Abbreviations, Fan Terminology and Definitions

ARR. Arrangement of fan.

BHP Brake horsepower, the fans power consumption.
CCW Counterclockwise. Used to describe the rotation of an impeller. Rotation is determined by viewing
the impeller from the drive side on centrifugal fans.
CFM Cubic feet per minute, the volume of air moved per minute.
CL. Class of fan. The class identifies the limit of the fans performance range.
CW Clockwise. Used to describe the rotation of an impeller. Rotation is determined by viewing the
impeller from the drive side on centrifugal fans.
dBA Estimated sound pressure level in the space using A weighting.
DWDI Double width double inlet.
EFFICIENCY A Ratio of the useful energy (work) provided by a system to the energy supplied to it. Used to
provide a relative performance comparison of fans.
FPM Feet per minute, the velocity of the airstream.
HP Horsepower, the fans motor size.
I.D. Inside diameter of fan, duct or transition.
Lp Sound Pressure Level. Describes the loudness level of the sound, like the brightness level of a light
bulb. This value varies with the distance from the sound source and the environment surrounding
the sound source. Sound pressure is usually expressed in decibels with a reference level to 0.0002
microbars.
Lw Sound Power Level. Describes the total amount of acoustical energy the fan emits, like the watt rat-
ing of a light bulb describes the total amount of energy the light emits. This value is independent
of location, distance, and environment. Sound power is usually expressed in decibels with a refer-
ence level to 1012 watts.
LwA Sound Power Level A weighted. This is a single value representing the fans overall sound power
level. A weighting adjusts the sound power level for the response of the human ear. This value is
often used in the calculation of sound pressure levels.
ME Mechanical efficiency (or Total efficiency). Mechanical efficiency is a ratio of the total fan power out-
put to the power supplied to the fan. Mechanical efficiency uses total pressure, which includes the
kinetic energy, to calculate the efficiency.
O.D. Outside diameter of fan, duct or transition.
OV Outlet velocity, the average air velocity at the outlet of the fan. Outlet velocity is calculated by divid-
ing the CFM by outlet area.
RPM Revolutions per minute, the number of rotations the fan shaft makes per minute.
SE Static efficiency. Static efficiency is a ratio of the fan power output to the power supplied to the fan.
Static efficiency uses static pressure, which does not include the kinetic energy, to calculate the effi-
ciency. It can be found by multiplying the Mechanical efficiency by the ratio of the fan static pres-
sure to the fan total pressure.
SP Static pressure is the measure of the potential energy of the airstream. SP acts equally in all direc-
tions. It is this pressure in the duct that tends to burst or collapse the duct.
SWSI Single width single inlet.
TP Total pressure, the measure of the energy content of the airstream. It is the sum of static pressure
(SP) and velocity pressure (VP).
TS Tip speed, the speed of the fan blade tip.
VP Velocity pressure, the measure of the energy content of the airstream. Velocity pressure acts in the
direction of the airflow. It is the pressure necessary to accelerate the air.

2 Engineering Resource Guide

Formulas For Fan Applications
CFM x TP x 100
Mechanical Efficiency, ME = 6356 x BHP
CFM x SP x 100
Static Efficiency, SE = (where SP is in inches H2O)
6356 x BHP
Total Pressure, TP = SP + VP
CFM
Velocity, V = Area in Sq. Ft.
2
Velocity Pressure, VP = (1096.7
V
) x density in pounds per cubic foot
2
V
If the density is 0.075 lbs/ft3, the equation for VP reduces to =
(4005 )
SYSTEM CURVE EQUATION
The following formula is used to find other points on the system line when SP1 and CFM1 are known. Most, but not
all, systems follow this relationship.

SP2 = SP1 (CFM 2 2

CFM )
1

How to Use the Fan Laws for Performance Changes

There are two reasons why a fans performance may 3. After installing the fan, the Plant Manager wants to
need to be changed: increase the airflow into the plant to 41,500 CFM.
The fan laws are used to determine how this fan will
The system or area requires additional airflow (CFM).
be affected by the new system requirements.
The actual system static pressure (SP) is different
4. The known values are
from the design value.
When these situations occur, it is important to under- CFM1 = 33,120 CFM SP1 = 2.5" SP
CFM2 = 41,500 CFM RPM1 = 620 RPM
stand how they can affect the fans performance.
BHP1 = 20.01 BHP
The effect on the fans performance can be shown by
5. The unknown values are RPM2 = ??
using the Fan Laws, shown below.
SP2 = ??
BHP2 = ??
FAN LAW EQUATIONS 6. Using the fan law equations, the unknown values are
calculated as follows
RPM2
CFM2 = RPM1 x CFM1 41,500 x
RPM2 =
33,120 620 = 777 RPM2
2 2
RPM2 777
(
SP2 = RPM1 ) x SP1 SP2 ( ) x 2.5" = 3.93" SP
= 620
3
2

777
= ( 620 ) x 20.01 = 39.39 BHP
3
RPM2 BHP2
(
BHP2 = RPM1 ) x BHP1 2

7. What does this information tell us?

Subscript 1 = existing conditions In order to use the same fan for an airflow of 41,500
Subscript 2 = new conditions CFM, the RPM needs to be increased to 777 RPM.
The new performance increases the fans horsepow-
EXAMPLE er requirement from 25 HP to 50 HP. If the fan is
1. Assume a customer requires a fan to operate at sped up to 777 RPM the motor must be resized.
33,120 CFM at 2.5" SP, at standard air density. Per the IMPORTANT NOTE: The new RPM should be checked
specifications, a BC backward inclined fan is to make sure it does not exceed the maximum allow-
required. able RPM for the fan that is installed. If this information
2. Based on the above information, from Twin City Fan is not provided in the catalog or you would like Twin
& Blowers Bulletin 300, a 490 BC SWSI, CL. II fan is City Fan & Blower to review the application, please
selected. This fan will operate at 620 RPM and 20.01 contact your local representative, the factory, or the
BHP to meet the required performance. Twin City Fan Selector program.

Engineering Resource Guide 3

Performance Correction for Temperature & Altitude
In each fan catalog the performance tables are based on When the fan performance is not at standard condi-
standard air density, which is defined as dry air at 70F tions, the performance must be converted to standard
at sea level (29.92 Hg barometric pressure). This is conditions before entering the fan performance tables.
equal to 0.075 lb./ft3 density. The fan performance The fan performance is converted to standard condi-
tables provide the fan RPM and brake horsepower tions by using the correction factor in the Temperature
requirements for the given CFM and static pressure, at and Altitude Correction Chart shown below.
standard air density. The following are examples explaining how to convert
the fans performance to standard conditions.

Temperature and Altitude Correction Factors

ALTITUDE IN FEET ABOVE SEA LEVEL
AIR
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000 15000
TEMP
BAROMETRIC PRESSURE IN INCHES OF MERCURY
F
29.92 28.86 27.82 26.82 25.84 24.90 23.98 23.09 22.22 21.39 20.58 16.89
50 1.293 1.247 1.201 1.159 1.116 1.076 1.036 .997 .960 .924 .889 .729
0 1.152 1.111 1.071 1.032 .995 .959 .923 .889 .856 .824 .792 .650
50 1.039 1.003 .967 .932 .897 .864 .833 .801 .772 .743 .715 .586
70 1.000 .964 .930 .896 .864 .832 .801 .772 .743 .714 .688 .564
100 .946 .912 .880 .848 .818 .787 .758 .730 .703 .676 .651 .534
150 .869 .838 .808 .770 .751 .723 .696 .671 .646 .620 .598 .490
200 .803 .774 .747 .720 .694 .668 .643 .620 .596 .573 .552 .453
250 .747 .720 .694 .669 .645 .622 .598 .576 .555 .533 .514 .421
300 .697 .672 .648 .624 .604 .580 .558 .538 .518 .498 .480 .393
350 .654 .631 .608 .586 .565 .544 .524 .505 .486 .467 .450 .369
400 .616 .594 .573 .552 .532 .513 .493 .476 .458 .440 .424 .347
450 .582 .561 .542 .522 .503 .484 .466 .449 .433 .416 .401 .328
500 .552 .532 .513 .495 .477 .459 .442 .426 .410 .394 .380 .311
550 .525 .506 .488 .470 .454 .437 .421 .405 .390 .375 .361 .296
600 .500 .482 .465 .448 .432 .416 .400 .386 .372 .352 .344 .282
650 .477 .460 .444 .427 .412 .397 .382 .368 .354 .341 .328 .269
700 .457 .441 .425 .410 .395 .380 .366 .353 .340 .326 .315 .258
750 .439 .423 .407 .393 .379 .365 .351 .338 .326 .313 .303 .248
800 .420 .404 .389 .375 .362 .350 .336 .323 .311 .300 .290 .237
850 .404 .391 .376 .363 .349 .336 .324 .312 .300 .289 .279 .228
900 .389 .376 .363 .349 .336 .324 .312 .300 .289 .279 .268 .220
950 .376 .363 .350 .337 .325 .313 .301 .290 .279 .269 .259 .212
1000 .363 .350 .338 .325 .314 .302 .291 .280 .270 .259 .250 .205

How To Convert the Fans Performance to Standard Conditions

When Operating Conditions Are Known:
Assume a 365 BC, SWSI fan is to handle 17,000 CFM, 6. Subtracting the top and bottom values reduces the
2.5" SP, at 300F and 3000 ft. altitude. This fan is not equation to
operating at standard conditions; therefore, the perfor- 150 RPM 915
mance needs to be converted to standard conditions to 770 = 14
find the fans speed and brake horsepower. The fans 7. Dividing the values on the left side and multiplying
performance is converted to standard conditions as fol- each side by 14 reduces the equation to
lows:
0.19 x 14 = RPM 915
1. From the table above, the correction factor for
300F and 3000 ft. altitude is 0.624. 8. Multiplying the values on the left side and adding
915 to each side reduces the equation to
2. The static pressure, at standard air density, is calcu-
lated by dividing the operating SP by the correction 2.66 + 915 = RPM
factor; i.e., 2.5" 0.624 = 4" SP. The static pressure 9. Solving the left side of the equation results in a fan
is 4" at standard air density. RPM equal to
3. Knowing the CFM and the static pressure, at stan- RPM = 918 RPM
dard air density, the fan RPM and BHP can be 10. Next, the BHP is determined by the following equa-
found. Enter the 365 BC, SWSI fan performance tion
table (Bulletin 300) with 17,000 CFM and 4" SP. 17,000 16,850 BHP 14.20
4. In this example, the RPM and BHP are between the 17,620 16,850 = 15.03 14.20
values listed in the performance table; therefore, 11. Subtracting the top and bottom values reduces the
the RPM and BHP are determined by interpolation. equation to
The RPM is determined by the following equation 150 BHP 14.20
17,000 16,850 RPM 915 770 = 0.83
17,620 16,850 = 929 915 12. Dividing the values on the left side and multiplying
each side by 0.83 reduces the equation to
0.19 x 0.83 = BHP 14.20

4 Engineering Resource Guide

13. Multiplying the values on the left side and adding For this example, the cold or starting brake horsepow-
14.20 to each side reduces the equation to er at 3000 ft. altitude and 70F is
0.16 + 14.20 = BHP 14.36 x 0.896 = 12.87 BHP,
14. Solving the left side of the equation results in a fan cold BHP @ 3000 ft. altitude
BHP equal to To determine the BHP at operating conditions, 300F
and 3000 ft. altitude, multiply the BHP at standard con-
BHP = 14.36 BHP ditions by the factor for these conditions:
14.36 x 0.624 = 8.96 BHP
Conclusions For this example, the required fan at operating conditions,
RPM is 918 RPM and the brake horsepower at standard 300F and 3000 ft. altitude
conditions is 14.36 BHP. The brake horsepower, 14.36 The fan performance information for 17000 CFM, 2.5"
BHP at standard conditions (70F at sea level), is also SP, at 300F and 3000 ft. altitude is
referred to as the cold or starting brake horsepower. 918 RPM
If the fan is installed at a higher altitude than sea level,
such as described in this example, the cold or starting 8.96 BHP at operating conditions (300F and 3000 ft.
brake horsepower at that altitude is determined by the altitude)
following equation 12.87 BHP (cold BHP, 70F and 3000 ft. altitude)
Cold BHP at altitude = 14.36 BHP at standard conditions or cold BHP at
BHPstd x Correction Factor 70F and sea level
at Required Elevation and 70F 4" SP at standard conditions

When Operating Density Is Known:

Assume a 365 BC, SWSI fan is to handle 23,500 CFM, 9. Solving the left side of the equation results in a fan
3.0" SP, at 0.06364 lb./ft3. This fan is not operating at RPM equal to
standard conditions; therefore, the performance needs RPM = 1028 RPM
to be converted to standard conditions to find the fans 10. Next, the BHP is determined by the following equa-
speed and brake horsepower. The fans performance is tion
converted to standard conditions as follows: 23,500 22,980 BHP 20.15
1. Using the operating density of 0.06364 lb./ft3, the 24,510 22,980 = 22.48 20.15
correction factor is determined by dividing the 11. Subtracting the top and bottom values reduces the
operating density by the standard density, 0.075 equation to
lb./ft3.
520 BHP 20.15
Operating Density
Correction Factor = Standard Density = 0.848 1530 = 2.33
12. Dividing the values on the left side and multiplying
2. The static pressure at standard air density is calcu- each side by 2.33 reduces the equation to
lated by dividing the operating SP by the conver-
sion factor, i.e., 3.0" 0.848 = 3.5" SP. The static 0.34 x 2.33 = BHP 20.15
pressure is 3.5" at standard air density. 13. Multiplying the values on the left side and adding
3. Knowing the CFM and the static pressure at stan- 20.15 to each side reduces the equation to
dard air density, the fan RPM and BHP can be 0.79 + 20.15 = BHP
found. Enter the 365 BC, SWSI fan performance 14. Solving the left side of the equation results in a fan
table (Bulletin 300) with 23,500 CFM and 3.5" SP. BHP equal to
4. This example also finds the RPM and BHP between BHP = 20.94 BHP
the values listed in the performance table; there-
fore, the RPM and BHP are determined by interpo-
lation. Conclusions For this example, the required fan RPM
is 1028 RPM and the brake horsepower is 20.94 BHP at
5. The RPM is determined by the following equation standard conditions. The brake horsepower, 20.94 BHP
23,500 22,980 RPM 1015 at standard conditions (70F at sea level), is also
24,510 22,980 = 1054 1015 referred to as the cold or starting brake horsepower.
6. Subtracting the top and bottom values reduces the To determine the BHP at operating conditions, multiply
equation to the BHP at standard conditions by the conversion fac-
520 RPM 1015 tor for these conditions:
1530 = 39 20.94 x 0.848 = 17.76 BHP
7. Dividing the values on the left side and multiplying at operating conditions
each side by 39 reduces the equation to The fan performance information for 23,500 CFM, 3.0"
0.3 x 39 = RPM 1015 SP, at 0.06364 lb./ft3 is
1028 RPM
8. Multiplying the values on the left side and adding
17.76 BHP at operating conditions of 0.06364 lb./ft3
1015 to each side reduces the equation to
20.94 BHP at standard conditions (70F at sea level)
13 + 1015 = RPM 3.5" SP at standard conditions.

Engineering Resource Guide 5

Capture Velocities (or Airflow) For Exhaust Hoods
Exhaust hoods are critical devices AIRFLOW OR
PROCESS TYPE OF HOOD
used to protect workers from pro- CAPTURE VELOCITY
cess fumes or dust. Exhaust hoods Abrasive Blasting Downdraft Hood 60-100 CFM/ft2 of Floor
Crossdraft Hood 100 CFM/ft2 of Wall
induce airflow from the work station
Auto Parking Garage 2 Level 500 CFM/Parking Space
to the hood to remove contaminants Bag Loading for Grain Canopy Hood 100 CFM/ft2 Open Face Area
or particles from the work area. The Elevators, Feed Mills, 500 FPM Maximum
capture velocity is the air velocity Flour Mills
required to move the contaminants Ceramic: Enclosure Hood 200 FPM Thru All 0penings
Dry Pan Local at Die 500 CFM
from the work station to the hood. Dry Press Local at Die 500 CFM
Capture velocities and hood designs At Supply Bin 500 CFM
Spraying (Lead Glaze) Booth Hood 400 FPM (Face)
depend on the type of fume or dust
Cooling Tunnels (Foundry) Enclosure Hood 75-100 CFM Per Running Foot
being removed. Hood designs in- of Enclosure
clude canopy hoods, downdraft Core Sanding (on Lathe) Downdraft Hood 100 FPM at Source
hoods, booth-type hoods, slot Under Work
hoods, etc. The chart at right shows Crushers & Grinders Enclosure Hood 200 FPM Thru Openings
the capture velocity and hood de- Degreasing; Evaporation From Tanks Canopy Hood 50-100 FPM
Forge (Hand) Booth Hood 200 FPM at Face
sign for a given process.
Furniture Stripping Tank Slot Hood 45 CFM/ft2 of Tank Area
Metal Cutting Bandsaw Booth Hood 225 CFM/ft2 of Open Area
Metal Spraying Booth Hood a) 150 CFM/ft2 of Face Area,
Non-toxic
b) 200 CFM/ft2 of Face Area,
Toxic
Outboard Motor Test Tank Side Draft Hood 200 CFM/ft2 of tank openings
Packaging Machines Booth Hood 50-100 FPM at Face
Downdraft Hood 95-150 FPM Down
Complete Enclosure 100-400 FPM Opening
Paper Machine Canopy Hood 200-300 FPM at Face
Note: The flow rates and velocities Pickling Metals Canopy Hood 200-250 FPM
shown in the charts on this page are Plating Metals Canopy Hood 225-250 FPM
based on standard air density. For Restaurant Range Hood Against Wall 80 CFM/ft2 of Hood Area
conditions not at standard density Island Type Hood 125 CFM/ft2 of Hood Area
such as high temperature, moisture Spray Booth Booth Hood a) 200 CFM/ft2 for Face Area
Up To 4 ft2
or elevation, convert the operating b) 150 CFM/ft2 for Face Area
conditions to standard air conditions Over 4 ft2
using the correction factors found in Steam Kettles Canopy Hood 150 FPM at Face
the Temperature and Altitude Varnish Kettles Canopy Hood 200-250 FPM at Face
Wire Impregnating Covered Tanks 200 CFM/ft2 of Opening
Correction Chart on page 4.
From American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists: Industrial Ventilation (ACGIH): A
Manual of Recommended Practice, 22nd Ed. Copyright 1995, Cincinnati, OH. Reprinted with permission.

Minimum Duct Velocities For Conveying Materials

After the exhaust hood removes the AVG. VELOCITY
fumes or dust from the work station, MATERIAL TO CONVEY
the velocity downstream of the hood MATERIAL (FPM)
must be high enough to prevent the VERY FINE LIGHT DUST:
25003000
Cotton Lint, Wood Flour, Litho Powder
material from clogging the ductwork. DRY DUSTS & POWDERS:
The velocity downstream of the 30004000
Fine Rubber Dust, Jute Lint, Cotton Dust, Light Shavings, Soap Dust
hood is defined as the minimum AVERAGE INDUSTRIAL DUST:
duct velocity and is determined by Grinding Dust, Buffing Lint-Dry, Wool Jute Dust-Shaker Waste, Shoe
Dust, Granite Dust, Silica Flour, General Material Handling, Brick 35004000
the type of material being conveyed Cutting, Clay Dust, Foundry-General, Limestone Dust, Packaging &
through the duct. The table at right Weighing Asbestos Dust in Textile Industries
shows typical duct velocities for var- HEAVY DUSTS
Sawdust-Heavy & Wet, Metal Turnings, Foundry Tumbling Barrels &
ious materials. Shake-Out, Sandblast Dust, Wood Blocks, Brass Turnings, Cast Iron
40004500
Boring Dust, Lead Dust
HEAVY OR MOIST:
Lead Dusts with Small Chips, Moist Cement Dust, Asbestos Chunks
4500 & Up
From Transite Pipe Cutting Machines, Buffing Lint-Sticky, Quick-Lime
Dust

From American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists: Industrial Ventilation (ACGIH): A

Manual of Recommended Practice, 22nd Ed. Copyright 1995, Cincinnati, OH. Reprinted with permission.

6 Engineering Resource Guide

Air Change Rates for Ventilation
The volume of fresh air (CFM) required to a given area AREA TYPE MINUTES PER CHANGE
can be easily estimated by the air change method. ASSEMBLY HALL 3-10
This method is recommended for standard commercial BAKERY 1- 3
type applications where environmental control of haz- BAR 2- 4
ards, heat and/or odors is not necessary. BOWLING ALLEY 3- 7
BOILER ROOM 1- 3
Other items to consider when determining the number CAFETERIA 3- 5
of air changes required are: CHURCH 4-10
Local code requirements on air changes. CLASSROOM 4- 6
How the space is used. ENGINE ROOM 1- 3
The type of climate in the area, e.g., hot, moderate FACTORY 2- 7
or cold. FORGE SHOP 1- 2
FOUNDRY 1- 5
The air volume (CFM) can be estimated by using the
GENERATOR ROOM 2- 5
following equation and the chart at right that defines HOSPITAL 4- 6
the number of air changes for given area. KITCHEN 2- 3
Room Volume (ft3) LABORATORY 2- 5
Volume of Air = LAUNDRY 2- 4
No. of Air Changes (min./change)
LOCKER ROOM 4-15
MACHINE SHOP 3- 6
MILL 3- 8
OFFICE 2- 8
RESTAURANT 5-10
RETAIL STORE 5-10
RESTROOM/TOILET 2- 5
TRANSFORMER ROOM 1- 5
WAREHOUSE 4-10

Velocity-to-Velocity Pressure Conversion Chart

Values based at Standard Density, V-VELOCITY

VP-VELOCITY
V-VELOCITY
VP-VELOCITY
V -VELOCITY
VP-VELOCITY
0.075lbs/ft3. FPM
PRESSURE
FPM
PRESSURE
FPM
PRESSURE
IN. WATER IN. WATER IN. WATER
Calculated by the formula: 100 0.0006 2400 0.360 4700 1.38
2 200 0.0025 2500 0.391 4800 1.44
VP = ( ) V
4005 300
400
0.0056
0.010
2600
2700
0.423
0.456
4900
5000
1.50
1.56
500 0.016 2800 0.490 5100 1.63
600 0.023 2900 0.526 5200 1.69
For other densities use the formu- 700 0.031 3000 0.563 5300 1.76
la: 800 0.040 3100 0.601 5400 1.82
2 900 0.051 3200 0.640 5500 1.89
VP = ( ) x Density
V
1097 1000
1100
0.063
0.076
3300
3400
0.681
0.723
5600
5700
1.96
2.03
1200 0.090 3500 0.766 5800 2.10
Where: 1300 0.106 3600 0.810 5900 2.18
V is velocity in ft./min. 1400 0.123 3700 0.856 6000 2.25
Density is in lb/ft3. 1500 0.141 3800 0.903 6100 2.33
1600 0.160 3900 0.951 6200 2.40
1700 0.181 4000 1.00 6300 2.48
1800 0.203 4100 1.05 6400 2.56
1900 0.226 4200 1.10 6500 2.64
2000 0.250 4300 1.16 6600 2.72
2100 0.276 4400 1.21 6700 2.81
2200 0.303 4500 1.27 6800 2.89
2300 0.331 4600 1.32 6900 2.98
7000 3.06

Engineering Resource Guide 7

Definitions of English & Metric Units
C = degrees Celsius in. = inch mm = millimeter
cfm = cubic feet per minute kg = kilogram N = Newton
cm = centimeter km = kilometer Nm = Newton-meter
F = degrees Fahrenheit kPa = kilopascal oz. = ounce
ft = foot l = liter psi = pounds per square inch
fpm = feet per minute lb. = pound rpm = revolutions per minute
g = gram lbf = pound force rps = revolutions per second
Hg = mercury lbm = pound mass sec. = second
hp = horsepower m = meter W = Watts
hpm = metric horsepower min. = minute wg = water gauge
hr. = hour

Pressure Equivalent Chart

This chart shows pressure values in inches water gauge and the equivalent pressure in other commonly used units.
INCHES INCHES OUNCES POUNDS MILLIMETERS
PASCALS KILOPASCALS
WATER MERCURY PER SQ. IN. PER SQ. IN. WATER
(Pa) (kPa)
(IN. WG) (IN. Hg) (oz/in2) (lb/in2) (mm WG)
1 0.0733 0.577 0.0360 250 0.25 25.4
2 0.1467 1.154 0.0720 500 0.50 50.8
3 0.2200 1.730 0.1081 750 0.75 76.2
4 0.2934 2.307 0.1441 990 0.99 101.6
5 0.3667 2.884 0.1801 1240 1.24 127.0
6 0.4400 3.461 0.2161 1490 1.49 152.4
7 0.5134 4.038 0.2522 1740 1.74 177.8
8 0.5867 4.614 0.2882 1990 1.99 203.2
9 0.6601 5.191 0.3242 2240 2.24 228.6
10 0.7334 5.768 0.3602 2480 2.48 254.0
11 0.8067 6.345 0.3962 2730 2.73 279.4
12 0.8801 6.922 0.4323 2980 2.98 304.8
13 0.9534 7.498 0.4683 3230 3.23 330.2
14 1.027 8.075 0.5043 3480 3.48 355.6
15 1.100 8.652 0.5403 3730 3.73 381.0
16 1.173 9.229 0.5763 3970 3.97 406.4
17 1.247 9.806 0.6124 4220 4.22 431.8
18 1.320 10.382 0.6484 4470 4.47 457.2
19 1.393 10.959 0.6844 4720 4.72 482.6
20 1.467 11.536 0.7204 4970 4.97 508.0
21 1.540 12.113 0.7565 5220 5.22 533.4
22 1.613 12.690 0.7925 5460 5.46 558.8
23 1.687 13.266 0.8285 5710 5.71 584.2
24 1.760 13.843 0.8645 5960 5.96 609.6
25 1.834 14.420 0.9005 6210 6.21 635.0
26 1.907 14.997 0.9366 6460 6.46 660.4
27 1.980 15.574 0.9726 6710 6.71 685.8
28 2.054 16.150 1.009 6950 6.95 711.2
29 2.127 16.727 1.045 7200 7.20 736.6
30 2.200 17.304 1.081 7450 7.45 762.0
31 2.274 17.881 1.117 7700 7.70 787.4
32 2.347 18.458 1.153 7950 7.95 812.8
33 2.420 19.034 1.189 8200 8.20 838.2
34 2.494 19.611 1.225 8440 8.44 863.6
35 2.567 20.188 1.261 8690 8.69 889.0
36 2.640 20.765 1.297 8940 8.94 914.4
37 2.714 21.342 1.333 9190 9.19 939.8
38 2.787 21.918 1.369 9440 9.44 965.2
39 2.860 22.495 1.405 9690 9.69 990.6
40 2.934 23.072 1.441 9930 9.93 1016.0
41 3.007 23.649 1.477 10180 10.18 1041.4
42 3.080 29.226 1.513 10430 10.43 1066.8
43 3.154 24.802 1.549 10680 10.68 1092.2
44 3.227 25.379 1.585 10930 10.93 1117.6
45 3.300 25.956 1.621 11180 11.18 1143.0

8 Engineering Resource Guide

English & Metric Conversions
AREA PRESSURE VELOCITY
MULTIPLY BY TO OBTAIN MULTIPLY BY TO OBTAIN MULTIPLY BY TO OBTAIN
0.006944 ft2 27.728 in-wg 0.0167 fps
2
in 0.0006452 m2 2.036 in-Hg .2 in/sec
645.16 mm2 psi 6894.8 Pa fpm 0.005080 m/s
144 in2 704.28 mm-wg 0.30480 m/min
ft2 0.09290 m2 51.715 mm-Hg 60 fpm
92903 mm2 0.06805 atm 12 in/sec
10.76 ft2 0.03607 psi fps 0.30480 m/s
m2 1550 in2 0.07343 in-Hg 18.288 m/min
106 mm2 in-wg 248.66 Pa 5 fpm
DENSITY 25.4 mm-wg 0.0833 fps
MULTIPLY BY TO OBTAIN 1.8651 mm-Hg in/sec 0.02540 m/s
0.002454 atm 1.524 m/min
lb/ft3 16.02 kg/m3 0.49115 psi 196.85 fpm
13.619 in-wg 3.2808 fps
kg/m3 0.06243 lb/ft3 in-Hg 3386.4 pa m/s 39.37 in/sec
345.91 mm-wg 60 m/min
LENGTH
25.4 mm-Hg 3.2808 fpm
MULTIPLY BY TO OBTAIN
0.03342 atm 0.05468 fps
12 in
0.000145 psi m/min 0.65617 in/sec
ft 0.3048 m
0.004022 in-wg 0.0167 m/s
304.80 mm
0.0833 ft Pa 0.0002953 in-Hg
VOLUME
0.10215 mm-wg
in 0.02540 m MULTIPLY BY TO OBTAIN
0.007501 mm-Hg
25.4 mm 1728 in3
0.0000099 atm
3.2808 ft
0.00142 psi
ft3 28.317 l
m 39.37 in 0.02832 m3
0.03937 in-wg
1000 mm 0.000579 ft3
0.003281 ft mm-wg 0.002891 in-Hg
in3 0.01639 l
9.7898 Pa
mm 0.03937 in 0.0000164 m3
0.07343 mm-Hg
0.001 m 0.03531 ft3
0.0000966 atm
MASS l 61.024 in3
0.01934 psi
MULTIPLY BY TO OBTAIN 0.001 m3
0.53616 in-wg
16 oz 35.315 ft3
lbm 453.59 grams
mm-Hg 0.03937 in-Hg
m3 61024 in3
133.32 Pa
0.45359 kg 1000 l
13.619 mm-wg
0.0625 lbm 0.001316 atm VOLUME FLOW
oz 28.35 grams 14.696 psi MULTIPLY BY TO OBTAIN
0.0283 kg 407.48 in-wg 0.0004719 m3/sec
0.002205 lbm 0.02832 m3/min
grams atm 29.921 invHg
0.03527 oz 101300 Pa CFM 1.6990 m3/hr
0.001 kg 10350 mm-wg 0.47195 l/s
2.2046 lbm 760 mm-Hg 28.317 l/min
kg 35.274 oz 2118.9 CFM
1000 grams
ROTATING SPEED
60 m3/min
MULTIPLY BY TO OBTAIN
MOMENT OF INERTIA 0.0167 rps m3/sec 3600 m3/hr
MULTIPLY BY TO OBTAIN RPM 0.0167 Hertz
1000 l/s
0.0069 lb-ft2 60000 l/min
lb-in2 0.0002926 kg-m2 RPS
60 rpm
35.315 CFM
1 Hertz
2 144 lb-in2 0.0167 m3/sec
lb-ft 0.04214 kg-m2 Hertz
60 rpm
m3/min 60 m3/hr
1 rps
2 23.73 lb-ft2 16.667 l/s
kg-m 3417.2 lb-in2
TORQUE 1000 l/min
MULTIPLY BY TO OBTAIN 0.58858 CFM
POWER 0.083 lb-ft
MULTIPLY BY TO OBTAIN 0.0167 m3/min
lb-in 0.11298 N-m m3/hr 0.0003 m3/sec
33000 ft-lb/min
550 ft-lb/s 12 lb-in 0.2778 l/s
lb-ft 1.3558 N-m 16.667 l/min
HP 745.7 W
0.7457 kW 0.73756 lb-ft 2.1189 CFM
N-m 0.001 m3/sec
76.04 kg-m/sec 8.8507 lb-in
0.0000303 HP l/s 0.06 m3/min
TEMPERATURE 3.6 m3/hr
0.0167 ft-lb/s
ft-lb/min 0.0226 W F = 9/5 C + 32 60 l/min
0.03531 CFM
0.0023 kg-m/sec C = 5/9 (F 32)
0.0018 HP 0.000016 m3/sec
See page 12 for expanded Temperature Conver- l/min 0.001 m3/min
60 ft-lb/min
ft-lb/s 1.3558 W
sion table. 0.06 m3/hr
0.1388 kg-m/sec 0.0167 l/s
0.00134 HP
44.254 ft-lb/min
W
0.73756 ft-lb/s
0.1019 kg-m/sec
0.01 hp
434.78 ft-lb/min
kg-m/sec 7.20 ft-lb/s
9.81 W

Engineering Resource Guide 9

Friction Loss Per 100 Feet of Round Duct
Data is for duct roughness of 0.0005 feet. If a special duct material is being used, please contact the duct
material manufacturer for the friction losses. Friction loss in inches H2O.
DUCT DIAMETER
VEL. 4" 5" 6" 7" 8" 10" 12"
CFM FL CFM FL CFM FL CFM FL CFM FL CFM FL CFM FL
2000 175 1.85 273 1.39 393 1.11 535 0.92 698 0.77 1091 0.59 1571 0.47
2200 192 2.21 300 1.67 432 1.33 588 1.10 768 0.93 1200 0.71 1728 0.56
2400 209 2.59 327 1.97 471 1.57 642 1.30 838 1.10 1309 0.83 1885 0.67
2600 227 3.04 355 2.30 511 1.83 695 1.51 908 1.28 1418 0.97 2042 0.78
2800 244 3.49 382 2.65 550 2.11 748 1.74 977 1.47 1527 1.12 2199 0.90
3000 262 4.00 409 3.02 589 2.41 802 1.99 1047 1.68 1636 1.28 2356 1.02
3200 279 4.52 437 3.43 628 2.72 855 2.25 1117 1.91 1745 1.45 2513 1.16
3400 297 5.10 464 3.85 668 3.07 909 2.53 1187 2.15 1854 1.63 2670 1.30
3600 314 5.68 491 4.30 707 3.43 962 2.83 1257 2.40 1963 1.82 2827 1.45
3800 332 6.33 518 4.77 746 3.80 1016 3.14 1327 2.66 2073 2.02 2985 1.62
4000 349 6.97 546 5.28 786 4.21 1069 3.47 1396 2.94 2182 2.23 3142 1.79
4200 367 7.69 573 5.80 825 4.62 1123 3.82 1466 3.23 2291 2.46 3299 1.96
4400 384 8.39 600 6.35 864 5.05 1176 4.17 1536 3.54 2400 2.69 3456 2.15
4600 402 9.18 627 6.91 903 5.51 1230 4.56 1606 3.86 2509 2.93 3613 2.34
4800 419 9.95 655 7.53 943 5.99 1283 4.95 1676 4.19 2618 3.18 3770 2.54
5000 437 10.80 682 8.14 982 6.49 1337 5.36 1746 4.54 2727 3.45 3927 2.76
5200 454 11.63 709 8.78 1021 7.00 1390 5.78 1815 4.90 2836 3.72 4084 2.97
5400 471 12.50 737 9.47 1061 7.54 1443 6.22 1885 5.27 2945 4.00 4241 3.20
5600 489 13.45 764 10.16 1100 8.10 1497 6.68 1955 5.66 3054 4.30 4398 3.44
5800 506 14.37 791 10.88 1139 8.67 1550 7.15 2025 6.07 3163 4.61 4555 3.68
6000 524 15.39 818 11.62 1178 9.26 1604 7.65 2095 6.48 3272 4.92 4712 3.93
6200 541 16.38 846 12.41 1218 9.88 1657 8.15 2164 6.91 3381 5.25 4869 4.20
6400 559 17.47 873 13.19 1257 10.51 1711 8.68 2234 7.35 3491 5.59 5027 4.47
6600 576 18.52 900 14.00 1296 11.16 1764 9.22 2304 7.81 3600 5.93 5184 4.74
6800 594 19.68 928 14.87 1336 11.84 1818 9.78 2374 8.28 3709 6.29 5341 5.03
7000 611 20.80 955 15.73 1375 12.53 1871 10.34 2444 8.77 3818 6.66 5498 5.32

DUCT DIAMETER
VEL. 14" 16" 18" 20" 22" 24" 30"
CFM FL CFM FL CFM FL CFM FL CFM FL CFM FL CFM FL
2000 2138 0.39 2793 0.33 3534 0.29 4363 0.25 5280 0.22 6283 0.20 9817 0.15
2200 2352 0.47 3072 0.40 3888 0.34 4800 0.30 5808 0.27 6912 0.24 10799 0.19
2400 2566 0.55 3351 0.47 4241 0.41 5236 0.36 6336 0.32 7540 0.29 11781 0.22
2600 2779 0.64 3630 0.55 4595 0.47 5672 0.42 6863 0.37 8168 0.33 12763 0.26
2800 2993 0.74 3910 0.63 4948 0.55 6109 0.48 7391 0.43 8796 0.39 13744 0.29
3000 3207 0.85 4189 0.72 5302 0.62 6545 0.55 7919 0.49 9425 0.44 14726 0.34
3200 3421 0.96 4468 0.82 5655 0.71 6981 0.62 8447 0.55 10053 0.50 15708 0.38
3400 3635 1.08 4747 0.92 6008 0.79 7418 0.70 8975 0.62 10681 0.56 16690 0.43
3600 3848 1.20 5027 1.02 6362 0.89 7854 0.78 9503 0.70 11310 0.63 17671 0.48
3800 4062 1.34 5306 1.14 6715 0.99 8290 0.87 10031 0.77 11938 0.70 18653 0.53
4000 4276 1.48 5585 1.26 7069 1.09 8727 0.96 10559 0.85 12566 0.77 19635 0.59
4200 4490 1.63 5864 1.38 7422 1.20 9163 1.05 11087 0.94 13195 0.84 20617 0.65
4400 4704 1.78 6144 1.51 7776 1.31 9599 1.15 11615 1.03 13823 0.92 21598 0.71
4600 4917 1.94 6423 1.65 8129 1.43 10036 1.26 12143 1.12 14451 1.01 22580 0.77
4800 5131 2.11 6702 1.79 8483 1.55 10472 1.37 12671 1.22 15080 1.10 23562 0.84
5000 5345 2.28 6982 1.94 8836 1.68 10909 1.48 13199 1.32 15708 1.19 24544 0.91
5200 5559 2.46 7261 2.09 9189 1.81 11345 1.60 13727 1.42 16336 1.28 25525 0.98
5400 5773 2.65 7540 2.25 9543 1.95 11781 1.72 14255 1.53 16965 1.38 26507 1.05
5600 5986 2.85 7819 2.42 9896 2.10 12218 1.85 14783 1.64 17593 1.48 27489 1.13
5800 6200 3.05 8099 2.59 10250 2.25 12654 1.98 15311 1.76 18221 1.58 28470 1.21
6000 6414 3.26 8378 2.77 10603 2.40 13090 2.11 15839 1.88 18850 1.69 29452 1.29
6200 6628 3.48 8657 2.95 10957 2.56 13527 2.25 16367 2.01 19478 1.81 30434 1.38
6400 6842 3.70 8936 3.14 11310 2.72 13963 2.40 16895 2.14 20106 1.92 31416 1.47
6600 7055 3.93 9216 3.34 11664 2.89 14399 2.55 17423 2.27 20735 2.04 32397 1.56
6800 7269 4.16 9495 3.54 12017 3.07 14836 2.70 17951 2.40 21363 2.16 33379 1.65
7000 7483 4.41 9774 3.75 12370 3.25 15272 2.86 18479 2.55 21991 2.29 34361 1.75

10 Engineering Resource Guide

Area and Circumference of Circles
CIRCUM- CIRCUM- CIRCUM-
DIA. AREA DIA. AREA DIA. AREA
FERENCE FERENCE FERENCE
(IN.) (IN.) (IN.)
IN2 FT2 IN FT IN2 FT2 IN FT IN2 FT2 IN FT
1 0.785 0.005 3.14 0.262 35 962 6.68 109.96 9.16 69 3739 25.95 216.77 18.06
2 3.14 0.022 6.28 0.523 36 1018 7.06 113.10 9.42 70 3848 26.70 219.91 18.32
3 7.07 0.049 9.42 0.785 37 1075 7.46 116.24 9.68 71 3959 27.47 223.05 18.58
4 12.57 0.087 12.57 1.054 38 1134 7.87 119.38 9.94 72 4072 28.25 226.19 18.84
5 19.63 0.136 15.71 1.31 39 1195 8.29 122.52 10.21 73 4185 29.04 229.34 19.10
6 28.27 0.196 18.85 1.57 40 1257 8.72 125.66 10.47 74 4301 29.84 232.48 19.37
7 38.48 0.267 21.99 1.83 41 1320 9.16 128.81 10.73 75 4418 30.66 235.62 19.63
8 50.27 0.349 25.13 2.09 42 1385 9.61 131.95 10.99 76 4536 31.48 238.76 19.89
9 63.62 0.441 28.27 2.36 43 1452 10.08 135.09 11.25 77 4657 32.31 241.90 20.15
10 78.54 0.545 31.42 2.62 44 1521 10.55 138.23 11.51 78 4778 33.16 245.04 20.41
11 95.03 0.659 34.56 2.88 45 1590 11.04 141.37 11.78 79 4902 34.01 248.19 20.67
12 113.00 0.785 37.70 3.14 46 1662 11.53 144.51 12.04 80 5027 34.88 251.33 20.94
13 133.00 0.921 40.84 3.40 47 1735 12.04 147.65 12.30 81 5153 35.76 254.47 21.20
14 154.00 1.07 43.98 3.66 48 1810 12.56 150.80 12.56 82 5281 36.64 257.61 21.46
15 177.00 1.23 47.12 3.93 49 1886 13.08 153.94 12.82 83 5411 37.54 260.75 21.72
16 201.00 1.40 50.27 4.19 50 1963 13.62 157.08 13.08 84 5542 38.45 263.89 21.98
17 227.00 1.57 53.41 4.45 51 2043 14.17 160.22 13.35 85 5675 39.37 267.04 22.24
18 254.00 1.77 56.55 4.71 52 2124 14.74 163.36 13.61 86 5809 40.31 270.18 22.51
19 284.00 1.97 59.69 4.97 53 2206 15.31 166.50 13.87 87 5945 41.25 273.32 22.77
20 314.00 2.18 62.83 5.23 54 2290 15.89 169.65 14.13 88 6082 42.20 276.46 23.03
21 346.00 2.40 65.97 5.50 55 2376 16.49 172.79 14.39 89 6221 43.17 279.60 23.29
22 380.00 2.64 69.12 5.76 56 2463 17.09 175.93 14.65 90 6362 44.14 282.74 23.55
23 415.00 2.88 72.26 6.02 57 2552 17.71 179.07 14.92 91 6504 45.13 285.88 23.81
24 452.00 3.14 75.40 6.28 58 2642 18.33 182.21 15.18 92 6648 46.13 289.03 24.08
25 491.00 3.41 78.54 6.54 59 2734 18.97 185.35 15.44 93 6793 47.14 292.17 24.34
26 531.00 3.68 81.68 6.80 60 2827 19.62 188.50 15.70 94 6940 48.15 295.31 24.60
27 573.00 3.97 84.82 7.07 61 2922 20.28 191.64 15.96 95 7088 49.18 298.45 24.86
28 616.00 4.27 87.96 7.33 62 3019 20.95 194.78 16.23 96 7238 50.23 301.59 25.12
29 661.00 4.58 91.11 7.59 63 3117 21.63 197.92 16.49 97 7390 51.28 304.73 25.38
30 707.00 4.90 94.25 7.85 64 3217 22.32 201.06 16.75 98 7543 52.34 307.88 25.65
31 755.00 5.24 97.39 8.11 65 3318 23.03 204.20 17.01 99 7698 53.41 311.02 25.91
32 804.00 5.58 100.53 8.37 66 3421 23.74 207.35 17.27 100 7854 54.50 314.16 26.17
33 855.00 5.93 103.67 8.64 67 3526 24.46 210.49 17.53
34 908.00 6.30 106.81 8.90 68 3632 25.20 213.63 17.80

Equations: Area = r2 (r = radius of circle)

Circumference = 2r or d (r = radius of circle; d = diameter of circle)

Gauges & Equivalent Metal Thickness

Steel Sheet Gauges & Weights
THICKNESS WEIGHT
GAUGE
IN. MM LB/FT2 KG/M2
1" 1 25.4000 41.829 204.379
3/4" 3/4 19.0500 31.372 153.280
5/8" 5/8 15.8750 26.143 127.73
1/2" 1/2 12.7000 20.915 102.187
3/8" 3/8 9.5250 15.686 76.640
5/16" 5/16 7.9375 13.072 63.867
1/4" 1/4 6.3500 10.457 51.093
3/16" 3/16 4.7625 7.843 38.320
7 .1793 4.5542 7.500 36.644
8 .1644 4.1758 6.875 33.591
9 .1495 3.7973 6.250 30.537
10 .1345 3.4163 5.625 27.483
11 .1196 3.0378 5.000 24.429
12 .1046 2.6568 4.375 21.376
13 .0897 2.2784 3.750 18.322
14 .0747 1.8974 3.125 15.268
15 .0673 1.7094 2.813 13.744
16 .0598 1.5189 2.500 12.215
17 .0538 1.3665 2.250 10.993
18 .0478 1.2141 2.000 9.772
19 .0418 1.0617 1.750 8.550
20 .0359 0.9119 1.500 7.329
21 .0329 0.8357 1.375 6.718
22 .0299 0.7595 1.250 6.107
23 .0269 0.6833 1.125 5.497
24 .0239 0.6071 1.000 4.886
25 .0209 0.5309 0.875 4.275
26 .0179 0.4547 0.750 3.664
27 .0164 0.4166 0.688 3.361

Engineering Resource Guide 11

 Fractions to Equivalent Decimal Values
FRACTION DECIMAL FRACTION DECIMAL FRACTION DECIMAL
23 45
1
64 .016 64 .359 64 .703
3 23
1
32 .031 8 .375 32 .719
25 47
3
64 .047 64 .391 64 .734
13 3
1
16 .063 32 .406 4 .750
27 49
5
64 .078 64 .422 64 .766
7 25
3
32 .094 16 .438 32 .781
29 51
7
64 .109 64 .453 64 .797
15 13
1
8 .125 32 .469 16 .813
31 53
9
64 .141 64 .484 64 .828
1 27
5
32 .156 2 .500 32 .844
33 55
11
64 .172 64 .516 64 .859
17 7
3
16 .188 32 .531 8 .875
35 57
13
64 .203 64 .547 64 .861
9 29
7
32 .219 16 .563 32 .906
37 59
15
64 .234 64 .578 64 .922
19 15
1
4 .250 32 .594 16 .938
39 61
17
64 .266 64 .609 64 .953
5 31
9
32 .281 8 .625 32 .969
41 63
19
64 .397 64 .641 64 .984
21
5
16 .313 32 .656 1 1.00
43
21
64 .328 64 .672
11
11
32 .344 16 .688

Temperature Conversions
C F C F C F C F C F C F
40 40.0 2 28.4 36 96.8 74 165.2 160 320 350 662
39 38.2 1 30.2 37 98.6 75 167.0 165 329 355 671
38 36.4 0 32.0 38 100.4 76 168.8 170 338 360 680
37 34.6 1 33.8 39 102.2 77 170.6 175 347 365 689
36 32.8 2 35.6 40 104.0 78 172.4 180 356 370 698
35 31.0 3 37.4 41 105.8 79 174.2 185 365 375 707
34 29.2 4 39.2 42 107.6 80 176.0 190 374 380 716
33 27.4 5 41.0 43 109.4 81 177.8 195 383 385 725
32 25.6 6 42.8 44 111.2 82 179.6 200 392 390 734
31 23.8 7 44.6 45 113.0 83 181.4 205 401 395 743
30 22.0 8 46.4 46 114.8 84 183.2 210 410 400 752
29 20.2 9 48.2 47 116.6 85 185.0 215 419 410 770
28 18.4 10 50.0 48 118.4 86 186.8 220 428 420 788
27 16.6 11 51.8 49 120.2 87 188.6 225 437 430 806
26 14.8 12 53.6 50 122.0 88 190.4 230 446 440 824
25 13.0 13 55.4 51 123.8 89 192.2 235 455 450 842
24 11.2 14 57.2 52 125.6 90 194.0 240 464 460 860
23 9.4 15 59.0 53 127.4 91 195.8 245 473 470 878
22 7.6 16 60.8 54 129.2 92 197.6 250 482 480 896
21 5.8 17 62.6 55 131.0 93 199.4 255 491 490 914
20 4.0 18 64.4 56 132.8 94 201.2 260 500 500 932
19 72.2 19 66.2 57 134.6 95 203.0 265 509 510 950
18 0.4 20 68.0 58 136.4 96 204.8 270 518 520 968
17 1.4 21 69.8 59 138.2 97 206.6 275 527 530 986
16 3.2 22 71.6 60 140.0 98 208.4 280 536 540 1004
15 5.0 23 73.4 61 141.8 99 210.2 285 545 550 1022
14 6.8 24 75.2 62 143.6 100 212.0 290 554 560 1040
13 8.6 25 77.0 63 145.4 105 221.0 295 563 570 1058
12 10.4 26 78.8 64 147.2 110 230.0 300 572 580 1076
11 12.2 27 80.6 65 149.0 115 239.0 305 581 590 1094
10 14.4 28 82.4 66 150.8 120 248.0 310 590 600 1112
9 15.8 29 84.2 67 152.6 125 257.0 315 599 650 1202
8 17.6 30 86.0 68 154.4 130 266.0 320 608 700 1292
7 19.4 31 87.8 69 156.2 135 275.0 325 617 750 1382
6 21.2 32 89.6 70 158.0 140 284.0 330 626 800 1472
5 23.0 33 91.4 71 159.8 145 293.0 335 635
4 24.8 34 93.2 72 161.6 150 302.0 340 644
3 26.6 35 95.0 73 163.4 155 311.0 345 653