Measuring Water Content. 2: Qualitative Vs Quantitative Analysis
Measuring Water Content. 2: Qualitative Vs Quantitative Analysis
Measuring Water Content. 2: Qualitative Vs Quantitative Analysis
2
Qualitative vs Quantitative analysis.
The % of water in a sample can be determined by heating the sample at
110 degrees.
This is referred to as heating to constant mass.
Steps include:
1. Weigh a sample.
2. Heat the sample in an oven at 110 degrees.
3. Allow the sample to cool in a desiccator.
4. Reweigh.
5. Repeat step 2-4 until the mass at step 4 is constant.
Mole.
One mole is a standard amount of substance
The symbol for mole is n.
There are about 6.02x10^23 particles in one mole. (Avagadros number)
n = m/M or n = m/Mr
Gases.
Spread to fill the volume available.
Have low densities
Are easily compressed
Mix together rapidly
General gas equation = pV=nRT
Where R is 8.31 J K mol and T is in Kelvins.
Molar volume of a gas at STP is 22.4L mol and at SLC its at 24.5L mol
n = V/Vm
Calculations involving excess reactants.
You must determine which reactant is completely consumed in the
reaction (called the limiting reactant) and which one is present in excess.
The amount of limiting reactant determines how much product is formed.
Calculate both number of moles and compare with mole ratio in mind.
Finding the composition of a mixture.
The mass of the precipitate formed in a precipitation reaction can be used
to determine the purity or composition of some substances. The solid
precipitate is heated to constant mass to ensure that it is dry.
The composition of a mixture, the purity of a compound and empirical
formula can be determined by gravimetric analysis.
Gravimetric analysis makes use of chemical ideas such as the mole
concept, general gas equation and the degree of solubility of precipitates.
Volumetric analysis. 3
Concentration is the measure of the amount of solute in a specified
volume of solvent.
Expressed in molarity
Concentration = amount of solute, in mol / volume of solution, in L
C = n/V
Standard solutions.
A solution with an accurately known concentration is called a standard
solution.
Substances that are so pure that the amount of substance, in mole, can be
calculated accurately from their masses are called primary solutions.
Volumetric analysis.
VA involves reacting a measured volume of a standard solution with a
measured volume of the solution of unknown concentration.
They are mixed until they have reacted completely, this is known as
titration.
The step of an acid-base titration include:
1. a known volume of one of the solutions is measure using a pipette and
transferred to a conical flask. The volume measure out the pipette is
called an aliquot.
2. The other solution is dispensed slowly into the titration flask from a
burette
3. The equivalence point is the point during the titration when the
solutions have been mixed in the mole ratio shown by the reaction
equation. The volume of solution delivered by the burette is known as
the titre.
4. To minimize errors, the titration is repeated several times and the
average titre is found.
The eq point is reached when the reactants have been mixed in the mole
ratio given by the equation.
Identifying the equivalence point.
An indicator must be added to the reaction mixture to detect the
equivalence point if the solutions are colourless (often the case).
The indicator must be chosen carefully to ensure the point during the
titration at which the indicator changes colour, the end point, closely
matches the equivalence point.
pH levels determine which indicator to use.
To minimize the effects of errors, titrations are repeated several times
and the results are averaged out.
pH. 4.2
The concentration of H3O+ ions in a solution is referred to as the
solutions acidity.
The pH scale is measured through logarithms
The definition of pH is =-log [H3O+]
Where [H3O+] is the C of H3O+ ions measured in mol L
Neutral solutions have a pH= 7 at 25 degrees
Acidic solutions have a pH<7
Basic solutions have a pH>7
Indicators 4.3
An indicator is used during acid-base titration to identify the equivalence
point of the reaction.
An acid-base indicator is a substance whose colour depends on the
concentration of H3O+ ions in solution.
Indicators are weak acids with their acid being one colour and their
conjugates base another.
The indicator must be chosen carefully to ensure that the point during the
titration where the indicator changes colour, the end point, closely
matches the equivalence point of the reaction.
Common indicators have a pH of 3-11
Back titration 4.4
Some acids and bases are so weak that they do not produce a sharp colour
change at the end point of a titration.
A technique known as back titration is used to overcome this problem.
The procedure has to parts:
1. If the substance to be analysed acts as a weak acid, it is mixed with an
excess of strong base. The original amount of strong base is known.. all
of the weak acid reacts in stoichiometric proportions, leaving some of
the strong base unused.
2. The unused strong base is titrated as normal with a standard solution
of a strong acid. Knowing the original amount of strong base and the
amount of strong base left unused, it is possible to work back to find
the amount of weak acid present.
The same procedure can be used to determine the concentration of a
weak base by adding an excess of a strong acid.
Analysing oxidants and reductants. 5
5.1 What is a redox reaction?
Redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons from on chemical to
another.
These reactions can be considered into two parts:
1. One of the reactants loses electrons oxidation
2. One of the reactants gains electrons reduction
Oxidation and reduction occurs simultaneously.
Mg Mg2+ + 2e- OXIDATION AS ELECTRONS ARE LOST
O2 + 4e- 2O- REDUCTION AS ELECTRONS ARE GAINED
Overall equation;
Step 1: balance the elections.
Step 2: Add left hand side and cancel out electrons.
Step 3: Add up the products.