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    SAT ACT Logarithms

    Uploaded by

    Yb Andik Adi Cahyono
    The document defines logarithms and provides examples of calculating logarithms. It states that the logarithm of a number to a base is the exponent to which the base must be raised to equal the number. It gives examples such as log5 125 = 3 since 53 = 125. It also discusses laws of logarithms derived from exponent laws and provides illustrative problems with solutions for calculating logarithms.

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    SAT ACT Logarithms

    Uploaded by

    Yb Andik Adi Cahyono
    639 views7 pages
    The document defines logarithms and provides examples of calculating logarithms. It states that the logarithm of a number to a base is the exponent to which the base must be raised to equal the number. It gives examples such as log5 125 = 3 since 53 = 125. It also discusses laws of logarithms derived from exponent laws and provides illustrative problems with solutions for calculating logarithms.

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    The document defines logarithms and provides examples of calculating logarithms. It states that the logarithm of a number to a base is the exponent to which the base must be raised to equal the number. It gives examples such as log5 125 = 3 since 53 = 125. It also discusses laws of logarithms derived from exponent laws and provides illustrative problems with solutions for calculating logarithms.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    639 views7 pages

    SAT ACT Logarithms

    Uploaded by

    Yb Andik Adi Cahyono
    The document defines logarithms and provides examples of calculating logarithms. It states that the logarithm of a number to a base is the exponent to which the base must be raised to equal the number. It gives examples such as log5 125 = 3 since 53 = 125. It also discusses laws of logarithms derived from exponent laws and provides illustrative problems with solutions for calculating logarithms.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 7
    At a glance
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    The key takeaways from the passage are the definition of logarithms, the laws of logarithms, and examples of solving logarithmic equations.

    The laws of logarithms are: 1) logb 1= 0, 2) logb b = 1, 3) logb x + logb y = logb (xy), 4) logb x – logb y = logb ( x x���), and 5) logb xk = k ∙ logb x.

    The inverse function of y=bx is y = logb x. This function is defined only for positive values of x.

    Logarithms

    Definition: The logarithm of a number to a given base is the exponent to


    which this base must be raised to yield the given number.
    logb N = x is equivalent to bx = N.
    For example, the equality 53 = 125 may be written log5 125 = 3.

    For computational purposes we usually use 10 as the base; if we write


    log n, the base 10 is understood. Logarithms to base 10 are called
    common logarithms.

    The function inverse to the function y = bx, b > 0, b 1 is y = logb x.


    This function is defined only for positive values of x.

    The laws of logarithms are derived from the laws of exponents. They are
    listed below.

    1. logb 1= 0, b > 0, b 1.

    2. logb b = 1, b > 0, b 1.

    3. logb x + logb y = logb (xy), x > 0, y > 0, b > 0, b 1.


    4. logb x logb y = logb ( ), x > 0, y > 0, b > 0, b 1

    5. logb xk = k logb x, x > 0, b > 0, b 1


    Although common logarithms are generally used for computation,
    logarithms to base e are used in more advanced work, particularly in
    calculus. The constant e = 2.7183 is an irrational number and is
    significant in the study of organic growth and decay. The function y = ex
    is usually called the exponential function.

    Illustrative Problems

    Example Find the value of log4 64.


    Solution log4 64 = 3, since 43 = 64.

    Example Which of the following values of x that satisfy log 64 = 2?


    A2 B4 C6 D8 E 10
    Solution (D)
    log 64 = 2, 2 = 64, x = 8

    Example Which of the following values of x that satisfy log 3 27 = ?


    A2 B3 C4 D5 E6
    Solution (B)
    log 3 27 = , 3 = 27, x = 3
    Example If log 63.8 = 1.8048, what is log 6.38?
    Solution
    63.8
    log 6.38 = log = log 63.8 log 10
    10
    = 1.8048 1
    = 0.8048.

    Example If log 2 = a and log 3 = b, express log 12 in terms of a and b.


    Solution
    log 12 = log (3 22 ) = log 3 + log 22 = log 3 + 2log 2 = b + 2a.

    Example In the formula A = P (1 + r)n, express n in terms of A, P, and r.


    Solution

    (1 + r) n = log(1 + ) = log

    n log (1 + r) = log A log p


    log log
    n=
    log (1 + )

    Example If log t2 = 0.8762, log (100t) = ?


    Solution
    log t2 = 0.8762 2 log t = 0.8762 log t = 0.4381
    log (100t) = log 100 + log t = 2 + 0.4381 = 2.4381.
    Example If log tan x = 0, find the least positive value of x.

    Solution If log tan x = 0, then tan x = 1. Therefore, x = .
    4

    Example If loga 2 = x and loga 5 = y, express loga 40 in terms of x and y.


    Solution
    loga 40 = loga (23 5) = loga 23 + loga 5 = 3loga 2 + loga 5 = 3x + y.

    Example Find log3 33.


    3 2
    (A) 3 (B) 1 (C) (D) (E) none of these
    2 3
    Solution (C)
    3
    3
    log3 33 = log 3 3 = . 2
    2

    Example If log x = 1.5877 and log y = 2.8476, what is the numerical


    value of log( 3)?
    Solution
    log ( 3) = log + log 3
    1
    = log x + log
    3
    1
    = 1.5877 + (2.8476) = 2.5369.
    3

    Example The expression logb x = 1 + c is equivalent to


    (A) b1 + c = x
    (B) x1 + c = b
    (C) b + bc = x
    (D) x = (1 + c)b
    (E) b1 x = c
    Solution The correct answer is (A).
    log = 1 + c b1 + c = x.
    Example The expression log (2xy) is equivalent to
    (A) 2(log x + log y)
    (B) 2(log x) (log y)
    (C) 2log x + log y
    (D) log 2 + log x + log y
    (E) log x + 2log y

    Solution The correct answer is (D).


    log (2xy) = log 2 + log x + log y

    Example The diagram below represents the graph of which equation?


    (A) y = 2x (B) y = 102 (C) y = log 2 (D) y = log x (E) y = 10 log x

    Solution The correct answer is (C).


    y = log 2
    Example log3 92 is between what pair of consecutive integers?
    Solution
    log3 81 < log3 92 < log3 243 4 < log3 92 < log3 5
    x is between 4 and 5

    Example If P = K 10 xt, x equals

    Solution (D)

    P = K 10 xt 10 xt = log (10 ) = log ( )

    log log
    = log log =


    Example If logr 6 = S and logr 3 = T, log ( ) is equal to
    2
    1
    (A) log 2
    2
    (B) 1 S + T
    (C) 1 S T
    (D) logr 2 1
    (E) 1 + S + T

    Solution (B)
    6
    log ( ) = log log 2 = 1 log
    2 3

    = 1 (log 6 log 3)
    = 1 ( )
    = 1 + .

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