MATHEMATICS

TARGET : JEE (Main + Advanced) 2016

EST INF ORM AT IO

DPPDAILY PRACTICE PROBLEMS

Course : VIPUL (JB)

NO. 1 TO 3

This DPP is to be discussed in the week (22-06-2015 to 27-06-2015)

DPP No. : 01 (JEE-MAIN)
Total Marks : 36 Max. Time : 43 min.
Subjective Questions ('1' negative marking) Q.1 to Q.7 (4 marks, 5 min.) [28, 35]
Match the Following (no negative marking)(2 4) Q.8 (8 marks, 8 min.) [8, 8]

1_. Which of the following collections are sets :

(i) Collections of all positive integers between 2 to 5.
(ii) Collection of students of your school.
(iii) Collection of brilliant students of your school.
(iv) Collection of book of class XIIth.
(v) Collection of good books of class XIIth.
(vi) Collection of all circles of radius 5 unit in a plane.
(vii) Collection of small circles in a plane.
fuEu esa ls dkSuls laxzg leqPp; gS
(i) 2 ls 5 ds e/; lHkh /kukRed iw.kkZdksa dk leqPp;
(ii) vkids fo|ky; ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk laxzg
(iii) vkids fo|ky; ds cqf}eku fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk laxzg
(iv) d{kk XIIth dh iqLrdksa dk laxzg
(v) d{kk XIIth dh vPNh iqLrdksa dk laxzg
(vi) ,d ry esa 5 bdkbZ f=kT;k ds o`kksa dk laxzg
(vii) ,d ry esa NksVs o`kksa dk laxzg
Ans. (i), (ii), (iv), (vi) are sets leqPp; gSA
(iii), (v) are not sets leqPp; ugha gSA
2_. Write the following in tabular form :
A = {x : x is an integer and 1 x < 9}
B = {x : x2 + 1 = 0 and x R}
C = {x : x2 + x 2 = 0 and x N}
D = {x : x is a three digit natural number whose sum of digits is 5}
fuEu dks rkfydk :i esa fyf[k;sA
A = {x : x ,d iw.kkZd gS rFkk 1 x < 9}
B = {x : x2 + 1 = 0 rFkk x R}
2
C = {x : x + x 2 = 0 rFkk x N}
D = {x : x ,d rhu vad dh izkd`r la[;k gS ftlds vadks dk ;ksx 5 gS}
Sol. A = {1, 0,1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}
B = {} or B =
C = {1}
D = {500, 410, 401, 320, 302, 311, 230, 203, 212, 221, 104, 140, 131, 113, 122}

3_. Identify true false

(i) All empty sets are finite set.
(ii) All equivalent sets are equal sets
(iii) All equal sets are equivalent sets.
(iv) Power set of any set has even number of elements.
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 lR; vlR; igpkfu;sA
(i) lHkh fjDr leqPp; ifjfer leqPp; gksrs gSA
(ii) lHkh rqY; leqPp; leku leqPp; gksrs gSA
(iii) lHkh leku leqPp; rqY; leqPp; gksrs gSA
(iv) fdlh Hkh leqPp; ds ?kkr leqPp; esa le la[;k esa vo;o gksrs gSA
Sol. (i) True
(ii) False
eg A = {1, 2, 3}
B = {a, b, c}, A B
but n(A) = n(B)
(iii) True
(iv) False
If A = { } then P(A) = {}
Hindi. (i) lR;
(ii) vlR; eg A = {1, 2, 3} B = {a, b, c}, A B ysfdu n(A) = n(B)
(iii) lR;
(iv) vlR; If A = { } rc P(A) = {}

4_. Write the following sets in the set builder form :

fuEu leqPp;ksa dks leqPp; fuekZ.k fo/kh (set builder form) esa fyf[k,
(i) 0 = {0} (ii) P = {2} (iii) Q = {1, 4, 9, 16}
(iv) R = {2, 3, 5, 7} (v) S = {1, 3, 9, 27} (vi) T = {A, E, I, O, U}
(vii) V = {0, 3, 6, 9}
Ans. (i) 0 = {x : x = 0} (ii) P = {x : x = 2} (iii) Q = {x : x = n2, n 4 n N}
(iv) R = {x : x prime number vHkkT; la[;k < 8} (v) S = {x : x 3r, r 3, r I+}
(vi) T = {x : x English vowels vaxzsth Loj} (vii) V = {x : x = 3, W, 3}

5_. In each of the following cases, state whether A = B or A B.

(i) A = {a, b, c, d, e}, B = {x : x is first five letters of English alphabet}
(ii) A = {0}, B = {x : x is a natural number less than 1}
(iii) A = {1, 5, 25, 125}, B = {x : x is a positive divisor of 125}
(iv) A = {x : x is a multiple of 10}, B = {10, 15, 20, 25, 30, ....}
fuEu es izR;sd fLFkfr esa crkb;s fd A = B ;k A B gS
(i) A = {a, b, c, d, e}, B = {x : x vaxzsth o.kZekyk ds izFke ikp v{kj gS}
(ii) A = {0}, B = {x : x ,d ls NksVh izkd`r la[;k gS}
(iii) A = {1, 5, 25, 125}, B = {x : x, 125 dk /kukRed Hkktd gS}
(iv) A = {x, 10 dk xq.kt gS}, B = {10, 15, 20, 25, 30, ....}
Ans. (i) A = B (ii) A B (iii) A = B (iv) AB

6_. From the sets given below, select pairs of equal and equivalent sets.
fn;s x;s leqPp;ksa es ,d leku rFkk rqY; leqPp;ks ds ;qXe crkb;sA
2 2
A = {0, 1}, B = {x : x = 25}, C = {x : x = x}, D = {1, 2, 3, 4},
2
E = {3, 5, 7, 11}, F = {x : x = 1}, G = {g, h, i, j}, H = {3, 5, 7}
Ans. A = C, equivalent sets are A, B, C, F
equivalent sets are D, E, G
Ans. A = C, rqY; leqPp;ks dk ;qXe A, B, C, F gSA
rqY; leqPp;ks dk ;qXe D, E, G gSA

7_. Which of the following statements are true and which false?
fuEu esa ls dkSuls dFku lR; gS vkSj dkSuls vlR; ?
(i) 0{} (ii) 0 {0}
(iii) 0 {{0}} (vi) 0 {0, {0}}
(v) {0} {0}
Ans. (i) False (ii) True (iii) False (iv) True (v) False
Ans. (i) vlR; (ii) lR; (iii) vlR; (iv) lR; (v) vlR;

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8_. Match the following
(A) Collection of even numbers (p) singleton set
(B) Collection of integers which are neither (q) empty set
positive nor negative
(C) Collection of honest Indians (r) infinite set
(D) Collection of odd irrational numbers (s) finite set
(E) Collection of all points on a line. (t) not a set
fuEu dk feyku dhft;sA
(A) le la[;kvksa dk laxzg (p) ,dy leqPp;
(B) mu iw.kkZdksa dk leqPp; tks u rks /kukRed gSa (q) fjDr leqPP;
uk gh _.kkRed gS
(C) bZekunkj Hkkjrh;ksa dk laxzg (r) vifjfer leqPp;
(D) fo"ke vifjes; la[;kvksa dk laxzg (s) ifjfer leqPp;
(E) ,d js[kk ij fLFkr lHkh fcUnqvksa dk laxzg (t) leqPp; ugha gS
Ans. (A) (r), (B) (p,s), (C) (t), (D) (q)(s), (E) (r)

DPP No. : 02 (JEE-ADVANCED)

Total Marks : 32 Max. Time : 40 min.
Subjective Questions ('1' negative marking) Q.1 to Q.8 (4 marks 5 min.) [32, 40]

1_. Write the following in roaster form :

(i) A = {3n 2n : n N, 1 n 3}
(ii) B = {an where n N, an + 1 = 2an, a1 = 3}
(iii) C = {x : x is a letter of word MATHEMATICS}
fuEu dks jksLVj :i esa fyf[k;sA
(i) A = {3n 2n : n N, 1 n 3}
(ii) B = {an tgk n N, an + 1 = 2an, a1 = 3}
(iii) C = {x : x, MATHEMATICS 'kCn dk v{kj gS}
Sol. A = {1, 5, 19}
B = {3, 6, 12, 24, ...}
C = {M, A, T, H, E, I, C, S}

2_. Write the following in set builder form :

fuEu dks leqPp; fuekZ.k :i esa fyf[k;sA
A = {1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4}
B = {2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17}
1 2 3 4
C = 0, , , ,
3 4 5 6
D = {2, 5, 10, 17, .............. }
Sol. A = {x : x I and rFkk 1 x 4}
B = {x : x 17, x N and rFkk x is not a perfect square iw.kZ oxZ ugha gS}
n 1
C = {x : x = , n N n 5}
n1
D = {x : x = n2 + 1, n N}

3_. How many elements in

(i) set A = {, {}, {, {}}}
(ii) power of set of set A given part (i)
(iii) set of all proper subsets of set A given in part (i)
fuEu leqPp;ksa esa fdrus vo;o gS
(i) leqPp; A = {, {}, {, {}}}
(ii) leqPp; A tks Hkkx (i) esa fn;k gS] ds ?kkr leqPp; esa
(iii) leqPp; A tks Hkkx (i) esa fn;k gS] ds lHkh mfpr mileqPp;ksa ds leqPp; esa

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 3 3
Sol. (i) n(A) = 3 (ii) 2 (iii) 2 1

4_. In each of the following determine whether the statements are true of false
If its is false give a suitable example
(i) If A B and B C then A C
(ii) If A / B and B / C then A / C
(iii) If A B and B C then A C
fuEu esa ls lR; vkSj vlR; dFkuksa dks igpkfu;s vkSj vlR; gksus ij mfpr mnkgj.k nhft;s
(i) ;fn A B rFkk B C rc A C
(ii) ;fn A / B rFkk B / C rc A / C
(iii) ;fn A B rFkk B C rc A C
Sol. (i) True
(ii) False Eg. A = {4}, B = {1, 2, 3}, C = {4, 5}
A / B, B / C but A C
(iii) False
eg. A = {1}, B = {1, 2}, C = {{1, 2}, 5}
Here A B, B C but A C
Hindi. (i) lR;
(ii) vlR; Eg. A = {4}, B = {1, 2, 3}, C = {4, 5}
A / B, B / C ij A C
(iii) vlR;
eg. A = {1}, B = {1, 2}, C = {{1, 2}, 5}
;gk A B, B C ij A C

5_. Which of the following are sets? justify your answer.

(i) A team of eleven best cricket players in the world.
(ii) The collection of difficult problems in a book.
(iii) The collection of all boys in the eleventh class of a particular school.
fuEu esa ls dkSu dkSuls leqPp; gSa vius mkj dh tkp dhft,
(i) fo'o es lcls vPNs fdsV ds X;kjg f[kykfM+;ksa dh ,d VheA
(ii) ,d iqLrd ds dfBu iz'uksa dk laxzgA
(iii) ,d fo'ks"k fo|ky; ds X;kjoha d{kk ds lHkh yM+dksa dk laxzgA
Ans. (i) Not set, word "BEST" has no definitions.
(ii) Not set, word "DIFFCULT" has no well defined definition.
(iii) Yes, it is a set.
Ans. (i) leqPp; ugha, 'kCn "BEST" ifjHkkf"kr ugha gSA
(ii) leqPp; ugha, 'kCn "DIFFCULT" vPNh rjg ls ifjHkkf"kr O;k[;k ugha dj ldrs gSA
(iii) gk] leqPp; gSA

6_. Write of the following sets in the set builder form :

fuEu leqPp;ksa dks leqPp; fuekZ.k fof/k (set builder form) esa fyf[k,
(i) {1} (ii) {1, 1} (iii) {1, 7, 49, 343}
(iv) {0, 5, 10, 15, .....} (v) {B, E, N, G, I} (vi) {14, 21, 28, 35, 42, ...., 98}
(vii) {1, 0} (viii) {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}
Ans. (i) S = {x : x = 1} (ii) S = {x : x2 = 1}
r
(iii) S = {x : x = 7 , r W, r 3} (iv) S = {x : x = 5, W}
(v) S = {x : x is letter in word BENGI}{x : x 'kCn BENGI dk ,d v{kj gS}
(vi) S = {x : x = 14 + 7r, r W, r 12}
(vii) S = {x : x2 = x}
(viii) S = {x : x is one of the first five positive odd integer}
{x : x izFke ikp /kukRed fo"ke iw.kkZdksa es ls ,d iw.kkZd gS}
7_. Let A = {1, 2, 3, 5}, B = {1, 2, 3} and C = {1, 2, 5}. Find all the sets X satisfying.
ekuk A = {1, 2, 3, 5}, B = {1, 2, 3} rFkk C = {1, 2, 5}. og lHkh leqPp; X Kkr dhft, tks fuEu dks larq"V djsA
(i) X A, X B (ii) X A, X C
(iii) X B, X B, XC (iv) X A, X B, X C

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Ans. (i) {5}{5, 1},{5, 2},{5, 3},{5, 1,2},{5,1,3},{5,2,3}
(ii) {3},{3, 1},{3, 2},{3,5}, {3,1,2},{3,1,5}, {3,2,5}
(iii) {3},{3, 1},{3, 2}
(iv) {1}{2}, {1,2}

8_. Let A = {, {}, 2, {2, }, 3}, which of the following are true?
ekuk A = {, {}, 2, {2, }, 3}, rc fuEu es ls lR; gS?
(i) A (ii) A (iii) {} A
(iv) {} A (v) 2A (vi) {2, } A
(vii) {{2}, {3}} A (viii) {2, 3} A (ix) {, 2, 3} A.
Ans. (i) T (ii) T (iii) T (iv) T (v) F (vi) T
(vii) F (viii) F (ix) T

DPP No. : 03 (JEE-ADVANCED)

Total Marks : 40 Max. Time : 50 min.
Subjective Questions ('1' negative marking) Q.1 to Q.10 (4 marks, 5 min.) [40, 50]

1_. Let X = {1, 2, 3, ....., 10}, A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} B = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9} and C = {2, 4, 8, 10}, verify the following
ekuk X = {1, 2, 3, ....., 10}, A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} B = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9} vkSj C = {2, 4, 8, 10} fuEu dks lR;kfir
dhft,&
(i) A (B C) = (A B) (A C) (ii) A B = A Bc (iii) (A B)c = Ac Bc.
Sol. (i) A (B C) {1, 2, 3, 5}
(A B) (A C) {1, 3, 5} {2}
{1, 2, 3, 5}
(ii) A B {2, 4} A BC {2, 4}
(iii) (A B)C = {6, 8, 10}
AC = {6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
BC = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}
AC BC = {6, 8, 10}

2_. If U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10,}, A = {1, 2, 3, 5}, B = {2, 4, 6, 7} and C = {2, 3, 4, 8} ; find

;fn U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10,}, A = {1, 2, 3, 5}, B = {2, 4, 6, 7} vkSj C = {2, 3, 4, 8} ; fuEu Kkr
dhft,&
(i) Ac (ii) Bc (ii) Cc (iv) (A B)c
c c
(v) (A ) (vi) (C A)c (vii) (B C)c (viii) (C A)c
(ix) ABC (x) (A B C)c
C C
Ans. (i) A {4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10} (ii) B = {1, 3, 5, 8, 9, 10}
C C
(iii) C {1, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10} (iv) (A B) {2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
(v) (AC)C = A {1, 2, 3, 5} (vi) (C A)C {4, 8}
C
(vii) (B C) {1, 5, 9, 10} (viii) (C A) {1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,10}
(ix) A B C {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8} (x) (A B C)C {1, 3,4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 19} (x)

3_. Using laws of set algebra, show that

(i) (A B) (A B') = A (ii) (A B) (A B) = A
(iii) If A B' = , show that A B (iv) If A' B = U, show that A B.
leqPp;ksa ds chtxf.krh; fu;e ls n'kkZb;s fd
(i) (A B) (A B') = A (ii) (A B) (A B) = A
(iii) ;fn A B' = , rc n'kkZb;s fd A B (iv) ;fn A' B = U, rc n'kkZb;s fd A B.
Sol. (i) (A B) (A B')
A (A B )
B B is always .
So A (B B ) = A.
(ii) (A B) (A B)
A B = A BC
C C
(A B ) (A B) = A (B B )
C
B B = universal set
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 A (Universal set) = A.
(iii) A B' = f show that A B
Let x A then x B' x B
So A B.
(iv) A' B = U show that A B show that A B
Let x A then xA
So xB
A B.

4_. If A and B are two sets such that n(A) = 150, n(B) = 250 and n(A B) = 300. Find n(A B) and
n(B A)
;fn A vkSj B nks leqPp; bl izdkj gS fd n(A) = 150, n(B) = 250 vkSj n(A B) = 300. rc n(A B) vkSj
n(B A) Kkr dhft,A
Ans. n (A B) = 50, n (B A) = 150
Sol. n(A) = 150 n (B) = 250 n (A B) = 300
n (A B) = n (A) + n (B) n (A B) 300 = 150 + 250 n (A B) n (A B) = 100
n (A B) = 50
n (B A) = 150.

5_. There are 11 teachers who teach Mathematics or Physics in a school. Of these, 7 teach Mathematics
and 3 teach both Mathematics and Physics. How many teach Physics?
,d fo|ky; esa 11 v/;kid gS] tks xf.kr ;k HkkSfrdh i<+krs gSSA buesa ls 7 xf.kr i<+krs gSa rFkk 3 xf.kr vkSj HkkSfrdh
nksuksa i<+krs gSA fdrus v/;kid HkkSfrdh i<+krs gS?
Ans. N (p) = 7
Sol. n (m + p) = 11
n (m) = 7
n (m p) = 3
n (m p) = n(m) + n (p) n (m p)
11 = 7 + n (p) 3
N (p) = 7

6_. In a group of 60 persons, each takes at least one of coffee or tea. If 20 of them take tea but not coffee
and 35 take tea, find the number of person who take
(i) both tea and coffee (ii) coffee but not tea
,d lewg esa 60 O;fDr gSa ftuesa izR;sd de ls de ,d is; pk; ;k dkWQh ysrs gSaA ;fn muesa ls 20 O;fDr pk; ysrs
gS ijUrq dkWQh ugha rFkk 35 O;fDr pk; ysrs gS rks O;fDr;ksa dh la[;k Kkr dhft, tks &
(i) nksuksa pk; vkSj dkWQh ysrs gSA (ii) dkWQh ijUrq pk; ugh
Ans. (i) 15 (ii) 25
Sol. n (Tea Coffee) = 60
n (Tea_ = 35
n (Tea Coffee) = 35 20
(Take both Tea and Coffee) = 15.
n(coffee but not tea) = 60 35 = 25.

7_. Consider the set A = {a, b, c}. Given an example of a relation R on A which is
(i) reflexive and symmetric but not transitive.
(ii) symmetric and transitive but not reflexive.
(iii) reflexive and transitive but not symmetric.
(iv) symmetric but neither reflexive nor transitive.
(v) transitive but neither reflexive nor symmetric.
(vi) reflexive but neither symmetric nor transitive.
(vii) neither reflexive nor symmetric nor transitive.
(viii) an equivalent relation.
ekukfd ,d leqPp; A = {a, b, c} gSA leqPp; A ij lEcU/k R dk ,d mnkgj.k nhft, tksfd
(i) LorqY; vkSj lefer ijUrq laked ughaA
(ii) lefer vkSj laked ijUrq LorqY; ughaA
(iii) LorqY; vkSj laked ijUrq lefer ughaA
(iv) lefer ijUrq u rks LorqY; vkSj u gh lakedA
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 (v) laked ijUrq u rks LorqY; vkSj u gh leferA
(vi) LorqY; ijUrq u rks lefer vkSj u gh lakedA
(vii) u rks LorqY;] u lefer vkSj u gh lakedA
(viii) rqY;rk lEcU/k
Ans. (i) R = {(a, a), (a, b), (b, a), (b, c), (c, b), (b, b), (c, c)} on A.
(ii) R = {(a, a), (a, b), (b, a), (b, b) on A.
(iii) R = {(a, a), (b, b), (c, c), (a, b)} on A.
(iv) R = {(a, b), (b, a)} on A.
(v) R = {(a, b), (b, c), (a, c)} on A.
(vi) R = {(a, a), (b, b), (c, c), (a, b), (b, c)} on A.
(vii) R = {(a, b), (b, c)} on A.
(viii) R = {(a, a), (b, b), (c, c)} then R is reflexive as (x, x) R for all x {a, b, c}.
Sol. (i) Consider the relation R = {(a, a), (a, b), (b, a), (b, c), (c, b), (b, b), (c, c)} on A.
Here, R is relation which is reflexive and symmetric but not transitive.
( (a, b) R and (b, c) R but (a, c) R)
(ii) Consider the relation R = {(a, a), (a, b), (b, a), (b, b) on A.
Here, R is symmetric and transitive but not reflexive ( (c, c) R)
(iii) Consider the relation and transitive R = {(a, a), (b, b), (c, c), (a, b)} on A.
Here, R is reflexive and transitive but not symmetric. ( (a, b) R but (b, a) R)
(iv) Consider the relation R = {(a, b), (b, a)} on A.
Here, R is symmetric.
R is not reflexive as (a, a) R.
Also, R is not transitive as (a, b) R (b, a) R but (a, a) R.
(v) Consider the relation R = {(a, b), (b, c), (a, c)} on A.
Here, R is transitive.
R is not reflexive as (a, a) R.
Also, R is not symmetric as (a, b) R but (b, a) R.
(vi) Consider the relation R = {(a, a), (b, b), (c, c), (a, b), (b, c)} on A.
Here, R is reflexive.
R is not symmetric as (a, b) R but (b, a) R
Also, R is not transitive as (a, b) R and (b, c) R but (a, c) R.
(vii) Consider the relation R = {(a, b), (b, c)} on A.
Here, R is not reflexive as (a, a) R
R is not symmetric as (a, b) R but (b, a) R
Also, R is not transitive as (a, b) R and (b, c) R but (a, c) R.
(viii) Consider the relation R = {(a, a), (b, b), (c, c)} then R is reflexive as (x, x) R for all x {a, b, c}.
Also, R is symmetric. ( there do not exist x, y {a, b, c} s.t. (x, y) R but (y, x) R)
Further, R is transitive also.
(Q there do not exist x, y, z {a, b, c} s.t. (x, y) R and (y, z) R but (x, y) R)
Infect, R is the smallest equivalence relation on A ; it is the identity relation on A.
Hindi. (i) ekukfd A ij lEcU/k R = {(a, a), (a, b), (b, a), (b, c), (c, b), (b, b), (c, c)}.
vr% R lEcU/k gS tks LorqY; vkSj lefer ijUrq laked ughaA
( (a, b) R vkSj (b, c) R ijUrq (a, c) R)
(ii) ekukfd A ij lEcU/k R = {(a, a), (a, b), (b, a), (b, b).
;gk R lefer vkSj laked ijUrq LorqY; ughaA ( (c, c) R)
(iii) ekukfd A ij lEcU/k vkSj laked R = {(a, a), (b, b), (c, c), (a, b)}.
;gk R LorqY; vkSj laked ijUrq lefer ughaA ( (a, b) R ijUrq (b, a) R)
(iv) ekukfd A ij lEcU/k R = {(a, b), (b, a)}.
;gk R lefer gSA
R LorqY; ugha gS D;ksafd (a, a) R.
rFkk R laked ugha gSA (a, b) R (b, a) R ijUrq (a, a) R.
(v) ekukfd A ij lEcU/k R = {(a, b), (b, c), (a, c)}.
;gk R laked gSA
R Lorqy; ugha gS D;ksafd (a, a) R.
rFkk R lefer ugha gS D;ksafd (a, b) R ijUr (b, a) R.
(vi) ekukfd A ij lEcU/k R = {(a, a), (b, b), (c, c), (a, b), (b, c)}.
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 R LorqY; gS
R lefer ugha D;ksafd (a, b) R ijUrq (b, a) R
vr% R laked ugha gS D;ksafd (a, b) R vkSj (b, c) R ijUrq (a, c) R.
(vii) ekukfd A ij lEcU/k R = {(a, b), (b, c)}.
;gk R LorqY; ugha gS D;ksafd (a, a) R
R lefer ugha gS D;ksafd (a, b) R ijUrq (b, a) R
vr% R laked ugha gS D;ksafd (a, b) R vkSj (b, c) R ijUrq (a, c) R.
(viii) ekukfd A ij lEcU/k R = {(a, a), (b, b), (c, c)} rc R LorqY; gS D;ksafd (x, x) R lHkh x {a, b, c} ds fy,
vr% R lefer gSA (blizdkj dk dksbZ x, y {a, b, c} fo|eku ugha gS fd (x, y) R ijUrq (y, x) R)
iqu% R laked Hkh gSA
(Q blizdkj dk dksbZ x, y, z {a, b, c} fo|eku ugha gS fd (x, y) R vkSj (y, z) R ijUrq (x, y) R)
A ij R U;wure rqY;rk lEcU/k gS blfy, ;g A ij rRled lEcU/k gSA

8_. (i) For the set A = {1, 2, 3}, define a relation R on the set A as follows :
R = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (1, 3)}.
Write the ordered pairs to be added to R to make it the smallest equivalence relation.
(ii) Let A = {a, b, c} and R be the relation defined on A as follows :
R = {(a, a), (b, c), (a, b)}.
Write minimum number of ordered pairs to be added to R to make R reflexive and transitive.

(i) leqPp; A = {1, 2, 3} ds fy, A ij ifjHkkf"kr lEcU/k R fuEu rjg ls gS&

R = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (1, 3)}.
R esa tksM+s tkus okys fer ;qXe fyf[k, ftlls ;g U;wure rqY;rk lEcU/k cusaA
(ii) ekuk A = {a, b, c} ds fy, A ij ifjHkkf"kr lEcU/k R fuEu rjg ls gS&
R = {(a, a), (b, c), (a, b)}.
R esa tksM+s tkus okys fer ;qXeksa dh U;wure la[;k ftlls R LorqY; o laked cusaA
Ans. (i) R' = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (1, 3), (3, 1)}
(ii) (b, b), (c, c) and (a, c)
Sol. (i) Here, A = {1, 2, 3} and the relation R = {(1, 1), (2, 2,), (3, 3), (1, 3)}.
Clearly, R is reflexive but no symmetric as (1, 3) R but (3, 1) R.
We shall include (3, 1) to the above relation to make it smallest equivalence relation
R' = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (1, 3), (3, 1)}.
R' is certainly transitive as transitivity is not contradicted.
( there do not exist x,y, z A s.t. (x, y) R and (y, z) R but (x, y) R)
(ii) Here, A = {a, b, c} and R = {(a, a), (b, c), (a, b)},
which is nether reflexive not transitive.
For reflexivity, (b, b), and (c, c) has to be included and for transitivity (a, c) should be included.
( (a, b) R and (b, c) R)
Hence, the required ordered pairs are (b, b), (c, c) and (a, c).
Hindi. (i) ;gk A = {1, 2, 3} rFkk lEcU/k R = {(1, 1), (2, 2,), (3, 3), (1, 3)} gSA
Li"V;k R LorqY; gS ijUrq lefer ugha gS D;ksafd (1, 3) R ijUrq (3, 1) R.
gedks (3, 1) fn, x, lEcU/k 'kkfey djuk pkfg, ftlls ;g U;wure rqY;rk lEcU/k cusaA
R' = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (1, 3), (3, 1)}.
R' vo'; laked gksxk D;ksafd laedrk dk fojks/kkHkkl ugha gksrkA
(blizdkj dk dksbZ x,y, z A fo|eku ugha gS (x, y) R vkSj (y, z) R ijUrq (x, y) R)
(ii) ;gk A = {a, b, c} vkSj R = {(a, a), (b, c), (a, b)},
tksfd u rks LorqY; u gh laked
LorqY;rk ds fy, (b, b) vkSj (c, c) 'kkfey gksus pkfg, rFkk lakedrk ds fy, (a, c) 'kkfey gksuk pkfg,
( (a, b) R vkSj (b, c) R)
vr% (b, b), (c, c) vkSj (a, c) vHkh"V fer ;qXe gSA

9_. (i) Check whether the relation R defined on the set A = R of reals as R = {(a, b) : b = a + 1} is
reflexive, symmetric or transitive.
(ii) Check whether the relation R on the set R of reals is reflexive, symmetric or transitive, where
R = {(a, b) : a b3}.
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 (iii) Let A be the set of human beings living in a town at a particular time and R be the relation on A
defined by R = {(x, y) : x is exactly 7 cm taller then y.}
Check whether the relation R is reflexive, symmetric or transitive on A.
(i) tkp dhft, fd leqPp; A ij ifjHkkf"kr lEcU/k R okLrfod ekuksa ds fy, R = {(a, b) : b = a + 1}
LorqY;] lefer ;k laked gSA
(ii) tkp dhft, fd okLrfod ekuksa ds leqPp; R ij ifjHkkf"kr lEcU/k R LorqY;] lefer ;k laked gS tgk
R = {(a, b) : a b3}.
(iii) ekukfd A fdlh fo'ks"k le; ij ,d dLcs esa jgus okys O;fDr;ksa dk leqPp; gS rFkk A ij ifjHkkf"kr lEcU/k
R bl izdkj gS fd R = {(x, y) : x , y ls Bhd 7 lseh cM+k gS}
tkp dhft, fd A ij lEcU/k R LorqY;] lefer vkSj laked gSA
Sol. (i) Reflexivity : As a a + 1, therefore, (a, a) R for any a A.
R is not reflexive.
Symmetric : For a, b A, a R b b = a + 1 / a=b+1
So a R b does not imply b R a.
R is not symmetric.
Transitivity : For a, b, c A, a R b and b R c b = a + 1 and c = b + 1
c=a+1+1 c=a+2 ca+1 a Rc
so a R b and b R c / a R c
R is not transitive
3 1
(ii) Reflexivity : As a a is not true for all a R, therefore, a R a for all a R for a ,a a3
2
R is not reflexive.
Symmetric : For a, b R, a b3 need not imply b a3,
i.e., a r b need not imply b R a.
As an example, we have 1 23 but 2 | 13, i.e., 1 R 2 but 2 R 1.
Transitivity : For a, b, c R, a a3 and b c3 need not imply a c3, therefore, a R b and b R c
/ a R c.
As an example, we find that 100 R 5 and 5 R 2 but 100 R 2
( 100 53 and 5 22, but 100 100 | 23)
R is not transitive

(iii) Reflexivity : As no person can be 7 cm taller than himself (herself), therefore, x R x for xA.
R is not reflexive.
Symmetric : For x, y A, x R y x is exactly 7 cm taller than y / y is exactly 7 cm taller than x
So, x R y / yRx
R is not symmetric
Transitivity : For x, y, z A, x R y and y R z
x is exactly 7 cm taller than y and y is exactly 7 cm taller than z
x is exactly 14 cm taller than z x R z
R is not transitive.
Hindi. (i) LorqY;rk : pwafd a a + 1, blfy, fdlh (a, a) R ds fy, a A.
R is not reflexive.
lefer: a, b A ds fy, a R b b = a + 1 / a = b + 1
blfy, a R b dk rkRi;Z b R a ugha gSA
R lefer ugha gSA
lakedrk: a, b, c A ds fy, a R b vkSj b R c b = a + 1 vkSj c = b + 1
c=a+1+1 c=a+2 ca+1 a Rc
blfy, a R b vkSj b R c / aRc
R laked ugha gSA
(ii) LorqY;rk : pwafd a a3 lHkh a R ds fy, lR; ugha gS blfy, a R a, lHkh a R ds fy,
1 3
for a 2 ,a a

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 R LorqY; ugha gSA
leferrk : a, b R ds fy, a b3 ls rkRi;Z b a3 ugha gSA
vFkkZr a r b dk vFkZ b R a ugha gSA
mnkgj.k ds fy, 1 23 ijUrq 2 | 13, vFkkZr 1 R 2 ijUrq 2 R 1.
lakedrk: a, b, c R ds fy, a a3 rFkk b c3 dk rkRi;Z a c3 ugha gSA blfy, a R b vkSj b R c
/ a R c.

mnkgj.k ds fy, 100 R 5 vkSj 5 R 2 ijUrq 100 R 2
( 100 53 vkSj 5 22, ijUrq 100 100 | 23)
R laked ugha gSA
(iii) LorqY;rk: pwafd dksbZ Hkh O;fDr mlls 7 lseh yEck gks ldrk gSA blfy, x R x, xA ds fy,
R lefer ugha gSA
leferrk: x, y A ds fy, x R y x, y ls Bhd 7 lseh yEck gSA y, x ls Bhd 7 lseh yEck gSA
blfy,, x R y / yRx R lefer ugha gSA
laedrk: x, y, z A ds fy, x R y vkSj y R z
x, y ls 7 lseh cM+k gS rFkk y, z ls 7 lseh cM+k gSA
x, z ls 14 lseh cM+k gSA x R z R laked ugha gSA
10_. (i) Let L be the set of all lines in a plane and R be the relation on L defined as
R = {(, m) : is perpendicular to m}.
Check whether R is reflexive, symmetric or transitive.
(ii) Show that the relation R defined in the set A of all triangles as R = {(S, T) : S is similar to T}, is
an equivalence relation. Consider three right angle triangles T1 with sides 3, 4, 5, ; T2 with sides
5, 12, 13 and T3 with sides 6, 8, 10. Which triangles among T1, T2 and T3 are related.
(i) ekuk L lery es lHkh js[kkvksa dk leqPp; gS rFkk L ij ifjHkkf"kr lEcU/k R bl izdkj gS fd
R = {(, m) : ,m ij yEcor~ gS}.
tkp dhft, fd R LorqY;] lefer] ;k laked gSA
(ii) iznf'kZr dhft, fd leqPp; A esa lHkh f=kHkqtksa esa ifjHkkf"kr lEcU/k R = {(S, T) : S le:i gS T ds}, rqY;rk
lEcU/k gSA rhu ledks.k f=kHktksa T1 Hkqtk,sa 3, 4, 5, ; T2 Hkqtk,sa 5, 12, 13 rFkk T3 Hkqtk,sa 6, 8, 10 buesa ls
dkSuls f=kHkqt lacfU/kr gSA
Ans. (i) Not reflexive, symmetric, not transitive
(ii) T1 related to T3
Sol. (i) Reflexivity : As a line cannot be perpendicular to itself, therefore, R for any L
R is not reflexive.
Symmetric : For , m L m , therefore, R m mR
So R is symmetric.
Transitive : For 1, 2, 3 L, 1 R 2 and 2 R 3 1 2 and 2 3
1 || 3 1 R 3 So 1 R 2 and 2 R 3 / 1 R 3 R is not transitive.
(ii) Reflexivity : As every triangle is similar to itself, therefore, T R T for all T A R is reflexive.
Symmetric : For T1, T2 A, T1 R T2 T1 is similar to T2 T2 is similar to T1 T2 R T1
Hence T1 R T2 T2 R T1
R is symmetric.
Transitive : For T1, T2, T3 A
T1 R T2 and T2 R T3 T1 is similar to T2 and T2 is similar to T3 T1 is similar to T3 T1 R T3
Thus T1 R T2 and T2 R T3 T1 R T3 R is transitive.
So R is an equivalence relation on the set A.
We know that two triangles are similar iff the ratio of corresponding sides is same.
3 4 5
As 3 : 4 : 5 : : 6 : 8 : 10 6 8 10

therefore, T1 and T3 are similar triangles.
Hindi. (i) LorqY;rk: ,d js[kk] Loa; ds yEcor~ ugha gks ldrh gS blfy, R fdlh L ds fy,
R LorqY; ugh gSA
lefer : , m L m , blfy, R m mR
blfy, R lefer gSA
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 laked : 1, 2, 3 L ds fy, 1 R 2 vkSj 2 R 3 1 2 vkSj 2 3
1 || 3 1 R 3
blfy, 1 R 2 vkSj 2 R 3 / 1 R 3
R lakedk ugha gSA
(ii) LorqY;rk : pwafd izR;sd f=kHkqt] Loa; ds le:i gksrk gSA T R T lHkh T A R LorqY; gSA
lefer: T1, T2 A, T1 R T2 ds fy, T1, T2 ls NksVk gSA T2, T1 ls NksVk gSA T2 R T1
vr% T1 R T2 T2 R T1
R lefer gSA
laked: T1, T2, T3 A ds fy,
T1 R T2 vkSj T2 R T3 T1 , ls le:i gS T2 vkSj T2, T3 le:i gSA T1, ds le:i gSA T3 T1 R T3
vr% T1 R T2 vkSj T2 R T3 T1 R T3 R laked gSA
pwafd R, ij rqY;rk lEcU/k ugha gSA
pwafd nks f=kHkqt ledks.k gksxsa ;fn laxr Hkqtkvksa dk vuqikr leku gksA
3 4 5
pwfd 3 : 4 : 5 : : 6 : 8 : 10 6 8 10 blfy, T1 vkSj T3 le:i f=kHkqt gSA

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