A Written Report in The: Introduction To Industrial Chemistry

A written Report in the:
INTRODUCTION TO INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY

Submitted by: Alexia Dignos
Industrial Chemistry
- is the branch of chemistry which applies physical and chemical processes towards the
transformation of raw materials into products that are of benefit to humanity.
Importance of Industrial Chemistry:

Chemical Industries are the prime factors to convert the raw materials into desired products
that we use in our day-to-day life.
It is very important for us to understand the importance of the chemical industry which has
touched all our facets of life like Agriculture, Food, Hygiene, and etc.
1. Agriculture: Fertilizers, and pesticides aids in the agriculture and development. The green
revolution has happened only due to the advancement of chemical industry in India. The
fertilizers and pesticides, not only increase the yield of the crop, but prevent from pest
attacks.
2. Food: Preservatives, taste enhancers and flavors helps the food to be palatable and
increase the shelf life. Food Industry thrives for the reason, that the preservatives not only
help them to maintain the quality of the food, but also helps them to import food to
different parts of the world. Due to these advancements, we are able to enjoy fruits,
canned food products, and ready-to-eat food products across the world.
3. Hygiene: Toiletries like soaps, scents, perfumes, deodorant are personnel products that
we use every day, and we do not compromise on it. From the status of luxury products , it
has come to a level of essentials.
4.
Contribution of Chemical Engineers in the chemical industry:
The main role of chemical engineers is to design and troubleshoot processes for the
production of chemicals, fuels, foods, pharmaceuticals, and etc.
They are most often employed by large-scale manufacturing plants to maximize
productivity and product quality while minimizing costs.
History of the Chemical Industry:

1. Sulfuric Acid
One of the first chemicals to be produced in large amounts through industrial
process.
Joshua Ward (1736) developed a process for its production that involved heating
saltpeter, allowing the sulfur to oxidize and combine with water. It was the first
practical production of sulfuric acid on a large scale.
John Roebuck and Samuel Garbett (1749) were the first to establish a large-scale
factory in Prestonpans, Scotland , which used leaden condensing chambers for
the manufacture of sulfuric acid.
2. Bleaching Powder
discovered by Charles Tennant
spurred the creation of the first great chemical industrial enterprise.
was made by reacting chlorine with dry slaked lime and proved to be a
cheap and successful product.
Modern Chemical Industry:
The UK chemical industry is the 5th largest manufacturing industry in the world.
The 3 largest sections are:
(a) food, drink and tobacco,
(b) mechanical engineering and
(c) paper, printing and publishing
2 Types of process manufacturing:
1. Batch produces products by batches.

2. Continuous produces products continuously in a span of time.
FUNDAMENTAL CHEMICAL PRINCIPLES OF SYNTHESIS:
Chemical synthesis- Chemical synthesis is concerned with the construction of

complex chemical compounds from simpler ones. A synthesis usually is undertaken for one
of three reasons. The first reason is to meet an industrial demand for a product. For
example, ammonia is synthesized from nitrogen and hydrogen and is used to make, among
other things, ammonium sulfate, employed as a fertilizer; vinyl chloride is made
from ethylene and is used in the production of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastic. In general, a
vast range of chemical compounds are synthesized for applications as fibers
and plastics, pharmaceuticals, dyestuffs, herbicides, insecticides, and other products.
SYNTHETIC VS. SEMISYNTHETIC
Synthetic process a chemical synthesis that starts from basic laboratory compounds and
yields something new.
Semisynthetic process - If it starts from a product isolated from plants or animals and then
proceeds to new compounds.
ORGANIC SYNTHESIS
Organic synthesis is a special branch of chemical synthesis dealing with the synthesis of
organic compounds. In the total synthesis of a complex product it may take multiple steps to
synthesize the product of interest, and inordinate amounts of time. Skill in organic synthesis is prized
among chemists.
WHAT IS A SYNTHESIS REACTION?
A synthesis reaction or direct combination reaction is a type of chemical reaction in which

two or more simple substances combine to form a more complex product. The reactants may be
elements or compounds. The product is always a compound.
GENERAL FORM OF SYNTHESIS REACTION:
The general form of a synthesis reaction is:
A + B AB
Examples of Synthesis Reactions:
These are some examples of synthesis reactions:
Synthesis of Water
2 H2(g) + O2(g) 2 H2O(g)
Synthesis of Carbon Dioxide
2 CO(g) + O2(g) 2CO2(g)
Synthesis of Ammonia
3 H2(g) + N2(g) 2 NH3(g)
APPROACH TO SYNTHESIS:
The range of compounds that are capable of being synthesized is essentially limitless. In
practice, the synthesis of a preselected compound is made possible by particular functional groups
undergoing transformations that, while they are dependent on the conditions applied to the
compound, are largely independent of the structure of the remaining part of the molecule. Thus, the
combination of knowledge of the structure of the compound to be synthesized and knowledge of the
general types of transformation that compounds undergo enables a synthesis to be planned. The
general approach, cut to its barest essentials, is to examine the structure of the desired end
productfor example, Zand to deduce the structure of some (slightly simpler) compoundfor
example, Ythat should be capable of transformation into Z by a reaction of known type. A
possible precursor of Y is sought in similar manner, and in this way the chain of compounds is
extended until a compound, A, is reached that is available for the work; the necessary
transformations, beginning with A and ending with Z, are then carried out. Most individual steps in
the sequence result in a change in only one bond; some result in changes in two bonds at a time, but
it is unusual for more extensive changes to occur.
EVALUATION OF A SYNTHETHIC METHOD:

Factors to be considered:
1. Cost
2. Yield of the reaction
3. Can un-reacted materials be recycled?
4. Can by-products be sold?
5. Cost of waste disposal
6. Energy consumption, generating your own, conservation,
7. use of catalysts, recycling of heat (heat exchangers)
8. Environmental issues
ISOLATION AND PURIFICATION OF A PRODUCT:
The product of a synthesis is normally contaminated with reagents used in the synthesis, by-
products, and possibly some unchanged starting material; these contaminants must be removed in
order for a pure product to be obtained. In a multistep synthesis, it is normally desirable to purify the
product from each step before proceeding to the next.

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A written Report in the:

INTRODUCTION TO INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY

Importance of Industrial Chemistry:

History of the Chemical Industry:

Modern Chemical Industry:

1. Batch produces products by batches.

FUNDAMENTAL CHEMICAL PRINCIPLES OF SYNTHESIS:

Chemical synthesis- Chemical synthesis is concerned with the construction of

WHAT IS A SYNTHESIS REACTION?

A synthesis reaction or direct combination reaction is a type of chemical reaction in which

The general form of a synthesis reaction is:

Examples of Synthesis Reactions:

These are some examples of synthesis reactions:

EVALUATION OF A SYNTHETHIC METHOD:

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