3/23/2015 Lecture18

LECTURE18

MembersSubjectedtoTorsionalLoads
Torsionofcircularshafts

DefinitionofTorsion: Consider a shaft rigidly clamped at one end and twisted at the other end by a torque T = F.d
appliedinaplaneperpendiculartotheaxisofthebarsuchashaftissaidtobeintorsion.

EffectsofTorsion:Theeffectsofatorsionalloadappliedtoabarare

(i)Toimpartanangulardisplacementofoneendcrosssectionwithrespecttotheotherend.

(ii)Tosetupshearstressesonanycrosssectionofthebarperpendiculartoitsaxis.

GENERATIONOFSHEARSTRESSES

Thephysicalunderstandingofthephenomenaofsettingupofshearstressesinashaftsubjectedtoatorsionmaybe
understoodfromthefigure13.

Fig1:HerethecylindricalmemberorashaftisinstaticequilibriumwhereTistheresultantexternaltorqueactingonthe
member.Letthememberbeimaginedtobecutbysomeimaginaryplanemn'.

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Fig2:Whentheplanemn'cutsremovetheportiononR.H.S.andwegetafig2.Nowsincetheentirememberisin
equilibrium, therefore, each portion must be in equilibrium. Thus, the member is in equilibrium under the action of
resultantexternaltorqueTanddevelopedresistingTorqueTr.

Fig3:TheFigureshowsthathowtheresistingtorqueTrisdeveloped.TheresistingtorqueTrisproducedbyvirtueofan
infinitesmalshearforcesactingontheplaneperpendiculartotheaxisoftheshaft.Obviouslysuchshearforceswould
bedevelopedbyvirtueofsheerstresses.

Thereforewecansaythatwhenaparticularmember(sayshaftinthiscase)issubjectedtoatorque,theresultwouldbe
thatonanyelementtherewillbeshearstressesacting.Whileonotherfacesthecomplementarysheerforcescomeinto
picture.Thus,wecansaythatwhenamemberissubjectedtotorque,anelementofthismemberwillbesubjectedtoa
stateofpureshear.

Shaft:Theshaftsarethemachineelementswhichareusedtotransmitpowerinmachines.

TwistingMoment:Thetwistingmomentforanysectionalongthebar/shaftisdefinedtobethealgebraicsumofthe
momentsoftheappliedcouplesthatlietoonesideofthesectionunderconsideration.Thechoiceofthesideinany
caseisofcoursearbitrary.

ShearingStrain:Ifageneratorabismarkedonthesurfaceoftheunloadedbar,thenafterthetwistingmoment'T'has
beenappliedthislinemovestoab'.Theangle'measuredinradians,betweenthefinalandoriginalpositionsofthe
generatorsisdefinedastheshearingstrainatthesurfaceofthebarorshaft.Thesamedefinitionwillholdatanyinterior
pointofthebar.

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ModulusofElasticityinshear: The ratio of the shear stress to the shear strain is called the modulus of elasticity in

shearORModulusofRigidityandinrepresentedbythesymbol

AngleofTwist: If a shaft of length L is subjected to a constant twisting moment T along its length, than the angle
throughwhichoneendofthebarwilltwistrelativetotheotherisknownistheangleoftwist.

Despite the differences in the forms of loading, we see that there are number of similarities
between bending and torsion, including for example, a linear variation of stresses and strain
withposition.
Intorsionthemembersaresubjectedtomoments(couples)inplanesnormaltotheiraxes.
Forthepurposeofdesigingacircularshafttowithstandagiventorque,wemustdevelopan
equationgivingtherelationbetweentwistingmoment,maximumshearstressproduced,anda
quantityrepresentingthesizeandshapeofthecrosssectionalareaoftheshaft.
Notalltorsionproblems,involverotatingmachinery,however,forexamplesometypesofvehiclesuspensionsystem
employtorsionalsprings.Indeed,evencoilspringsarereallycurvedmembersintorsionasshowninfigure.

Many torque carrying engineering members are cylindrical in shape. Examples are drive
shafts,boltsandscrewdrivers.
SimpleTorsionTheoryorDevelopmentofTorsionFormula:Herewearebasicallyinterestedtoderiveanequation
betweentherelevantparameters

RelationshipinTorsion:

1stTerm:Itreferstoappliedloadingadapropertyofsection,whichintheinstanceisthepolarsecondmomentofarea.

2ndTerm:Thisreferstostress,andthestressincreasesasthedistancefromtheaxisincreases.

3rdTerm: it refers to the deformation and contains the terms modulus of rigidity & combined term ( l) which is
equivalent to strain for the purpose of designing a circular shaft to with stand a given torque we must develop an
equationgivingtherelationbetweenTwistingmomentsmaxmshearstainproducedandaquantityrepresentingthe
sizeandshapeofthecrosssectionalareaoftheshaft.

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Refertothefigureshownabovewhereauniformcircularshaftissubjectedtoatorqueitcanbeshownthateverysection
oftheshaftissubjectedtoastateofpureshear,themomentofresistancedevelopedbytheshearstressesbeingevery
whereequaltothemagnitude,andoppositeinsense,totheappliedtorque.Forthepurposeofderivingasimpletheory
todescribethebehaviorofshaftssubjectedtotorqueitisnecessarymakethefollowingbaseassumptions.

Assumption:

(i)Thematerielishomogenousi.eofuniformelasticpropertiesexiststhroughoutthematerial.

(ii)Thematerialiselastic,followsHook'slaw,withshearstressproportionaltoshearstrain.

(iii)Thestressdoesnotexceedtheelasticlimit.

(iv)Thecircularsectionremainscircular

(v)Crosssectionremainplane.

(vi)Crosssectionrotateasifrigidi.e.everydiameterrotatesthroughthesameangle.

ConsidernowthesolidcircularshaftofradiusRsubjectedtoatorqueTatoneend,theotherendbeingfixedUnderthe
action of this torque a radial line at the free end of the shaft twists through an angle ,pointAmovestoB,andAB
subtendsanangle'atthefixedend.Thisisthentheangleofdistortionoftheshafti.etheshearstrain.

Sinceangleinradius=arc/Radius

arcAB=R

=L[sinceLandalsoconstitutethearcAB]

Thus,=R/L(1)

FromthedefinitionofModulusofrigidityorModulusofelasticityinshear

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Stresses:Letusconsiderasmallstripofradiusrandthicknessdrwhichissubjectedtoshearstress'.

Theforcesetuponeachelement

=stressxarea

='x2rdr(approximately)

Thisforcewillproduceamomentortorqueaboutthecenteraxisoftheshaft.

='.2rdr.r

=2'.r2 .dr

ThetotaltorqueTonthesection,willbethesumofallthecontributions.

Since'isafunctionofr,becauseitvarieswithradiussowritingdown'intermsofrfromtheequation(1).

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Where

T=appliedexternalTorque,whichisconstantoverLengthL

J=PolarmomentofInertia

[D=Outsidediameterd=insidediameter]

G=Modulesofrigidity(orModulusofelasticityinshear)

=ItistheangleoftwistinradiansonalengthL.

TensionalStiffness:Thetensionalstiffnesskisdefinedasthetorqueperradiustwist

i.e,k=T/=GJ/L

PowerTransmittedbyashaft:IfTistheappliedTorqueandistheangularvelocityoftheshaft,thenthepower
transmittedbytheshaftis

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