non-Smoking Spaces
I N D U S T R Y
High Activity (m3/min)/person 0.60

Medium Activity (m3/min)/person 0.30
Low Activity (m3/min)/person 0.21
I M P A C T Primary benefits of this code requirement are improved occupant health and
comfort. Appropriate ventilation rates result in improved indoor air quality
which can often increase the health and productivity of people in that space.
A study of performance in call centers and simulated office work with

increased ventilation rates shows significant improvement22. Metric
used for performance was the time required to interact with clients via
telephone and perform related information processing on a computer. The
data shows that performance (speed and accuracy) of typical office tasks
improves with increased ventilation rate (see Figure 10 below). For initial
ventilation rates between 0.4 m3/min/person (14 cfm per person) and 0.85
m3/min/person (30 cfm per person), the average performance increases
by approximately 0.8% per 0.28 m3/min/person (10 cfm per person)
increase in ventilation rate. At higher ventilation rates, the average
performance increase is smaller, approximately 0.3% per 0.28 m3/min/
person (10 cfm per person) increase in ventilation rate.
F I G U R E . 1 0
Average Office Worker Minimum Ventilation Rate
Performance at Various often in building codes for offices
Ventilation Rates23 1.04
Reference = 1.03
15 cfm/person
Relative Performance
1.02
Reference =
20 cfm/person
1.01
Reference =
30 cfm/person
1.00
0.99
0.98
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Ventilation Rate (cfm per person)
22
Seppnen, O., W.J. Fisk, and Q.H. Lei, Ventilation and performance in office work.
Indoor Air, 2006. 16(1): p. 28-36.
23
Seppnen, O., W.J. Fisk, and Q.H. Lei. Ventilation and performance in office work
Indoor Air, 2006.
18
Similarly in schools, studies have shown a potential for 5% to 10%
increase in student performance with improved ventilation rates24.
A Norwegian study performed in 35 classrooms located in eight schools

used reaction times in a standard test to measure student concentration
and vigilance. Reactions were 5.4% faster with a ventilation rate of 8.1
air changes per hour (ach) corresponding to 26 cfm per person compared
to 2.6 ach (8 cfm per person).
A U.S. study in 5th grade classrooms from 54 schools, used student

performance in standard academic tests as the measure of performance.
Performance in both math and reading tests increased with ventilation
rate. Test scores increased about 13% from classrooms with the
lowest ventilation rates (less than 4.5 cfm per student) to classrooms
with the highest ventilation rates (greater than 9 cfm per occupant). A
Danish study (Wargocki and Wyon) reported a statistically significant 8%
increase in speed of school work tasks with a doubling of ventilation rate.
Since employee salary forms a huge portion of the total operational

cost in a typical office building, even a slight increase in productivity
can offset the additional cost of improving the indoor air quality. A small
increase in productivity savings (1%-5%) can nearly offset a buildings
entire annual energy cost.
F I G U R E . 1 1
Break of Operational Commercial Buildings Cost/ S.F.
Cost for a Typical US
Commercial Building25
Salaries 84%
Energy 1%
Maintenance 1%
Rent 14%
As mentioned before, care should be taken that the buildings are not
over-ventilated as that will result in energy wastage. Besides the SNI
03-6572 standard, ASHRAE Standard 90.1 and ASHRAE Standard 62 also
provide some guidance on ventilation design.
24
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Indoor Air Quality, Scientific Findings
Resource bank. (http://www.iaqscience.lbl.gov/sfrb.html)
25
World Building Design Guide; A Program of the National Institute of Building
Sciences. Human Productivity Improvements Linked to Daylighting. (http://www.
wbdg.org/design/productive.php)
19
More guidance on ventilation systems is available at:
Energy Design Resource. Design Brief, Indoor Air Quality. (http://
www.energydesignresources.com/media/1750/edr_designbriefs_
indoorairquality.pdf)
A Q 0 1
Auditorium, large conference rooms, and similar spaces with

occupancy lower than 3 m2/person should be equipped with carbon
dioxide (CO2) monitors to limit CO2 concentration to less than 1000
ppm as per ASHRAE 62.1-1989.
I M P A C T Ventilation systems are designed to provide fresh air for design

occupancies, which are usually much higher than actual occupancy rate
most of the time. This may result in over-ventilation of spaces during
periods of low-occupancy, leading to wastage of energy for fans, cooling
and dehumidification. Demand control ventilation varies the outside
air intake based on actual occupancy in the space without causing any
occupant discomfort. This adjustment in the outside air dampers is
usually done through CO2 or occupancy sensors placed in the room or the
return duct. Since humans exhale CO2, it can act as a measure of human
occupancy in spaces. A commonly accepted maximum limit for CO2
concentration in indoor conditioned spaces is 1000 parts per million (ppm).
A typical application of this control system is in movie theaters, meeting

rooms, auditoriums or ballrooms. If design ventilation rates are not known,
following space types should be provided with CO2 control of ventilation.
T A B L E . 0 6
Default Default
Default High O CCU P AN C Y Occupant O C C U P A NC Y Occupant
Occupancy Spaces26 CAT E G O RY Density C A T E G O R Y Density
m2/person m2/person
Classrooms (age 9 plus) 2.9 Restaurant dining rooms 1.4

Music/theater/dance 2.9 Stages, studios 1.4
Bowling alley (seating) 2.5 Bars, cocktail lounges 1.0
Health club/aerobics room 2.5 Cafeteria/fast-food dining 1.0
Mall common areas 2.5 Disco/dance floors 1.0
Museums (childrens) 2.5 Multi-use assembly 1.0
Museums/galleries 2.5 Transportation waiting 1.0
Booking/waiting 2.0 Multipurpose assembly 0.8
Conference/meeting 2.0 Places of religious worship 0.8
Legislative chambers 2.0 Auditorium seating area 0.7
Telephone/data entry 1.7 Lecture hall (fixed seats) 0.7
Lecture classroom 1.5 Lobbies 0.7
Courtrooms 1.4 Spectator areas 0.7
26
Source: ASHRAE Standard 62.1 (Table 6-1).
20
More guidance on demand control ventilation is available at:
Stipe, Marty P. E. 2003. Demand-Controlled Ventilation: A Design
Guide. (http://www.oregon.gov/energy/CONS/BUS/DCV/docs/
DCVGuide.pdf)
A Q 0 2
All closed parking spaces with potential for accumulation of

concentrated CO should be equipped with carbon monoxide (CO)
monitors to control ventilation. (Article 18.3)
I M P A C T Enclosed parking garages face a significant challenge in maintaining good

air quality, because vehicular emissions can raise the concentration of CO
and other noxious gases to dangerous levels. Sustained exposure to even
moderate concentration of CO can cause long term health issues.
T A B L E . 0 7
Carbon Monoxide Toxicity CO 2 L EVEL IN A IR
T O X IC S Y M P T O M P S & T IM E
Levels and Related Health ppm % B R E A T H E D
Symptoms27
12,800 1.28 Death within 1-3 minutes.
6,400 0.64 Headache, dizziness in 1-2 minutes. Death in 10-15 minutes.
3,200 0.32 Headache, dizziness, nausea within 10 minutes. Death
within 30 minutes.
1,600 0.16 Headache, dizziness, nausea within 20 minutes. Death
within 2 hours.
800 0.08 Headache, dizziness, nausea within 45 minutes,
convulsions. Coma within 2 hours.
400 0.04 Frontal headache 1-2 hours, widespread 2 to 3 hours.
200 0.02 Slight headache, tiredness, dizziness, nausea after 2-3
hours.
The recommended maximum CO concentration beyond which the

ventilation system should come on automatically is 50 ppm.
Use of Carbon monoxide (CO) sensors linked with the ventilation system
prevents the build-up of CO. While this has human health benefits, it can
also save energy by reducing the number of hours when the ventilation
fans need to be running. While a minimum ventilation rate is maintained
at all times, extra fresh air is provided only if the CO levels are high.
27
Source: Honeywell. Parking Garage Guide. (http://www.honeywellanalytics.com/
Technical%20Library/Americas/Parking%20Garage%20Guide/Datasheet/HA%20
Parking%20Guide.pdf)
21
F I G U R E . 1 2
Typical Carbon Monoxide Zone X
Monitoring System for a Daisy Chain
3-Level Parking Structure28 up to 32
LEVEL 1 transmitters
Zone Y
Daisy Chain
up to 32
Zone Z
Daisy Chain
up to 32
Relay #2 to exhaust fan at

Relay #1 to strobe/horn low speed.
alarm located on level 1. Relay #3 to exhaust fan at high speed.
Relay #4 to malfunction warning light.
28
Source: Honeywell. Parking Garage Guide. (http://www.honeywellanalytics.com/
Technical%20Library/Americas/Parking%20Garage%20Guide/Datasheet/HA%20
Parking%20Guide.pdf)
22
03 1 .
other good practices
R E D U C E C O O L I N G L O A D
Primary purpose of air conditioning equipment is to remove indoor

heat and moisture. While some of this heat and moisture is generated
within the building by its occupants and equipment, a significantly large
portion of this comes from outdoors through the windows, walls, doors
and air leaks.
Passive design of the building envelope, with due consideration for building
orientation, window shading, glass selection, air tightness, daylighting and
natural ventilation can significantly reduce the cooling load for the building.
For typical Jakarta buildings, this saving potential ranges between 15-30%
of the total energy consumption.
F I G U R E . 1 3
Energy Saving Potential
of Passive Design 35.0
Features in Jakarta29
0.2 0.2
0.5 0.3
30.0 4.9 0.3 0.3
1.0
0.6
8.5
Air Tightness
Potential Energy Savings (%)
0.4
25.0 7.3 0.3 0.5
0.3
Roof Insulation 8.0
Roof Reflectivity 20.0 0.6

0.6
3.2
8.7
Wall Insulation 8.0
7.5 2.3
15.0
Wall Reflectivity 0.5 6.5
0.5 0.5
0.2 0.7
0.3
Daylight Link 3.2
2.6
AIR CONDITIONING & VENTILATION SYSTEM OTHER GOOD PRACTICES
10.0
Lightling System 10.1 10.2
3.5
3.9 8.8
2.3
Glass 5.0 5.3
4.2
4.6
WWR
1.9
0.0
Shading -0.9
-5.0
Office Retail Hotel Hospital Apartment School
Please see the Building These passive design features can significantly decrease the cooling
Envelope user guide requirement, and thus the required cooling system size. It is highly
for some examples of recommended that cooling load reduction exercise should be done
passive design features. before cooling system sizing.
29
Source: Energy Sensitivity analysis for typical Jakarta buildings by IFC.
23
2 . C O M M I S S I O N I N G
Most buildings will not reach their designed operating efficiencies

immediately after being built. Typically, the tuning process takes 3
to 6 months before reaching the designed operating efficiencies.
Commissioning is the quality control process that verifies
and documents that all the building systems comply with the
efficiency specifications and meet the needs of building owners
and occupants.
Benefits of commissioning are numerous, ranging from lower energy

costs to better occupant comfort and indoor air quality.
Commissioning typically follows these steps:

1. Design Phase
a. Selection of a commissioning provider.
b. Designers incorporate commissioning requirements into their
specifications.
2. During Construction
a. Commissioning provider inspects building systems and
components.
b. Near completion, the provider and contractor conduct rigorous
performance tests.
3. Post Construction
a. Commissioning provider delivers training and documentation to
building operators to ensure proper operation and maintenance
of the building.
Often overlooked in Jakarta, proper commissioning of a building

can result in fairly substantial operational savings. USAs Lawrence
Berkeley National Laboratory analysis (in Table 8 below) of various
commissioned buildings has shown energy savings up to 22% with
less than 1.5 years simple payback.
T A B L E . 0 8
Energy Savings S O U R C E O F S IM P L E P A Y BA C K
and Payback from E NE R G Y S A V IN G S T IM E
Commissioning30
Higher Education 11 % 1.5 years
Food Sales 12 % 0.3 years
Hospital Inpatient 15 % 0.6 years
Laboratory 14 % 0.5 years
Lodging 12 % 1.5 years
Retail N/A 1.4 years
Office 22 % 1.1 years
30
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; Evan Mills, Ph.D.; Building Commissioning:
A Golden Opportunity for Reducing Energy Costs and Greenhouse Gas Emissions;
July 21, 2009.
24
More information on the commissioning process and its benefits can
be found at:
Energy Design Resources. Design Guidelines: Commissioning
Guidelines. (http://energydesignresources.com/resources/
publications/design-guidelines/design-guidelines-commissioning-
guidelines.aspx)
Mills, Evan; Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Building
Commissioning: A Golden Opportunity for Reducing Energy Costs
and Greenhouse Gas Emissions. (http://cx.lbl.gov/documents/2009-
assessment/lbnl-cx-cost-benefit-pres.pdf)
3 . T H E R M A L Z O N I N G
A thermal zone is a space or group of spaces having similar cooling

requirements that may be controlled by a single thermostat.
Each zones thermostats can be set to the desired comfort level of

occupants when occupied and cooling can be switched off when
the zone is unoccupied, independent of rest of the building.
Appropriate thermal zoning can save energy as well as enhance

occupant comfort. Improper zoning can result in energy consumption
increase 5-15%31.
Some of the better practices in thermal zoning are:

1 zone per floor. Should only be used in open floor plans with
perimeter walls not exceeding 12 meters in length.
2 zones per floor (exterior and interior). The exterior zone is directly
affected by outdoor conditions, whereas the interior zone is only slightly
affected by outdoor conditions and usually has uniform cooling.
5 zones per floor. For large building footprints, including one zone for
each exposure (north, south, east & west) and an interior zone.
Zoning based on space use. As shown in table below. AIR CONDITIONING & VENTILATION SYSTEM OTHER GOOD PRACTICES
T A B L E . 0 9
Thermal Zoning Based on Space Use32
S PAC E Z O N E C A US E
A theatre used for live 1. Audience The audience area requires cooling and high ventilation when the
performance seating audience is present.
2. Stage The stage requires low ventilation and low cooling until all the lights
are turned on and then high cooling is required.
31
Smith, Virginia; Sookoor, Tamim; Whitehouse, Kamin. Modeling Building Thermal
Response to HVAC Zoning. (http://www.cs.virginia.edu/~whitehouse/research/
buildingEnergy/smith12conet.pdf)
32
Fundamentals of HVAC, ASHRAE Course Reader.
25
T A B L E . 0 9
Thermal Zoning Based on Space Use (continued)
S PAC E ZO N E C A U S E
Indoor ice rink 1. Spectators Spectators need ventilation and warmth.

2. Ice sheet The ice sheet needs low air speeds and low temperature to minimize
melting.
3. Space above May need moisture removal to prevent fogging and condensation.
Deep office 1. By the The area may be affected by the heat load from the sun and need more
window cooling.
2. Interior area The interior zone load will change due to occupants, lights, and any
equipments.
Airport 1. Lobby A huge space with a variety of uses and extremely variable occupancy
2. Security and loads.
3. Retail outlets Each zone requires its own conditions.
4. Check-in
4 . A B S O R P T I O N C H I L L E R S
Absorption chillers are different from conventional chillers as

they use heat instead of mechanical energy to generate cooling.
If a source of heat is available on site, such as from an on-site energy
generation plant, absorption chillers could be used to use that energy for
cooling. Although absorption chillers usually have a lower efficiency rating
than the normal centrifugal chillers, they are ideally suited for utilization of
heat that would be otherwise be wasted.
A successful large scale If sufficient solar radiation is available, it could also be used to power
example of solar cooling the absorption chillers. Such setup is often called solar cooling, and
in the region is the could result in significant energy savings in tropical climates, such as in
United World College of Indonesia. An advantage of solar cooling is that these chillers are more
South East Asia campus efficient when the sun is shining at its brightest. Thus the solar heat gain
in Singapore mentioned is largely mitigated by the increased solar cooling efficiency.
later in this document.
A successful large scale example of solar cooling in the region is the

United World College of South East Asia campus in Singapore mentioned
later in this document.
More information on absorption chillers is available at:

Trane, An American-Standard Company. Absorption Water
Chillers, A Trane Air Conditioning Clinic. (http://www.njatc.org/
downloads/trc011en.pdf).
26
5 . M A G N E T I C D R I V E O N
C O M P R E S S O R S
One of the highest energy users in a centrifugal or screw type
chillers is the compressor. One emerging technology that is
making a breakthrough in addressing this high energy use is the
oil-free compressor which uses a magnetic drive. Since the drive is
oil free, very less maintenance is needed. This kind of compressor is
more efficient at lower chiller loading as shown in the Table 10 below.
The table shows that the oil-free chiller could be 45% more efficient
than the leading screw type chiller.
T A B L E . 1 0
Oil Free, Variable Speed, Magnetic Drive Chillers33
ARI 550/590-1198 Leading Screw Chiller with Oil Free

Conditions W AT E R C OOL E D W A T E R C OOL E D
ECW LCHW SST SCT SST SCT

Load COP kW/Ton COP kW/Ton
F/C F/C F/C F/C F/C F/C
100 % 85/29.5 44/6.7 42/5.6 98/36.7 5.33 0.64 42/5.6 98/36.7 5.56 0.63
75 % 75/23.9 44/6.7 42.3/5.8 89.6/32 5.73 0.60 42.3/5.8 85/29.5 7.31 0.48
50 % 65/18.3 44/6.7 42.5/5.9 89.6/32* 5.49 0.64 42.5/5.9 72.2/2.2 11.38 0.30
25 % 65/18.3 44/6.7 42.8/6.0 89.6/32* 4.11 0.845 42.8/6 70.0/21.1 10.86 0.32
IPLV COP kW/Ton 5.4 0.65 9.55 0.36
6 . C H I L L E R S I Z I N G
Because of the uncertainty inherent in design parameters and the liability

risks, most chilled water plants are designed larger than needed.
Oversizing of chilled water plants has multiple impacts as listed below.

When operating at part loads, an oversized fixed speed chiller may
not perform as efficiently as a smaller machine. Conversely, a variable

speed chiller at part load may operate more efficiently than a smaller
machine at full load.
Oversized chillers have larger chilled and condenser water pumps
that will consume more energy if the pumps are constant speed. This
penalty can be significantly reduced if the pumps have variable speed
drives or if the chilled water plant consists of multiple smaller chillers.
The larger piping in the oversized plant will have less pressure
drop (lower pumping energy) than that of a plant whose piping was
right sized.
33
Source: Presentation on Oil-free chillers, ASHRAE Puget Sound Chapter. (http://
www.pugetsoundashrae.org/EV2030_2008/ev2030oil-freecompressorssm.pdf)
27
An oversized plants cooling towers may save energy by allowing
the fans to run slower (with VFDs). Also, they may produce lower
condenser water temperatures for more efficient part-load operation
of the chillers. Conversely, oversized cooling towers may have flow
turndown problems that force the operators to use fewer cells at
higher fan speeds which can increase plant energy use.
Oversized plants always cost more to build. While a plants cost
may not vary linearly with its total capacity, larger plants have more
expensive chillers, larger pumps, and possibly larger piping.
Sometimes providing additional capacity is unavoidable. The owners

criteria may call for incorporating redundant chillers or for increasing plant
capacity in anticipation of a future load. Redundant or spare equipment
is a separate issue from oversizing. To mitigate problems with oversized
plants, the chilled water plant must run efficiently at low loads.
The following example from a computer simulation model helps

demonstrate the issue of oversizing. In this case, an 800-ton cooling
plant serves an office complex that operates on a basic five days per
week schedule. Typical load profiles were scaled for peak cooling load of
exactly 450 tons. The plant was modelled with the following scenarios:
Base Case: A single 800-ton machine with inlet vane control.
Alt 1: A single 800-ton machine with variable-speed drive control.
Alt 2: Two 400-ton machines with inlet vane control.
Alt 3: Two 400-ton machines each with variable-speed drive control.
F I G U R E . 1 4
Cooling Energy Usage for
Four Design Alternatives34 500,000
450,000
400,000
Chiller 350,000
kWh/Year
300,000
Tower 250,000
200,000
150,000
100,000
50,000
0
Base Case ALT 1:1 ALT 2:2 ALT 3:2
Chillers with VSD Chillers with IV Chillers with VSD
Alternative
34
Source: CoolToolsTM Chilled Water Plant Design and Specification Guide , ,
Pacific Gas and Electricity Company. (http://www.stanford.edu/group/narratives/
classes/08-09/CEE215/ReferenceLibrary/Chillers/Chilled%20Water%20Plant%20
Design%20and%20Specification%20Guide.pdf)
28
Note the dramatic reduction in annual cooling energy consumption when
the variable-speed drive is added to the 800-ton machine, and also when
multiple machines are added. Although other scenarios may produce
similar or better results, this example illustrates that the energy penalty
for an oversized plant can be dramatically reduced if efficient turndown
is incorporated into the design. By either adding a variable speed drive
on a single chiller or providing two smaller fixed speed chillers the
annual energy is reduced by approximately one third. Combining these
measures (two chillers with variable speed drives) reduces the annual
energy by nearly 50%.
During the design process right sizing the chillers is one of the most
cost effective ways of saving energy. Instead of resorting to simplified
rules of thumb, right sizing involves with modeling and/or simulations.
The model or simulations accounts all of passive design features,
building use and operational assumptions to create a typical building
heat load graphs during the day. From this heat load graphs, chiller size
is chosen to allow best chillers combination that resulted in high chiller
loading during the day, which translates to better chiller efficiency as
chillers normally operate more efficiently at higher loading. The model
and simulations may also result in lower capital cost as lower chiller
capacity can be used after taking account of passive design.35
7 . M A I N T E N A N C E
Planned and predictive maintenance of air conditioning system is

crucial in getting sustained energy savings. In comparison, reactive
maintenance could be very expensive. Facilities in which proper HVAC
maintenance is completed can use 15% to 20% less energy over the
buildings life as compared to less maintained systems.36
A detailed case study of a university building in North Carolina USA, the

effect of poor maintenance was clearly shown. AIR CONDITIONING & VENTILATION SYSTEM OTHER GOOD PRACTICES
35
Chilled Water Plant Design Guide by Energy Design Resources. (http://
energydesignresources.com/resources/publications/design-guidelines/design-
guidelines-cooltools-chilled-water-plant.aspx)
36
Piper, James. 2009. HVAC Maintenance and Energy Saving. (http://www.facilitiesnet.
com/hvac/article/HVAC-Maintenance-and-Energy-Savings--10680)
29
T A B L E . 1 1
Operational Cost S OUR C E OF S IM P L E P A Y B A C K
Comparison of Good and E N E R GY S A V INGS T IM E
Poor Maintenance37
Light Sensor OK 30% Overage
Filters Clean Very Dirty
Fans Variable Speed Full Speed
Pumps Variable Speed Full Speed
Cooling Tower OK Fouled
Chiller OK Fouled, Poor Charge
Boiler OK Efficiency Loss
Thermostats OK 3F Drift
Humidity 50% 40%
Night Setback OK Disabled
Outside Air OK 50% Overage, No Demand
Economizer OK Disabled
Schedule OK 1 Hour off
Energy $ 164,000 $ 297,852

81.4% increase
As shown in the table above, poor maintenance caused an increase of

81% in the annual energy consumption of this building as compared to
the best case scenario.
Some items that caused an increase in energy use of more than 5% in

this building were:
No fan speed control (VAV installed but running constant speed)
No pump speed control (VSD installed but running constant speed)
Chiller fouled or mischarged
Humidity control failure
Night setback control failure
Outside Air Ventilation rate overage
Other maintenance items that impact energy use:

Replacing compromised temperature sensor/thermostat
Filter maintenance
Replacing of fixing automated controls, such as solenoid valves or
motorized valves
ANSI/ASHRAE/ACCA180-2008:
Standard Practice for Inspection and Maintenance of Commercial
Building HVAC Systems provides a comprehensive list of inspection and
maintenance tasks that relate to energy efficiency and indoor air quality.
Some of the important preventative maintenance tasks are shown in the
Table 12 below.
37
The Cost of Doing Nothing NC Sustainable Energy Conference: April 26, 2011.
(https://www4.eere.energy.gov/challenge/sites/default/files/uploaded-files/the-cost-
of-doing-nothing.pdf)
30
T A B L E . 1 2
Key Preventative Maintenance Tasks38
PR EVENTATIV E M AI N T E N A N CE
FR E QUE NC Y B E N E F IT S
DESCRIPTION
Verify occupied vs. Unoccupied schedules Monthly Optimize energy use

Reduce equipment run time
Check accuracy of thermostats Annual Increase comfort
Reduce hot and cold calls
Optimize energy use with controlled setpoints
Check outside air dampers to ensure they Semi-annually Ensure adequate ventilation
close and open Reduce wasted energy from excess
ventillation
Calobrate CO2 sensors Semi-annually Ensure adequate ventilation
Reduce wasted energy from excess
ventillation
Check accuracy of relative humidity sensors Quarterly Increase comfort
Reduce wasted energy in dehumidification
Maintain economizer operationCheck return Semi-annually Reduce use of mechanical cooling equipment
air temperature and economizer controllers
Another good practice is to frequently record and monitor the buildings

energy consumption, which would allow identification of maintenance
problems and remedial measures.
8 . B U I L D I N G A U T O M A T I O N
S Y S T E M ( B A S )
Sometimes also known as Building Management System (BMS) or
Environmental Management System (EMS), this is a system of software
and hardware that controls and monitors the buildings mechanical and
electrical equipment such as air handling and cooling plant systems,
lighting, power systems, fire systems, and security systems.
A US study indicates that implementing BAS can result in an average of

10% energy savings for typical US buildings. However, energy savings

can vary depending on the age and maintenance of the building as well as
the implementation of BAS.39
38
Source: ANSI/ASHRAE/ACCA.
39
M.R. Brambley et al., Advanced Sensors and Controls for Building Applications:
Market Assessment and Potential R&D Pathways, prepared for the U.S. Department
of Energy by Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (April 2005), p. 2.7.
31
9 . P I P I N G & D U C T I N G
Sizing pipes and ducts requires careful analysis. Generally, the smaller
the pipework, the greater the pump power and energy consumption.
Increasing the pipe diameter can have a large effect in decreasing
pumping power: smaller friction pressure drops of the basic circuit will
require smaller pressure drops through control valves, for the same
value of valve authority.
The optimum sizing from the point of view of life-cycle costing must
consider the following:
Length of the system
The capital cost
The mean pressure drop
The running time at full and partial flow
The efficiency of the pumpmotor combination
A general tip on reducing pressure drop across pipe is to replace the

number of 90o bends, especially near the pump output, with 120o or
larger angle bends. This may require the architect and ME consultant to
work together to ensure sufficient space for the piping.
Just as in piping, smaller diameter ducts can increase energy

consumption due to the greater static pressure.
Energy can be reduced in ventilation systems by:

Avoiding unnecessary bends;
Using bends instead of elbows;
Having a shoe on the branch fittings for tees;
Avoiding reduced duct size (i.e. maintain cross sectional area);
Minimising duct length;
Minimising the length of flexible ducting;
Good inlet and outlet conditions either side of fan;
Using equipment with low pressure drops (i.e. filters, attenuators,
heat exchangers).
Using the minimum number of fittings possible;
Ensuring ductwork is sealed to minimize air leakage;

Using round ductwork where space and initial costs allow because
it offers the lowest duct friction loss for a given perimeter, or given
velocity;
When using rectangular ductwork, maintain the aspect ratio as close
as possible to 1:1 to minimize duct friction losses and initial cost.
The benefits of the energy efficient (i.e. low velocity) system can show
a reduction in fan electricity costs of up to 70%, while the additional
capital cost can be recovered in less than five years.40
40
Duct & Piping Guideline, May 2011, Kirsten Mariager.
32
F I G U R E . 1 5 Some examples of optimal piping layout vs. suboptimal piping layout in
Suboptimal Piping layout terms of energy efficiency are shown below.
with Many Bends
F I G U R E . 1 6
Suboptimal Bends Directly
at Pump Output
Sharp bend at inlet to

pump causes turbulence
and loss of pump capacity
and efficiency.
F I G U R E . 1 7
Optimal Piping Layout with
Bends at Less than 90o
Source: UWC South East Asia - East Campus
33
1 0 . C O O L I N G T O W E R D E S I G N
& O P E R A T I O N
Chiller efficiency is inversely proportional to the temperature of water
entering the condenser from the cooling tower. As demonstrated by the
table below, chiller efficiency can be increased by reducing the entering
water temperature.
T A B L E . 1 3
Typical Impact of CONDENSER TYPICAL CHILLER TYPICAL CHILLER
ENERGY ENERGY
Condenser Entering WATER ENERGY-CONSTANT ENERGY-VARIABLE
SAVINGS SAVINGS
TEMP (oC) SPEED COP SPEED COP
Water Temperature on
Energy Consumption41
29.4 6.1 Base 6.1 Base
28.3 6.4 4.2 % 6.4 4.2 %
26.7 6.6 8.0 % 6.6 10.4 %
23.9 7.2 15.6 % 7.6 20.1 %
21.1 7.8 21.9 % 8.7 29.5 %
18.3 8.4 27.1 % 9.8 37.5 %
Source: Baltimore Air Coil Company
It is recommended to follow cooling tower manufacturers guideline on

cooling tower placement design. Usually the guideline specifies minimal
distance from cooling towers in order to allow most of the hot air properly
exhausted and not getting into the cooling tower again.
F I G U R E . 1 8
Suboptimal Cooling
Tower Placement
F I G U R E . 1 9
Optimal Cooling
Tower Placement
41
Frank Morrison, Baltimore Air Coil Company. (http://www.emersonswan.com/
ckfinder/userfiles/files/OPTIMIZING%20CHILLER%20TOWER%20SYSTEMS.pdf)
34
Other best practices for cooling tower operations are available at:
Institute of Environmental Epidemiology, Ministry of the
Environment. Code of Practice for the Control of Legionella Bacteria
in Cooling Towers (http://www.nea.gov.sg/cms/qed/cop_legionella.
pdf & http://www.sydneywater.com.au/publications/factsheets/
SavingWaterBestPracticeGuidelinesCoolingTowers.pdf)
1 1 . N A T U R A L V E N T I L A T I O N
One of the ways to reduce mechanical cooling, the highest energy

use in most Jakarta buildings is by using substituting mechanical
ventilation with natural ventilation. Before the advent of mechanical
cooling, natural ventilation was commonly used to improve occupant
comfort. Traditional Indonesian buildings were designed to allow cross
ventilation and also had high pitched roofs with openings for the hot air
to escape.
F I G U R E . 2 0
Optimal Air Movement
in Traditional and
Contemporary
Indonesian Buildings42
a. Air Movement in Traditional Scaffold House

b. Optimal Natural Ventilation Appearance in Contemporary Building AIR CONDITIONING & VENTILATION SYSTEM OTHER GOOD PRACTICES
Some contemporary low rise buildings have also adopted this traditional
way of cooling buildings. However adoption of these techniques in high
rise buildings is more challenging.
Besides saving operational energy, natural ventilation also saves capital

cost through potential reduction of chiller capacity, supply air ducts,
return air ducts, and other related equipment.
42
E. Prianto, F. Bonneaud, P. Depecker and J-P. Peneau International Journal on
Architectural Science, Volume 1, Number 2, p.80-95, 2000.
35
Feasibility of natural ventilation depends on the climate and building type.
If the outdoor temperature and humidity levels are close to the comfort
requirement, they can be brought in to relieve the interiors of the built
up heat. In some buildings and climates, energy savings higher than
10% are possible. Jakartas outdoor temperature and humidity levels are
usually above the standard indoor comfort conditions of 25oC and 60%
RH. However using the adaptive comfort model from ASHRAE Standard
55 would allow natural ventilation to be used even for higher outdoor
temperatures. This model predicts that occupant tolerance of higher
indoor temperatures increases (pink and light brown bands in the chart
below) when the outdoor temperature is higher.
F I G U R E . 2 1
Adaptive Comfort
Standard for ASHRAE43 32
Source: ANSI/ASHRAE 30
Indoor Operative Temperature (oC)
Standard 55-2010
28
26
24
22
90% accept
20
18
80% accept
16
14
5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Mean Outdoor Air Temperature Ta.out (oC)
A web based tool In order to increase the acceptance of such higher temperatures,
developed by Center for increased air motion could be introduced. For natural ventilation in hot and
the Built Environment humid climates, higher air speeds are desirable in order to improve the
(University of California occupants thermal comfort. In addition, it is important that the occupants
Berkeley) allows the should be able to control the airflow inside the buildings according to
user to modify various their preferences. In relation to air movement acceptability subjects in
parameters and see its a study demanded more air movement even in airspeeds above 0.50
impact on user comfort. m/s. On the other hand, the number of subjects who requested less
The tool is available at air movement was few in number. These two observations combined
http://smap.cbe.berkeley. suggest that the occupants prefer higher air speed values in order to
edu/comforttool improve their thermal comfort condition.
43
Candido, Christhina; Dear, Richard de; Lamberts, Roberto, Bittencourt, Leonardo.
2008. Natural Ventilation and Thermal Comfort: Air Movement Acceptability Inside
Naturally Ventilated Buildings in Brazilian Hot Humid Zone. (http://nceub.org.uk/
uploads/W2008_59Candido.pdf )
36
While designing and operating naturally ventilation systems in
predominantly mechanically ventilated buildings, conflict between the
two systems should be avoided. For example, if non-automated operable
windows are provided in centrally air-conditioned spaces, they may be
left open and thus result in leakage of cool air. In buildings with unit air
conditioners, such as an apartment, it is easier to incorporate natural
ventilation, since the users have some control on switching between
natural and mechanical ventilation.
Transition spaces which are not occupied continuously such as lobby

and toilets, are also good candidates for natural ventilation. Most Jakarta
buildings do not have automatic doors in the lobby thus allowing a lot of
cold air to escape to the outside. Naturally ventilating the lobbies will also
reduce this cooling energy wastage.
Indonesian standard SNI 6572-2001 recommends providing ventilation

openings equal to 5% of the floor area. This standard also provides
some guidelines on designing and orienting these openings.
The No. 1 Moulmein Rise apartment building in Singapore offers an

excellent example of a naturally ventilated residential high rise building.
It allows cross ventilation by having a narrow floor plate with only two
apartments per floor. The design also utilizes a traditional technique
F I G U R E . 2 2 of allowing breeze to come while blocking the rain. These Monsoon
Natural Ventilation at Moulmein windows were designed as horizontal grilled openings on the bottom
Rise Apartment, Singapore44
ledge of the projecting bay windows.
44
Goldhagen, Sarah Williams. Sarah William Goldhagen on Architecture: Living High.
(http://www.newrepublic.com/article/books-and-arts/magazine/103329/highrise-
skyscraper-woha-gehry-pritzker-architecture-megalopolis#)
37
Ali, Zainab Faruqui. According to a published account, some residents are able to avoid use of
2007. On Site Review mechanical air conditioning through all but the hottest days of the year.
Report, No. 1 Moulmein
Rise (http://www. Other interviewed residents have also mentioned that their air conditioning
akdn.org/architecture/ consumption has been reduced considerably because of the natural
pdf/3291_sin.pdf) ventilation system.
More guidance on designing naturally ventilated buildings can be

found here:
Walker, Andy. 2010. Natural Ventilation (http://www.wbdg.org/
resources/naturalventilation.php?r=env_preferable_products)
Good Practice Guide 237. Natural Ventilation in Non-Domestic
Buildings - A Guide for Designers, Developers, and Owners (http://
www.cagbc.org/AM/PDF/GoodPracticeGuide237.pdf)
Technical papers presented at Council on Tall Buildings and Urban
Habitat (CTBUH) conference (available at https://www.ctbuh.org/
TallBuildings/TechnicalPapers/tabid/71/language/en-US/Default.
aspx)
Natural Ventilation Performance of a Double-skin Faade with a
Solar Chimney by Ding, W., Hasemi, Y. & Yamada
Natural ventilation of tall buildings options and limitations by
Etheridge, David and Ford, Brian
Office Tower Configuration and Control for Natural Ventilation
by Herman, Matthew; Snyder, Jeremy & Gallagher, Denzil
Natural Ventilation of Residential High-Rises in Subtropical
Regions by Oswald, Ferdinand
1 2 . E N E R G Y R E C O V E R Y
It is fairly common for most of the exhaust air to be thrown outside

the building. This causes wastage of energy, since the exhaust air is
usually colder than the incoming fresh air from outside. An energy
recovery ventilation system recovers this energy from the exhaust air and
transfers it to the fresh air stream using a heat exchanger. By removing
sensible heat (temperature) and latent heat (humidity) from outdoor

air, energy recovery systems can save capital cost due to reduction of
cooling system size. Typical heat exchanger types with their efficiency of
recovering the energy from the exhaust air are:
Run around coil- 55%- 65%
Enthalpy Wheel- 85%
Heat pipe: 45%-65%
Plate heat exchanger: 80%
38
1. 2. 3.
F I G U R E . 2 3 1. Heat Pipe & Run Around Coils. Sensible only.

Types of Heat 2. Enthalpy Wheels. Sensible & Latent.
Exchanger Systems
3. Fixed Plate Exchangers. Sensible & Latent.
SAVES United State Environmental Protection Agency. School Advanced

http://www.epa.gov/iaq/ Ventilation Engineering Software (SAVES) has free software download
schooldesign/saves.html for architects, engineers, school officials, and others to select and
compare heat recovery equipment for school buildings.
Any conditioned area with a significant fresh air quantity is a good

candidate for an energy recovery system. However, energy recovery
is generally not cost effective in split or packaged cooling systems.
A general recommendation is to have heat recovery system for single
zone which requires minimum 2000 cfm (944 l/s) of fresh air.
Total Recovery ERV Systems work by reducing the dry bulb and wet
bulb of HVAC Equipment air intake. In the example in Figure 24, the ERV
system is shown to reduce the wet bulb from 26oC to 20oC and dry bulb
from 33oC to 26oC.
F I G U R E . 2 4
ERV System Operations45
45
Presentation by ConsERV. (http://www.multistack.com/DesktopModules/
Bring2mind/DMX/Download.aspx?EntryId=85&Command=Core_
Download&PortalId=0&TabId=136)
39
According to simulation based sensitivity analysis for typical Jakarta
buildings, a 50% efficient energy recovery system can save 2% to 8% of
the total energy. Savings are usually highest in hospitals as they have high
fresh air requirements.
In hot and humid climates, energy recovery systems with high latent
effectiveness should be selected. Care should be taken that the selected
model is certified for zero leakage to ensure no mixing between outside
fresh air with stale exhaust air.
1 3 . M A I N T E N A N C E
Maintenance is an often-overlooked energy conservation measure.
Some items that potentially increases energy use of more than 5% are46:
No fan speed control (VAV installed but running constant speed)
Humidity control failure
Night setback control failure
Outside Air Ventilation rate overage
Other maintenance items that impact energy use:

Replacing compromised temperature sensor/thermostat
Filter maintenance (clean/replace/monitor for filter bypassing)
Replacing of fixing automated controls, such as automatic air dampers
Coil cleaning
1 4 . C E I L I N G F A N S
In hot and humid climates, removal of moisture from the skin uses up a
lot of energy in the cooling and ventilation system. For acceleration of
moisture removal, it is highly effective to introduce additional air movement
through ceiling or wall fans.
46
Deferred Maintenance: The Cost of Doing Nothing NC Sustainable Energy
Conference: April 26, 2011. (https://www4.eere.energy.gov/challenge/sites/default/
files/uploaded-files/the-cost-of-doing-nothing.pdf)
40
Higher air flow also allows increasing the space temperature
while maintaining the same level of comfort, thus reducing energy
consumption further.
According to a study, occupants remain comfortable even at an

thermostat temperature is increased by 2.6oC if air flow is increased to
0.8 m/s through high volume-low speed (HVLS) circulator fans47. As a
rule of thumbeach degree rise in a thermostat setting (beyond 25.56oF)
results in a 6% to 10% saving on cooling energy48. Thus, an increase
in the thermostat setting of 2.6oC could provide cooling energy savings
from 14% to 19%.
To determine the approximate number of regularly sized ceiling

fans required to provide appropriate air flow, the following table
can be used.
T A B L E . 1 4
Optimum Size (mm)/Number of Ceiling Fans for Rooms of Different Sizes49
ROOM R O O M L E N G T H
WIDTH 4m 5m 6m 7m 8m 9m 10 m 11 m 12 m 14 m 16 m
3m 1200/1 1400/1 1500/1 1050/2 1200/2 1400/2 1400/2 1400/2 1200/3 1400/3 1400/3
4m 1200/1 1400/1 1200/2 1200/2 1200/2 1400/2 1400/2 1500/2 1200/3 1400/3 1500/3
5m 1400/1 1400/1 1400/2 1400/2 1400/2 1400/2 1400/2 1500/2 1400/3 1400/3 1500/3
6m 1200/2 1400/2 900/4 1050/4 1200/4 1400/4 1400/4 1500/4 1200/6 1400/6 1500/6
7m 1200/2 1400/2 1050/4 1050/4 1200/4 1400/4 1400/4 1500/4 1200/6 1400/6 1500/6
8m 1200/2 1400/2 1200/4 1200/4 1200/4 1400/4 1400/4 1500/4 1200/6 1400/6 1500/6
9m 1400/2 1400/2 1400/4 1400/4 1400/4 1400/4 1400/4 1500/4 1400/6 1400/6 1500/6
10 m 1400/2 1400/2 1400/4 1400/4 14004 1400/4 1400/4 1500/4 1400/6 1400/6 1500/6
11 m 1500/2 1500/2 1500/4 1500/4 1500/4 1500/4 1500/4 1500/4 1500/6 1500/6 1500/6
12 m 1200/3 1400/3 1200/6 1200/6 1200/6 1400/6 1400/6 1500/6 1200/n 1400/9 1400/9
13 m 1400/3 1400/3 1200/6 1200/6 1200/6 1400/6 1400/6 1500/6 1400/9 1400/9 1500/9
14 m 1400/3 1400/3 1400/6 1400/6 1400/6 1400/6 1400/6 1500/6 1400/9 1400/9 1500/9
47
Marc E. Fountain and Mward A. Arens, Ph.D, Air Movement and Thermal Comfort,
ASHRAE Journal August 1993.
48
US Department of Energy - National Best Practices Manual for Building High
Performance Schools.
49
User Guide for Indian Energy Conservation Building Code.
41
DINAS PENGAWASAN
DAN PENERTIBAN BANGUNAN
PEMERINTAH PROVINSI DKI JAKARTA
Jalan Taman Jati Baru No. 1

Jakarta Barat
t. (62-21) 856 342
f. (62-21) 856 732
www.dppb.jakarta.go.id
42

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JAKARTA GREEN BUILDING USER GUIDE

The Government of the Province of

In cooperation with: IFC in partnership with:

Air Conditioning (AC)

Ventilation System (VS)

Air Quality in Spaces (AQ)

The calculation should be done using the calculator

Checklist for all code requirements lists the required

In Jakartas tropical climate, thermal comfort is primarily provided by

Period when outdoor temperature is

Relative Humidity (%)

A study of multiple Jakarta buildings (Figure 3 below) shows air-

Increasing ventilation rates to acceptable levels has shown a positive impact

Provide Task Air 8

Improve Filteration 6 3.25*

b 0.62** 0.53** 0.48**

* Performance improvement for special tasks multiplied by estimated time at task.

e. 2 % production lost from SBS. effectiveness

Increasing the mechanical ventilation rates requires running fans at higher

The importance of ventilation is highlighted in the Jakarta Special

AIR CONDITIONING & VENTILATION SYSTEM

1 AC01 - Minimum 25oC and relative humidity 60%10%

2 AC02 - Minimum cooling system efficiency as per SNI

6 VS01 - Minimum ventilation rates per Section 4.4 of

7 AQ01 - CO2 control of outside air in some spaces.

Mechanical system for occupied spaces should be designed to

I M P A C T Typical indoor temperature set points in Jakarta range from 22-26oC,

Several governments have set temperature set point policies for

Japanese Ministry of Environment (MOE) has gone even further

More information on impact of increasing cooling temperature set

points can be found in these documents:

All cooling systems are required to have a minimum efficiency

Split < 65.000 BTU/h 2.70 1.303

I M P A C T Since cooling is the single largest energy use in most buildings in

A similar dominance of growth over efficiency has prevailed in the United

The current efficiency requirements are fairly lenient as compared to

Air cooled - split and single package 5.42 - 11.25 3.28

More information on designing cooling systems is available in

For centrally cooled systems, a Variable Air Volume (VAV)

I M P A C T Variable Air Volume systems can between 1% and 2% operational energy

In a Variable Air Volume (VAV) air handling system, space cooling is

It is recommended that fans in parallel VAV fan-powered boxes be sized

A Variable Speed Drive (VSD) allows the motor speed to be controlled to

Fixed Speed Power 80

Power Saved Power Saved

Besides saving energy consumption, VSDs also provide:

Built in diagnostic and control capabilities

More information on VSDs is available in these documents:

TYPE 50mm <25mm 31-50mm >200mm

Chilled Water 4.5 - 13 12 12 20 25

N O T E 1. If the pipe is in the exterior environment, the insulation needs the

More information on chilled water pipe insulation is available at:

Refrigerants used for air conditioning should not contain

I M P A C T Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are a compound of carbon, hydrogen, chlorine

As a replacement for CFCs, Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) is now

It is recommended that chillers with non-HCFC refrigerants be used wherever

Stand Alone Equipment Condensing Units Centralized Systems

Solid Arrows represent alternatives already vailable in the market.

Mechanical system should be designed to provide the minimum

b 0.62 0.53 0.48**