Design of Electronic Control Unit (ECU)

for Automobiles -
Electronic Engine Management system

M. Tech. Project first stage report (EE 696)

(Design Requirements, analysis and Proposed ideas
for design of Electronic Engine Management ECU)

by

Vineet P. Aras
(Roll No. 03307411)

under the guidance of

Prof. Kavi Arya
Prof. Dinesh Sharma

Department of Electrical Engineering

Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
July 2004

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 Acknowledgement

I express my gratitude to my guides, Prof. Kavi Arya and Prof. Dinesh Sharma,
for their invaluable help, guidance and motivation, which effectively contributed in
successful completion of the first stage of this project. The regular meetings and
discussions with Prof. Kavi Arya helped a lot in carrying out a focused work. They were
instrumental in providing technical, moral and administrative support. It is a privilege to
work under their guidance. I also thank other professors including Prof Shashikanth
Suryanarayanan, for their cooperation extended.

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 Abstract

This report presents a detailed explanation of the Design requirements of Electronic

control Unit (ECU) for Engine Management. Due to the regulations demanding lower
emissions, together with the need for better performance, fuel economy, continuous
diagnosis, Electronic systems form an inevitable part of Engine management. A systems
design approach has been used to break down the whole Engine management into three
main categories, namely Electronic Charging, Alternator, and Engine starting system;
Electronic Ignition system; Electronic Fuel system. Design requirements of each of these
sections of engine management are explained thoroughly. The electronic starter is used to
start the engine. Once started, appropriate air-fuel mixture quantity is injected into the
cylinder through proper electronic control, which depend on various factors like engine
speed, load, temperature, battery voltage, throttle position. Additionally, the electronic
ignition system should provide the spark to ignite the air-fuel vapour with proper timing
depending on speed, load, temperature etc. Moreover, the exhaust emissions should be
kept at check and the fuel consumption should be minimum. Through out the report a
designers approach has been used by proposing self designed circuits, block diagrams
and flowcharts, which would form the basis for design. Towards the end of the report, the
actual design process of the ECU is started by designing the Input / Output circuit for
Electronic Engine Management, which would be the basis for designing the actual
electronic system in the next stages of this project.

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 CONTENTS

1 INTRODUCTION 6
1.1 Electronic Systems Design approach ..6

2 ELECTRONIC CHARGING, ALTERNATOR AND

ENGINE STARTING SYSTEM 9
2.1 Battery..9
2.2 Electronic Charging circuit and system ...9
2.3 Electronic Engine Starting circuit and system ..11

3 ELECTRONIC IGNITION SYSTEMS DESIGN REQUIREMENTS 15

3.1 Basic terms and types of Ignition systems 15
3.2 Proposed Block diagram and Design requirements of
Electronically programmed and distributed ignition system.17
3.2.1 Ignition switch ...18
3.2.2 Ignition or Spark generation - Inductive / Capacitor Discharge type.18
3.2.3 Electronic Voltage Regulator.19
3.2.4 Pulse Generator Crankshaft / Hall effect / optical type...19
3.2.5 Pulse Shaping circuit..20
3.2.6 Electronic Dwell control - Constant / Open loop /
Constant Energy closed loop type.20
3.2.7 Electronics Spark Advance (ESA) timing control- speed, load,
temperature, knock, idle, phase, anti-jerk and warm-up conditions..22
3.2.8 Analog and Digital Electronics Hardware and Proposed Flow Chart...24
3.2.9 Driving and output Switching...26
3.2.10 Electronic Distribution - Distributorless / Direct Ignition type.26
3.2.11 Spark Plug and High Voltage cables.27

4 ELECTRONIC FUEL SYSTEMS DESIGN REQUIREMENTS 28

4.1 Air-fuel mixture and Exhaust Emissions...28
4.2 Electronic fuel systems Design requirements..29
4.2.1 Main relay operation..30

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 4.2.2 Air mass flow measurement Flap / Hot wire type...30
4.2.3 Engine speed measurement Idle, Overrun and Overspeed conditions30
4.2.4 Temperature Measurements Engine, Fuel (Hot start) and Air31
4.2.5 Throttle position measurement
Idle, Accelerate, Decelerate and Full load conditions32
4.2.6 Exhaust gas oxygen (EGO) measurement
Closed loop Lambda control and Catalytic converter ...33
4.2.7 Battery Voltage correction34
4.2.8 Idle or fast idle control idle air control motor actuator..34
4.2.9 Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR)..34
4.2.10 Fuel supply tank, pump, pressure regulator and tank emissions35
4.2.11 Fuel Injection Simultaneous / Sequential /
Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI)36
4.2.12 Calculation of basic Injection time - Air flow / Speed - density method..40
4.2.13 Proposed Electronic Fuel Injection system Flow Chart ...40
4.2.14 Other fuel injections DMI / Diesel / alternative fuels42

5 ELECTRONIC ENGINE MANAGEMENT ECU WITH

ON-BOARD DIAGNOSTICS - DESIGN PROCESS STARTED 43
5.1 Proposed Engine Management ECUs Input / Output circuit diagram..43
5.2 On Board Diagnostics (OBD)45
5.3 Designed and tested EGO Lambda Control ADC circuit module.46

6 CONCLUSIONS AND WORK AHEAD......... 48

REFERENCES.50

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 Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION

Since the electronics explosion in the automotive field, electronic solutions have proven
to be reliable over time and have enabled to solve problems otherwise unsolvable. The
electronics in todays vehicles have made the transition from simple components to
complex semiconductor chips, incorporating in the process the interfacing capability of
analog electronics, and proven reliability and flexibility of digital electronics. The content
and complexity of electronics for circuit design, processing, power control sensing, signal
conditioning and transient suppression are destined to increase even more in future
vehicles.

Automobile electronic systems can be broken down into four main categories Powertrain
Drive consisting of electronic engine management, electronic transmission, electronic
networks; Safety systems such as Antilock Brake systems, air bag triggering, antitheft,
suspension, steering, skid systems; Comfort body systems such as Air conditioner, seat
adjusting, dashboard displays; Communication systems such as Global positioning
system, radio reception, information systems. Each of these systems requires Electronic
Control Unit (ECU) for efficient performance.

Electronic Engine Management is the science of electronically equipping, controlling

and calibrating an engine to maintain top performance and fuel economy while achieving
cleanest possible exhaust stream, and continuously diagnosing system faults. Due to the
requirement of lower emissions, together with the need for better performance, Electronic
systems form an important part of Engine management [1].

1.1 The Electronic Systems design approach

Electronic Systems can be defined as a group of electronic and electrical devices working
to perform a specific task, with optimum and efficient results. The steps in the design of
an Electronic System are surveying the Design Requirements, Analysis and
Conceptualization of design i.e. proposing ideas for design, followed by actual design
based on the proposed ideas, verification, implementation and testing. In the I stage of

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this project, the Design Requirements, Analysis and proposing ideas for design have been
completed. And the actual design has also started.

Fig.1. Steps in the design of an Electronic system

The Electronic Systems design approach at the earliest stages will provide reduced design
cycle time and cost-performance optimization to enable Electronically operated vehicles
[7]. In this approach an Electronic system is broken into parts for ease of design. System
boundaries may or may not overlap. Thus the Engine management ECU can be thought as
an electronic system comprising of the following sections.

(1) Electronic Charging, Alternator, and Engine starting system

(2) Electronic Ignition system
(3) Electronic Fuel system

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The design would incorporate both analog and digital design. The main processing and
controlling would be done using microcontroller technology that improves reliability,
efficiency, accuracy and control. There would be other interfacing circuits for both analog
and digital hardware. Thus after the design of Engine management ECU, this single
Printed Circuit Board (PCB) when connected to the required sensors and actuators would
be used as engine starter, ignition and fuel system to provide optimum and efficient
Electronic engine management.

Through out the report a designers approach has been used by proposing self designed
circuits, block diagrams and flowcharts, which would be the basis for design of the
electronic system in the next stages. In Chapter 2, the electronic charging, alternator and
engine starting has been discussed. Chapter 3 defines the design requirements for the
Electronic Ignition system. In Chapter 4, requirements for design of the Electronic Fuel
system are explained. In Chapter 5 the actual design process of Electronic Engine
management is started by designing the ECU Input / output circuit. Summery and work
needed to be done in further stages is discussed in the last section.

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 Chapter 2
ELECTRONIC CHARGING, ALTERNATOR AND
ENGINE STARTING SYSTEM

2.1 Battery

The vehicle battery is used as a source of energy when the engine, and hence the
alternator is not running. It is a power storage device required to operate the engine starter
motor.

Types of batteries are lead-acid, alkaline, ZEBRA, Ultra-capacitors, cells, sodium sulphur,
swing batteries. The lead-acid batteries have been the most suitable choice. Some of
battery ratings are in Ampere hour (AH) capacity, Reserve capacity, cold cranking
capacity. Some characteristics are internal resistance, efficiency and self-discharge. The
nominal 12V battery consists of six 2V cells connected in series [2].

2.2 Electronic Charging circuit and system

The charging is done by the alternator of the vehicle, which produces voltage when
engine is running, supplied to battery and loads. When engine is not running current flows
from battery to loads. The state of charge should not fall below 70 %, to prevent difficult
recharging. Constant voltage charging is done where the charger is at a constant level and
the state of charge will determine how much current flows. Typically 14.2 + 0.2 V is
accepted constant voltage for 12 V batteries. In boost charging, the battery temperature
should not exceed 43oC [6].

The alternator is a generator producing 3-phase AC voltage when the electromagnetic

rotor (initially magnetized by battery when start relay switch closed by starting system)
rotates between the three stator windings connected in Star (or Delta). The frequency is
f = pn / 60, where p = number of poles, n = alternator speed rev/min.

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 Fig.2. Electronic Charging and Engine Starting circuit diagram

There could be third harmonic(3f) at the neutral point. There is a fixed drive ratio of
alternator speed to engine speed determined from maximum allowable alternator speed to
maximum allowable engine speed, sometimes 3:1.

This AC is rectified by a 3-phase full wave diode bridge rectifier circuit, to produce DC
used for charging the battery and running electronic circuits. Charge warning light bulb
indicates charging in progress. This charge warning light is extinguished when the battery
charges to the alternator DC voltage, as equipotential.

Additional three diodes along with negative diodes form another 3-phase full wave diode
bridge rectifier circuit, which produce DC voltage used for rotor electromagnetization
(now battery not used for magnetization). Two extra diodes are employed to remove third
harmonic.

Overvoltage protection can be provided by a zener diode across the field winding will
prevent voltage from exceeding limit (20V)

Voltage Regulator IC is used to obtain constant voltage irrespective of changes in load,

supply, temperature and also have overload and overvoltage protections.

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Charging system demands and solutions
The loads on the alternator can be classified as continuous, prolonged and intermittent,
which keep increasing, thus increasing the power supply demand of the alternator. Iron
losses, copper losses and mechanical friction lead to inefficiency. There are various
solutions for the high power demand [8].

Larger alternator is the easiest, or alternators with higher maximum speed, thus allowing
greater drive ratio.

Power management technique is used wherein certain loads like headlights, fog lights are
switched off when vehicle not moving [19].

Two-speed drive technique, which uses a drive ratio of 5:1 for engine speeds under 1200
rev/min and 2.5 at higher speeds [4].

Increase Idle speed but this increases fuel consumption and emissions.

Dual power supply technique is used wherein, each of two 12 V supplies are used for
smaller loads, while both 12 V, i.e. 24 V is used for heavier loads [18].

Water-cooled and Integrated alternators / starters called dynastart are also being used.

2.3 Electronic Engine Starting circuit and system

In order to start the engine a minimum starting speed (typically about 100 rev/min) should
be achieved. This is achieved with the help of an engine starter. Once this is achieved the
engine would use the combustible mixture, compression stroke and ignition to continue
running. The starting torque should be more than the engine torque at the time of starting.
As the speed increases, and after the cranking speed, the engine torque takes over, and the
starter is disengaged mechanically. The cranking speed decreases with increase in
temperature [5].

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 Fig.3. Starting, engine torque and Starter Motor Characteristics [4]

A typical cranking current of 150A to 500A is required to provide the initial stalled
torque. In a motor, when current is passed through the armature coil rotor (typically wave
wound) placed in magnetic field stator (typically four-pole four-brush), a force is created
acting on rotor coils, causing it to rotate. A series wound DC motor, wherein the field
winding (electromagnet) is in series with the armature, is used for starting, because it has
a high initial torque (produced due to high current, low resistance and no back EMF),
which is required to overcome the stall torque. Sometime, shunt wound, compound
wound or permanent magnet DC motors can also be used [1].

Different types of starters are used like Inertia, Pre-engaged, Permanent magnet (small
size) starters. Owing to the very high speeds at no load (0A), there is possibility of
damage. Maximum power is at mid range speed and maximum torque at zero speed.
Stall torque T = BilrZ, where, B = magnetic field in Wb/m2, I = Current (V- EMF)/R, l =
length of conductor in field in m, r = armature radius in m, Z = number of armature
conductors [2].

Power consumed P = Torque x angular velocity. Typical efficiency is 60 %.

The starter motor is the main load on the battery, thus to prevent power loss heavy
conductors are used, with less voltage drop.

Electronic engine starting circuit diagram

The circuit diagram is same as shown in the charging system. When the starter relay
switch closes, the hold-on and pull-in windings of the relay are energized. The current

12
through pull-in winding flows through the starter motor, which slowly engages itself with
the engine, and at same, time the main contact to the starter motor closes. Thus the motor
is now supplied by battery voltage, thus rotating and starting the engine. The pull in
winding switches off as equipotential. When the engine starts and start relay switch is
released, the main contact opens and starter motor stops rotating and the starter is
disengaged from engine. This is the control circuit for the start relay switch.

Fig.5. Circuit for controlling the start relay switch (used by Ford Motor Company Ltd) [8]

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The start relay switch (i.e. the starter) turns on only when the Ignition switch is at the start
position and either the Automatic transmission switch is at Park, Neutral position or the
Clutch pedal switch is at depressed position. Only under the above conditions will the
relay coil activating the start relay switch is connected to earth through the Electronic
transistorized Power control module (PCM). To prevent start operation when engine is on,
the PCM does not complete the earth path.

ECU controlled starter will have features such as starter torque evaluated in real time to
tell the precise instant of starting, so as to shut starter off after cranking speed, so as to
reduce unnecessary wear and tear. The ECU will provide thermal and short circuit
protection.

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 Chapter 3
ELECTRONIC IGNITION SYSTEMS DESIGN
REQUIREMENTS

Here it has been tried to propose a block diagram (which would be the basis on which the
electronic circuit would be designed) and flow chart, and hence the requirements, for the
design of Ignition system section of Engine Management ECU. The fundamental purpose
of ignition systems is to supply a spark inside the cylinder , near the end of the
compression stroke to ignite the compressed charge of air- fuel vapour.

3.1 Basic terms and types of Ignition systems

Following are the four main factors considered for broadly classifying types of Ignition
systems.

Ignition coil and generation of High Tension (HT)

For a spark to jump across an air gap of 0.6 mm in an engine cylinder under compression,
a voltage of 2 to 3 kV is required. For higher compression ratios and weaker mixtures,
voltage up to 20 kV or even 40 kV is required. Thus the ignition system has to transform
the normal battery voltage of 12 V to approximately 8 to 20 kV and in addition, has to
deliver this high voltage to the right cylinder at the right time. By transformer action,
primary winding of a coil is switched on and off causing a high voltage to be induced in
the secondary winding with more number of turns than the primary coil. The value of this
mutually induced voltage depends on the primary current, turns ratio and rate of change
of magnetism [4].

Advance angle (timing)

The ignition timing (or the time at which the spark occurs) has a significant effect on fuel
consumption, torque, drivability and exhaust emissions. For optimum efficiency the
ignition advance angle should be such as to cause the maximum combustion pressure to
occur just after the Top Dead Centre (TDC) i.e. when the engine piston is at maximum
compression point [2]. The graph shows the effect of timing changes on emissions,

15
performance and consumption. The quality of the spark determines its ability to ignite the
mixture. The stronger the spark, the less the likelihood of a misfire, which can cause
massive increase in production of hydrocarbons. It is clear from the graph that a
compromise on fuel consumption and emissions has to be done while choosing the
advance timing. The ideal ignition timing is dependent on factors to be discussed later.

Fig.6. Effect of changes in ignition timing.

Dwell
The energy storage takes place in the ignition coil in the form of magnetic field. The
charge on the coil before ignition point depend on dwell period. Ignition spark occurs is at
the end of dwell period. The term dwell is a measure of the tike during which the ignition
coil is charging i.e. the primary current is flowing. It is often expressed as a percentage of
one charge discharge cycle.

Distribution
Directs the spark from the secondary coil to each cylinder in a pre-set sequence. In a 4
stroke 4 cylinder engine, it will distribute four sparks, one to each cylinder in two
revolutions.

Thus depending on these factors the ignition system can be broadly classified as

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 Type Conventional Electronic Electronically Electronically
Programmed Programmed
Electronically
Distributed
Inductive / Inductive / Inductive /
Ignition Inductive
Capacitive Capacitive Capacitive
Dwell control Mechanical Electronic Electronic Electronic
Advance
Mechanical Mechanical Electronic Electronic
control
Distribution Mechanical Mechanical Mechanical Electronic

3.2 Proposed Block diagram and Design requirements of

Electronically programmed and distributed ignition system

For obtaining the design requirements of ECU Engine Management, we will consider
the Electronically Programmed and Distributed Ignition systems. The following is the
proposed block diagram for designing the Ignition system part of the Engine Management
ECU. This diagram would be the basis on which the electronic circuit would be designed.

Fig.7. Proposed Block diagram of Electronically Programmed and Distributed Ignition

System

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3.2.1 Ignition switch

Provides driver control of the ignition system and is also used for starting the engine in
starting phase.

3.2.2 Ignition or Spark generation - Inductive / Capacitor Discharge

type

Types of spark generation

1. Inductive Charging of Ignition coil

The ignition coil stores energy in the form of magnetism. Te instantaneous value of
primary current is given by
i = V (1 e Rt/L)
R
Where i = instantaneous primary current, R= total primary resistance, L= inductance of
primary winding, t = instantaneous time.

The energy stored in the magnetic field of the ignition coil is given by
E = 1 (L x i2)
2
where E = energy, L= inductance of primary winding, I = instantaneous primary current.

The rate of increase of primary current determines the value of current when the circuit is
broken in order to produce the collapse of the magnetic field, thereby producing a high
voltage spike at the secondary.

2. Capacitor discharge ignition (CDI)

The CDI works by first stepping up the battery voltage to about 400 V DC, using an DC
to AC converter (oscillator), amplifying it with a transformer, followed by a rectifier to
obtain high voltage DC. This high voltage charges the capacitor, which is discharged at
the point of ignition through the primary coil by a thyristor, producing a high voltage
spike at the secondary. The disadvantage is that since the spark duration is short, it can
cause problems during starting, overcomed by multi-sparking [9].

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3.2.3 Electronic Voltage Regulator

This circuit is used to provide a constant voltage supply to the ECU irrespective of the
changes in the supply and load, so as to provide accurate ignition control.

3.2.4 Pulse Generator Crankshaft / Hall effect / optical type

A pulse generator is used to provide the timing signal in correspondence to the speed and
position of the engine, so as to accurately control the turning on and off of the primary
coil, thereby providing spark at the desired time. Types of Pulse generators are

1. Inductive pulse generator (Engine speed and position crankshaft sensor)

This device consists of a magnet, a winding and a soft iron core. It is mounted in
proximity to the reluctor disc, which has 34 teeth, spaced 10o intervals around the
periphery of the disc as shown in the block diagram. It has two missing teeth , 180o apart
at known positions before TDC and BTDC. As a tooth from the reluctor coupled with the
engine passes the core of the sensor, it induces a voltage in the winding, the frequency of
the waveform being proportional to the engine speed. The missing tooth causes a no pulse
at those positions, so that the ECU can determine the engine positions.

Fig.8. Typical inductive pulse generator (Engine speed and position crankshaft sensor)
output [10]

2. Hall effect pulse generator

The principle of working of a Hall effect transducer is tat if a strip of conducting material
carries a current in the presence of a transverse magnetic field, a difference of potential is
produced between the opposite edges of the conductor.

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EH = KH IB/t , where KH = Hall effect coefficient; Vm3/Awb, I = current, B = magnetic
field, t = thickness of hall strip

As the engine rotates, the vanes attached under the rotor arm alternately covers and
uncovers the hall chip. Thus the chip produces almost a square wave output (0 to 7 V),
which can easily be used to switch further electronic circuits.

Fig.9. Hall effect pulse output [10]

3. Optical pulse generator

This involves a focused beam of light from an LED and sensed by a phototransistor. The
rotating vane coupled with the engine interrupts the light, thereby forming a square wave
output

3.2.5 Pulse Shaping circuit

A circuit within the ECU ( Schmitt trigger) converts the pulse generator signal into a pure
square wave.

3.2.6 Electronic Dwell control - Constant / Open loop / Constant

Energy closed loop type

Types of Dwell control

1. Constant Dwell systems

In this type, the dwell percentage or dwell angle (ratio of the time for which the primary
is on to the time for which it is off) remains constant. Now as engine speed increases, the

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actual on and off times reduce, thus the time available to charge the coil reduces, thereby
producing a lower power spark.

2. Open loop Dwell control

In this type the dwell increases with engine speed. This will only be benefit, if the ignition
coil can charge up to its full capacity in very short time. This figure shows the circuit
diagram of a transistorized ignition module.

Fig.10. Circuit diagram of a transistorized ignition ECU module [9]

Diode D1 acts a reverse polarity protection. The first part is a voltage stabilizer. Zener
diode ZD1 provides a constant known voltage for the rest of the circuit. The pulse
generator output is given as the trigger input to the Schmitt Trigger pulse shaping circuit.
The diode D4, Transistors T1 and T2 act as a Schmitt trigger providing a square wave at
the collector of T2 with pulse position and frequency same as the pulse generated input,
thus providing information of the position and speed of the engine. When T2 is off,
capacitor C5 charges via R9 and T3. At low engine speed the capacitor has sufficient time
to charge. T3, T4, T5, T6 turn on, so is the ignition coil. T5, T6 is a Darlington pair output
switching stage. At ignition point, T2 switches on, and C5 discharges and ignition coil is

21
switched off suddenly thereby inducing a spike at secondary. As engine speed increases,
the charge time available for C5 decreases, thus reaching a lower voltage and discharging
quickly, thus increasing dwell. ZD4 and D6 protect against back EMF of coil.

3. Constant energy Closed loop system

This is the type shown in the block diagram. Constant energy means that, within limits,
the energy available to the spark plug remains constant under all operating conditions.

Stationary engine primary cut-off

Due to the high-energy nature of constant energy ignition coils, the coil cannot be
allowed to remain switched on for more than a certain time, as when the ignition is
switched on but the engine is not running. This is known as Stationary engine primary
current cut-off achieved by a timer. The sensing of current causes the feedback [14].

Current limiting
A very low resistance, high power precision resistor is connected in series with the power
transistor and primary of ignition coil, that causes the output stage to hold the primary
current at a constant value after the current exceeds as preset value.

Battery voltage correction

Correction to dwell settings, stored in the memory, is required if battery voltage falls, as
larger dwell is required. A three dimensional graph of the dwell against speed (for
constant energy output) and battery voltage is stored.

3.2.7 Electronics Spark Advance (ESA) timing control - speed, load,

temperature, knock, idle, phase, anti-jerk, warm-up conditions

The problems of mechanical centrifugal advance and vacuum advance are overcome by
using Digital electronics programmed timing advance. The ideal ignition timing to ensure
maximum pressure in the cylinder just after TDC, depend on two main factors, engine
speed and engine load followed by many other corrections.

Engine speed and position

At higher engine speeds the time taken for the piston to travel the same distance (i.e. point
of ignition) reduces. Advancing the time of the spark ensures full burning is achieved.
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Similarly at lower speeds spark timing is retarded. The ECU uses the pulse generator
(crankshaft sensor) to obtain engine speed and position inputs

Engine load measurement manifold absolute pressure (MAP) sensor

Weaker mixture is used on low load conditions, which burn at slower rate and requires
further ignition advance. Similarly for lower loads, richer mixtures, retardation is required
as the mixture burns rapidly. Engine load is proportional to manifold absolute pressure.
Thus Load / Pressure sensor connected to the ECU, is a silicon diaphragm with
piezoresistors connected in a Wheatstone Bridge and filter arrangement, to sense pressure.
A lot of information is held in the ROM. The basic timing three-dimensional graph
consists of the correct ignition advance for 16 engine speeds and 16 engine load
conditions.

Engine temperature measurement coolant sensor

Coolant temperature measurement is carried out by a thermistor, which is also used by the
Electronic fuel system. Timing may be retarded when the engine is cold to assist in more
rapid warm up. A three dimensional graph is used that has 8 speed and 8 temperature to
the timing settings.

Detonation detection knock sensor

Detonation is caused due to the pressure wave traveling at high velocity causing impact
on the cylinder walls setting them into vibration or ringing knock [8]. These knock are
sensed by the knock sensor, which generate piezoelectric voltage when the seismic mass
vibrates. The resonant frequency is given as
F = 1/(2)(k/m)1/2, where f = frequency, k = spring constant, m = seismic mass

The vehicle knock sensor has a frequency response of 15 kHz and a sensitivity of 20
mV/g. The engine will run at its most efficient when the timing is advanced as far as
possible, but just below the knock range. To achieve this, the ECU responds to signals
from the knock sensor (accelerometer) in the engines knock window for each cylinder, i.e.
just a few degrees each side of TDC. This signal is filtered and integrated to remove
unwanted noise. The sensor is tuned at 5 to 10 kHz. The resonant frequency of the sensor
is 25 kHz. This signal is compared with the knock range data stored in memory. If
detonation is detected, the timing is retarded on the fourth ignition pulse after detection in

23
steps until engine comes out of knock range. The timing is then advanced slowly in steps
of 1o. until the maximum advance required is restored.

Fig.11. Knock range and Timing variation in response to knock

Idle condition throttle sensor

The throttle input is also used to determine timing, under idle conditions. It is a
potentiometer type of sensor, providing varied voltage corresponding to position of the
throttle / wiper. At idle, the throttle is at one end. Ignition timing is moved very quickly to
vary idle speed [20].

Phase correction phase sensor

Phase correction is when the ECU adjusts the timing to take into account the time taken
for the HT pulse to reach spark plugs.

Anti jerk function

This operates to correct the ignition timing in relation to the instantaneous engine seed
and asset filtered speed so as to stabilize the engine rotation

Warm up phase
The ignition timing is slightly retarded during warm up phase to hat the engine quickly

3.2.8 Analog and Digital Electronics Hardware and

Proposed Flow Chart

For the ECU, Digital Hardware design is used to obtain optimum results. Microcontroller
with on chip RAM, Flash EEPROM is used for control and calculation of various
parameters, along with other interfacing circuits for both analog and digital hardware.

24
Fig.12. Proposed Electronic Ignition system flow chart for ignition timing and dwell
calculations

25
Inputs from sensors are converted by ADC into digital signals used by the microcontroller
to calculate the ignition timing and dwell. Further corrections are added for temperature,
knock, battery etc. As soon as the missing pulse appears, after the ignition timing, the coil
is switched off. Similarly the dwell number is used to determine the switch on point.

3.2.9 Driving and output Switching

The problems of using the mechanical contact breakers is overcome by using an

electronic power transistor that turns the primary winding on and off to cause a high
voltage spike at the secondary . It uses a Darlington-type amplifier. Care must be taken
that the interference caused by switching does not cause problems within the ECU.

Fig.13. Primary circuit pattern [10]

3.2.10 Electronic Distribution - Distributorless / Direct Ignition type

Types of Electronic Distribution

1. Distributorless Ignition
In mechanical distributors, only one ignition coils secondary spike output is sequentially
distributed to each spark plug using High Tension distributor. Whereas in case of
electronic distributing or Distributorless Ignition systems (DIS), there is no distributor i.e.
the distribution is achieved by two double-ended coils, which are fired alternately by the
ECU [9]. When one coil is fired, a spark is delivered to two engines, either 1 and 4, or 2
and 3. The cylinder on compression stroke will ignite the mixture as normal, while the
other cylinder will have no effect called lost spark. The spark on one cylinder will jump
from earth electrode to spark plug center.

26
2. Direct Ignition
This system utilizes a coil for each cylinder. These coils are mounted on the spark plugs.
This voltage can exceed 400 kV, providing efficient combustion under cold start and
weak mixtures. CDI is sometimes used. Camshaft sensor is used to provide information
as to which cylinder is on compression. If no sensor is used, then the ECU fires all the
coils. Measuring current through each spark indicate which cylinder is on compression, as
burning mixture has lower resistance. In case of fuel flooding when engine cranks
excessively, the plugs are all fired with multisparks for some time with dwell period of 5
secs to burn excess fuel. During difficult starting, multisparking is used at 70o before
TDC.

3.2.11 Spark Plug and High Voltage cables

The spark plug must allow a spark to form within the combustion chamber, to initiate
burning. He spark jumps across the least path of resistance. The spark plug and cables
must withstand severe voltages, temperatures, vibrations, and chemical environment. A
method of accessing plug temperature is the thermocouple spark plug, which allows
accurate measurement of the temperature . Another method of ionic current measurement
is starting to be used as feedback to engine management systems for accurate electronic
control.

Fig.14. Secondary spark pattern four cylinders [10]

27
 Chapter 4
ELECTRONIC FUEL SYSTEMS DESIGN
REQUIREMENTS

Here it has been tried to propose a flowchart, a self-designed and tested lambda control
circuit module and hence the requirements, for the design of Electronic Fuel system
section of the Engine Management ECU. Due to the requirement of lower emissions,
together with the need for better performance, engine fuelling and exhaust emissions
control are an important part of Engine management.

4.1 Air-fuel mixture and Exhaust Emissions

Mixture strength and performance

Air-Fuel ratio (AFR) = Air mass (Am) / Fuel quantity (F)
The ideal stoichiometric air-fuel ratio by mass for complete fuel combustion is 14.7:1,
known as a lambda value () of 1. This figure is calculated by number of oxygen atoms
required to completely oxidize hydrocarbon atoms in fuel [16]. This mixture ratio
provides maximum power (12:1) and minimum consumption (16:1). The air-fuel ratio is
altered under certain operating conditions, discussed later, to improve performance,
consumptions and emissions.

Fig.15. Effect of varying air-fuel ratio on power output and fuel consumption [6]

28
Exhaust emissions
The burning of hydrocarbons in the presence of air, results in unwanted exhausts.

Fig.16. Composition of exhaust [4]

4.2 Electronic fuel systems Design requirements

Electronic control is being used for effectively controlling the air-fuel mixture and
exhaust emissions. The basic principle of fuel injection is that , at a constant differential
pressure, the amount of fuel injected should be directly proportional to the electronically
controlled injector open time.

Fig.17. Electronic Control Unit (ECU) - Engine Management (Electronic Ignition and
Fuel systems) with On-Board Diagnostics (OBD) [3]

29
4.2.1 Main relay operation

Here is a main relay controlled by the ECU to power on the injection system only when
ignition pulses are sensed.

4.2.2 Air mass flow measurement Flap / Hot wire type

Types of air flow measurement are

1. Flap type air flow sensor

The engine load is proportional to the quantity of air drawn by the engine. The air flow
sensor measures the flow of air passing through it that moves the flap wiper of the
embedded potentiometer [10]. To reduce the fluctuations a compensation flap is also
connected. Thus the output voltage is proportional to air quantity and engine load.

2. Hot wire air flow sensor

As air passes over a hot wire it tries to cool it. If a circuit is created such as to increase
the current through the wire in order to keep the temperature constant, the current is
proportional to the air flow. Another wire is incorporated for temperature compensation
used in bridge configuration. Heating the wire every time the engine is switched off
prevents wire from being dirty.

Fig.18. Air flow meter output [10]

4.2.3 Engine speed measurement

Idle, Overrun and Overspeed conditions

This sensor is the same as the pulse generator in the ignition system. The injection open
time is calculated from the three-dimensional look up graph of speed and load against
injection time or .

30
Idle speed
At idle position of throttle potentiometer, this speed is adjusted, by varying the bypass air
through the idle actuator.

Overrun fuel cut off

The injection is completely cut off when the engine is warm, throttle is closed and engine
speed above set level 6900 rev / min. If throttle is pressed or speed falls the fuel is
reinstated gradually for smooth take up.

Fig.19. Overrun fuel cut off and reinstatement

Overspeed fuel cut-off

Above a set excess speed, ECU cuts off the injectors, and reinstates once speed falls
below

4.2.4 Temperature Measurements Engine, Fuel (Hot start) and Air

1. Engine / Coolant Temperature measurement

A thermistor is used as stated in ignition systems. At cold engine temperature rich
mixture .i.e. more fuel is required.

31
2. Hot start enrichment - Fuel Temperature sensor
This is also a thermistor to inform the ECU about hot starting to counteract effects of fuel
evaporation, i.e. a short period of extra enrichment, which decays gradually to assist hot
start [11].

3. Air temperature measurements

An air temperature sensor is used to inform the ECU of the inlet air temperature . If this
temperature decreases, density increases and hence the quantity of fuel injected must be
increased.

4.2.5 Throttle position measurement

Idle, Accelerate, Decelerate and Full load conditions

This is a potentiometer type of sensor. At idle, the output should be 325mV and at full
load 4.8 V. Output voltage = supply (angle moved / total angle possible)

Idling phase
The idle position is detected from throttle position at idle. The air flow is adjusted by
adjusting the idle actuator to cause a very low idle speed. The fuel injection is also
adjusted.

Acceleration enrichment
When the ECU detects a rising voltage, pulse length is increased over a number of
ignitions to achieve a smooth response. The enrichment value is determined from coolant
temperature and pressure variations the inlet. The width is again reduced over a number
of ignitions. Acceleration enrichment doesnt occur if engine speed is above 5000 rev/
min or at idle [15].

Deceleration weakening
The ECU detects this condition from a falling throttle voltage and the pulse length is
shortened to reduce fuel consumption and exhaust emissions. If the ECU detects manifold
pressure is greater than 30 mbar, the mixture is weakened.

Full load enrichment

32
Fuel injection is increased to a maximum of AFR 1:1 for maximum power output, taking
care of knock.

4.2.6 Exhaust gas oxygen (EGO) measurement

Closed loop Lambda control and Catalytic converter

These sensors operate above 300oC. There is a zirconium dioxide in between two plates
one exposed to atmosphere with more oxygen, more electrons, thus negative and other
plate to exhaust gas with less oxygen, less electrons, thus positive. the zirconium dioxide
conducts oxygen ions proportional to AFR. Wide linear range lambda sensors are
available with AFR 12:1 to 24:1.

Fig.20. Closed loop lambda control and Effect of AFR on exhaust

These alterations should not be sudden or else engine would buck. So ECU has an
integrator which also has to take into account the delay (dead time) between mixture
formation to exhaust gas measurement due to engine speed, inlet mixture speed, exhaust
speed, sensor response time [19]. As engine speed increases this delay decreases. The
lambda control has to function so as to keep the mixture in the lambda window (0.97 to
1.03) in which the catalytic converter is most efficient, wherein the catalyst chemically
converts the pollutants into CO2, H2O and N2, thus reducing pollutants . A further
technique to reduce emissions during warm up phase is to use a small electrically heated
pre converter. A second sensor s fitted to ensure ideal operation. If the change has to be

33
maintained for a long period then new values are stored in memory. As a new
development, in cylinder catalysts result in better exhaust control.

4.2.7 Battery Voltage correction

Pulse length is increased if the voltage falls to compensate for slower reaction time of
injectors due to inductance coil in solenoid injector.

4.2.8 Idle or fast idle control idle air control motor actuator

Idle speed is a very low speed to prevent stalling and creeping to improve economy and
reduce emissions [12]. A bimetal or stepper motor actuators are used. The ECU controls
this actuator to control idle speed depending on idle sense fro m throttle sensor during
warm up period. The rotary action of the stepper motor controlled by the ECU digital
output, acts on a screw thread moving the valve linearly, progressively opening and
closing an aperture, thereby controlling the air bypassing the throttle valve. The air that it
allows is set by the open/ close ratio of the valve. Some calculations of stepper motor
control are
Step angle = 360/ steps per revolution
Step frequency = RPM x steps per revolution / 60
Angular velocity = Step frequency x 2 / steps per revolution

Adaptive idle control

In adaptive control, the lowest idle value is set depending on the engine temperature,
speed, load, altitude and engine drift during its life to reduce fuel consumption and
exhaust emissions [13].

4.2.9 Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR)

This technique is used to primarily reduce the production of NOx. EGR can be internal
due to valve overlap, or external via a simple arrangement of pipes and a valve controlled
by the ECU from data in ROM, to control the percentage of recirculation.

34
 Fig.21. Effect of EGR on emissions and fuel consumption. [12]

4.2.10 Fuel supply

tank, pump, pressure regulator and tank emissions

1. Fuel tank
The fuel tank has a swirl pot to ensure that the pick up pipe is covered in fuel at all times,
preventing air being drawn into the fuel lines.

2. Fuel pump and relay

Fuel is collected from the tank via a paper filter immersed in it or outside. The fuel pump
typically has resistance 0.8 ohms, voltage of 12 V, current of 10.5 A, delivery of 120
litres/ hour at 3 bar pressure. The fuel pump is controlled by the ECU via a fuel pump
relay. When the ignition is first switched on, the pump runs for a short time to ensure the
system, is a t correct pressure [16]. The pump will then only run when the engine is
cranked or is running. An inertia switch is usually located, which cuts the supply to the
fuel in case of a collision, to prevent fuel spillage.

3. Fuel pressure regulator

The differential pressure across the injectors should be constant for correct pulse width
control, typically at 3 bar. When the manifold pressure exceeds the preset value (of the
spring) a valve is opened and the excess fuel is returned to the tank.

4. Fuel tank emissions

The inputs from pipe pressure sensor, Isolating valve (controlled by ECU from pipe
pressure), emissions from fuel tank and differential pressure sensor cause activated

35
charcoal container to send charcoal to tank air bleed valve so as to control the emissions
from fuel tank.

5. Valve timing
The valve timing has considerable effect on exhaust emissions. The valve overlap tome
i.e. the time when the inlet valve opens and outlet valve closes determines the amount of
exhaust gas left in the cylinder when the exhaust valve finally closes. At higher speeds a
longer inlet open period increases the power developed. This causes a greater valve
overlap and at idle, increases the emissions [14]. Valve timing can be controlled
electronically by the data from the memory. Variable inlet tract is used to improve
efficiency. The secondary air pump and air valve send controlled air to exhaust output.

4.2.11 Fuel Injection Simultaneous / Sequential /

Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) type

The injector has a winding (16 ohms) which when energized, attracts the core and fuel is
delivered.
I = V/R (1 e-Rt/L), where I = instantaneous current, V = supply voltage, R = resistance, L
= inductance, t = time current is flowing

Fig.22. Solenoid- operated injection [15]

The fuel injection is controlled by controlling the solenoid on, off operation. Provided the
pressure across the injector is constant, the quantity of fuel injected is proportional to on
time.
Injection time = fuel quantity / rate of fuel injection(typical time is 1.5 to 10 ms)

36
Thus accurate fuel injection can be controlled by duty cycle on-off method. Air
Shrouding is used for improved dispersion of fuel. Current limiting is sometimes used to
prevent coil from damage [13].

Fig. 23 Injector signals [10]

Types of Injection are

1. Simultaneous Injection
Fuel injection could be single point or multipoint as shown.

Fig.24. Single point and Multi point Fuel Injection [3]

2. Sequential Injection
A sequential injection system injects fuel on the induction stroke of each cylinder in the
engine firing order, allowing an overall weaker charge.

37
 Fig.25. Comparison of Simultaneous Multi point and Sequential injection [3]

3. Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) and Lean burn Technology

When the AFR is above 14.7:1 by introducing more air, the combustion of such a mixture
is called lean burn. Fuel economy is maximized when the ratio is 20 to 22:1 range. If the
charge mixture can be inducted into the cylinder in such a way that at richer mixture is in
the proximity of the spark plug, then overall charge is much weaker called charge
stratification [12]. Mitsubishi developed an engine where gasoline is directly injected into
the cylinder. This has provided higher efficiency and higher performance than Multi point
engines, with precise electronic fuel injection. Two combustion modes lead to lower fuel
consumption than diesel engines.

Fig.26. Two combustion modes.

38
Ultra lean combustion mode
Under most normal driving conditions, i.e. up to speeds of 120 km/h the engine operates
in ultra-lean combustion mode, resulting in lower fuel consumption. The electronic Fuel
injection occurs at the latter stage of compression stroke. Due to curved top piston,
mixture injected late in compression stroke is carried towards spark plug before
dispersion for charge stratification. Electronic ignition occurs at an ultra lean AFR of 30
to 40:1 (35 to 55:1, including EGR)

Superior output mode

At higher speeds or loads, fuel injection takes place during intake stroke. This optimizes
combustion by ensuring a homogeneous , cooler AFR, which minimizes the possibility of
engine knocking.

The ECU has to accordingly change the injection n times for the two modes depending in
the look up table of speed , load and injection timing. Following are the methods used for
optimal results. Upright straight intake ports are used for optimal air flow and improved
efficiency. High-pressure swirl injectors provide fuel atomization and ideal spray pattern
to match engine modes. The curved top piston maintains a compact air-fuel mixture. The
GDI provides stable combustion with EGR of 30% resulting in lower emissions.
Following is the comparison (fuel consumption, emissions and engine performance)
between the GDI system and Multi point system.

Fig.27. Fuel economy, emissions and engine performance comparison.

39
4.2.12 Calculation of basic Injection time
Air flow / Speed - density method

1. Air flow method

If air flow sensor is used, then once Air mass flow is known, air mass (Am) and thus fuel
quantity can be obtained by, Fuel quantity (F) = Am / AFR
[16]. Thus, basic Injection pulse width (T) = Fuel quantity (F) / Fuel Injector delivery rate
(Rf)

2. Speed-density method
If air flow sensor is not used, then the MAP sensor, speed sensor, EGR, and Temperature
sensors are used for calculating the basic injection time.

Av = [ ( RPM / 60 )( D / 2 ) Ve ]- EGRv
where Av = air volume flow rate (litres/sec), Ve = volumetric efficiency (from look up
table), EGRv = EGR volume (litres), D = displacement of engine (litres)

Thus density of air in inlet manifold da = do (pi / po) (To / Ti)

where pi = intake pressure, Ti = intake temperature, do, po, To = density, pressure,
temperature at sea level.

Air mass flow rate Am = da x Av

Am = da {[ ( RPM / 60 )( D / 2 ) Ve ]- EGRv }
F = Am / AFR
basic Injection pulse width (T) = F / Rf

4.2.13 Proposed Electronic Fuel Injection system Flow Chart

Note that the actual fuel injection depends on other corrections as explained before and
summarized in the flow chart.

40
Fig. 28. Proposed Electronic Fuel Injection system Flow Chart
41
An interpolative method can be used to find the issued pulse width i.e. if the pulse width
is too small i.e. below 1.5 ms, it is an unstable range. So all the points around the chosen
ideal point are worked upon.

4.2.14 Other fuel injections DMI / Diesel / alternative fuels

1. Direct mixture injection (DMI)

This system involves loading a small mixing chamber above the cylinder with fuel with
lambda values of 8 to 10, during the compression stroke and start of combustion, resulting
in 30%reduction in fuel consumption. It is injected in the vicinity of spark plug [13].

2. Diesel fuel injection

It is a compression ignition and the mixture formation takes place in the cylinder
combustion chamber as the fuel is injected under very high pressure. The mixture
formation is influenced by following factors of solenoid-operated injection controlled by
ECU using Electronic unit injection (EUI). Start of delivery and start of actual injection,
increases carbon if too early, and increases hydrocarbon if too late. Spray duration (in ms)
and fuel quantity (or rate of discharge). Injection pressure, Injection direction and number
of jets. Idle speed control [11].

Diesel engine generally operates at excess AFR. The throttle directly acts on fuel quantity.
The ideal values of fuel quantity and timing are stored in the e memory look up table. The
quantity is calculated from accelerator position and engine speed. The start of injection is
determined from fuel quantity, Engine speed, and engine temperature and air pressure.
The exhaust emissions from diesel are far lower than petrol by EGR controlled by engine
speed, temperature and quantity. The Common rail system is used to further reduce
emissions where a series of injectors is connected to the rail, and each injector is opened
or closed by ECU, facilitating free independent use of quantity and timing.

3. Alternative fuels
Gas powered vehicles, hydrogen powered vehicles and electric powered vehicles give
lower emissions but are still in the early stages. By use of other fuels, mostly the kind of
changes required in an ECU is generally only in the look-up table data stored in the ROM.
The hardware and the electronic system remain same.

42
 Chapter 5
ELECTRONIC ENGINE MANAGEMENT ECU WITH
ON-BOARD DIAGNOSTICS
DESIGN PROCESS STARTED

Here the Engine Management ECUs Input / output circuit diagram and the EGO Lambda
control ADC circuit module are designed, and hence the requirements, for the design of
complete Electronic engine management system. This diagram would be used as basis on
which the Electronic circuit board would be designed. Smart sensors and actuators can be
used, wherein the transducer would be equipped with signal condition and in Intelligent
sensors and actuators even with processing power. The Electronic Engine management
ECU incorporates the three sections i.e. Engine starting, Ignition system and Fuel system.

Other Aspects of Automobile

Complete vehicle ECU can control all aspects of vehicle including engine management,
transmission system , ABS, traction, suspension control all in one ECU. But the
electronic system becomes extremely complex making it less feasible. So in reality, many
ECUs communicate with each other using Controller area network data bus, which used
multiplex wiring system [20]. Here all messages are sent to all units. Fibre optics used for
multiplexed databus will make the system resistant to electromagnetic interference. But
the destination address unit will only respond. Serial port communication can be used for
diagnosis. Networking can be used for diagnosis from remote center.

5.1 Proposed Engine Management ECUs Input / Output

circuit diagram.

The design of Engine management ECU would require the use of both analog and digital
hardware. Digital Hardware design is used to obtain optimum results. Microcontroller
with on-chip RAM, Flash EEPROM is used for control and calculation of various
parameters, along with other interfacing circuits for both analog and digital hardware.
Inputs from sensors are converted by ADC into digital signals used by the microcontroller

43
to calculate various parameters. The following is the designed Engine Management
ECUs Input / output circuit diagram.

Fig.29. Proposed Engine Management ECUs Input / Output circuit diagram.

44
This circuit diagram shows the I/O circuit of Engine management with following
sections:
(1) Electronic Starting system (the starting and charging system circuit diagram is
same as shown previously), consisting of battery, starter motor, starter relay,
starter / ignition switch, main relay to switch on the ECU controlled injection
system.
(2) Electronic ignition I/O circuit consisting of ignition coil (distributor and spark
plugs circuit is same as shown previously)
(3) Electronic fuel I/O circuit rest of the circuit, consisting of sensors, relay, Idle
bypass valve, injectors, inertia switch, fuel pump etc.

The Engine management ECU would perform the following function.

1. Sense ignition on (input -pin18), then turn on the main relay (output -pin 4),
acknowledgement received at (input -pin23).
2. Turn on the pump relay (output -pin 16)
3. Turn on the sensors (output -pin 12)
4. Fire ignition at appropriate time (output -pin 13)
5. Send supply voltage to Throttle sensor (output -pin9)
6. Sense air flow meter voltage (input -pin 21)
7. Sense throttle voltage (input -pin 22)
8. Sense temperature sensor voltage (input -pin 10)
9. Adjust idle speed by sending pulses to stepper motor of idle adjuster (output pins
14, 2, 15, 3)
10. Turn on fuel injectors at appropriate time (output - pin 1)

5.2 On Board Diagnostics (OBD)

The different tools used in diagnosis are multimeter, oscilloscopes and engine analysers
Diagnosis tools such as dedicated equipment that can break in to the ECU wiring can be
used. A further development could be the use of on-board diagnosis, with self-diagnosis
circuits. The ECU monitors its inputs and outputs. This is done by both hardware circuits
specially designed for diagnosis and programs for operating on the hardware signals.
Signal ranges or values are allocated to all operating states of the sensors and actuators. If
the signals deviate from normal, the ECU stores standard fault codes for both serious and
45
minor faults. In case of serious fault, a warning lamp will also be illuminated to alert the
driver.

Fault reading and erasing

Faults can be read as two digit numbers by shorting the diagnosis wire to earth for more
than 2.5 seconds but less than 10 seconds. Earthing the wire for more than 10 secs will
erase the fault memory, as does removing of the battery. These codes can be read out and
the test procedure corresponding to that code be followed for faultfinding. Often, if the
fault is not detected again for 50 starts of engine, the ECU erases the code automatically.

Emergency / Default mode

In case of certain system failure fault detected by hardware circuit (Watchdog circuit),
there will be an emergency mode, in which missing information is substituted with pre-
programmed default values for safe operation.

5.3 Designed and Tested Exhaust Gas Oxygen (EGO)

Lambda Control Analog to Digital (ADC) circuit module

The lambda sensor produces a voltage proportional to oxygen content , i.e. proportional to
AFR. At ideal AFR = 14.7:1 ( =1), the output voltage = 475 mV. This is the self-
designed circuit to convert the analog lambda voltage into digital signal to be handled by
the microcontroller.

46
 Lambda Circuit output voltage
Mixture type Binary output
voltage Output MSB Output LSB
Rich >0.5 V 0V 0V 00
In between 0.45 V to 0.5 V 5V 0V 10
Lean < 0.45 V 5V 5V 11

Fig.30. Self-designed (using OrCAD) and tested circuit diagram for conversion of analog
lambda voltage into digital classification (i.e. rich, in between, lean)

The input is analog from lambda sensor, passed through a Low pass filter to remove noise
above 1 Hz. There is a voltage divider network producing 0.45 V and 0.5 V as reference
for the op-amp comparators. This leaves a 25mV wide window between lean and rich.
The outputs can interrupt the microcontroller. The control is done in following way.
Starting with a slightly lean condition, the output is 11binary. The fuel is increased while
changes in the output is monitored. As the output changes to 10binary, we enter the 50mV
neutral area and continue incrementing the fuel level. When the output changes too
00binary, the fuel incrementing stops. There is a wait period. After the wait period is passed,
the fuel level is decreased incrementally from 00binary, passing through 10binary, and 11binary
and again it stops for a wait period. This cycle continues endlessly.

Fig.31. Lambda sensor output due to Lambda control.

47
 Chapter 6
CONCLUSIONS AND WORK AHEAD

Thus it can be concluded that Electronic Engine Management is the science of

electronically equipping, controlling and calibrating an engine to maintain top
performance and fuel economy while achieving cleanest possible exhaust stream, and
continuously diagnosing system faults. The systems approach design indeed provide
reduced design cycle time and cost-performance optimization., based on which the
Engine management ECU is termed as an electronic system comprising of the following
sections.
(1) Electronic Charging, Alternator, and Engine starting system
(2) Electronic Ignition system
(3) Electronic Fuel system
These sections require use of both Analog and Digital Electronics for its realization. The
various parameters not only depend on the basic factors but also on various other factors
depending on the operational characteristics.

Work Ahead
After having completed the Design requirements, Analysis and proposing ideas for the
design of Engine Management ECU, and also starting with the actual design in this I
stage of the project, the following are the plans to be accomplished in the next stages

1) Actual Electronic Hardware design - The design would incorporate both analog
interfacing and digital design. The proposed self designed and tested circuits, I/O
circuit diagram of the ECU, and block diagrams would be the basis for design of
the electronic circuits.
2) Choosing the right microcontroller and Analog / Digital ICs Surveying
various component and IC datasheets to chose proper microcontroller and other
Interfacing ICs (Multiplexers, ADCs, Memory etc.) for best performance.
3) Microcontroller is used when the system requires many input / output operations,
as in this ECU, because a microcontroller is designed to handle I/O with I/O ports.

48
 The main processing and controlling would be done using microcontroller
technology.
4) Verification Verify the obtained outputs with the required outputs
5) Testing hardware modules Each of the designed hardware modules would be
tested for accurate performance
6) Implementation - Design of Printed Circuit Board (PCB) layout, artwork to
achieve small size using SMD technology for microhybrid ECUs
7) Microcontroller programming based on the proposed flow charts
8) Testing Testing the entire system for accurate performance
9) Operation - Thus after the design of Engine management ECU, this single
Printed Circuit Board (PCB) connected to Input / output circuit would be used as
engine starter, ignition and fuel system to provide optimum and efficient
Electronic engine management.

49
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51