AD- A266 497

" EDTON 1

September 1989 Defense Mapping

Agency
Fairfax,
VA

DMATM 8358.2 DMA TECHNICAL MANUAL

THE UNIVERSAL GRIDS:

Universal Transverse
Mercator (UTM) and
Universal Polar
Stereographic (UPS)

DTle
SJLOL71I993D

Approved for
Public Release:
Distribution Unlimited
DMA Stock No. / 93-15019
DMATM8082

S. . .. . . .. -9
 Best
Available
copy
J L~~risi'i I i illTl
SECURtITY CLASSIFICA T ION OF THIS PAGE

REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE FOrM#f o074-01e8

"la REPORT SECURITY CLASSIFICATION lb RESTRICTIVE MARKINGS
UTNC1.Ac'0qTP F.TE),
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"4PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER(S) S MONITORING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER(S)

DMA TM 8358.2 DMA TM 8358.2

64. NAME OF PERFORMING ORGANIZA.TION 6b. OFFICE SYMBOL 7a. NAME OF MONITORING ORGANIZATION
Defense Mapping Agenc-Y Of applicable) Defense Mapping Agency
Hydrographic/Topographic SDAG Plans and Requirements Directorate
6c. ADORESS (City, State, and ZPCoNe) 7b ADDRESS(City, State, and ZiPCode)
6500 Brookes Line 8613 Lee Highway
Washington, D.C., 20315-0030 Fairfax, VA 22031-2137

3a NAME OF FUNDING /SPONSORING 8b OFFICE SYMBOL 9 PROCUREMENT INSTRUMENT IDENTIFICATION NUMBER

ORGANIZATION fif applicable)

DMAHTC PP
Sc. ADDRESS (City, State, and ZIP Code) 10 SOURCE OF FUNDING NUMBERS
6500 Brookes Lane PROGRAM PROJECT TASK WORK UNIT
Washington, D.C., 20315-0300 ELEMENT NO NO NO ACCESSION NO

I TITLE (Inclide Security Classification)

The Universal Grids: Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) and Universal Polar
Stereographic (UPS) (UNCLASSIFIED)
12 PERSONAL AUTHOR(S)
* Hager, John W.; Behensky, James F.; Drew, Brad W.
13a. TYPE OF REPORT 13b TIME COVERIED 1..'4DATE OF RE POPRT (Year,' Month, Day) 15SPAGE COUNT
Final 11FROM TO
16 SUPPLEMENT'ARY NOTATION...

This manual replaces DA TM 5-241-8, title: Universal Transverse Mercator Grid and
DA TX 5-241-9. title: Universal Polar Ster-eoigravhic Grid Tables for Latitudes 79030' -900
17 COSATI CODES IS SUBJECT TERMS (Continue on reverse if necessar and identify by block number)
FIELD GROUP SUB-GROUP UTM projection parameters, accuracy of equations, coordinate
S..... lconversions, convergence, scale factors, UPS projection
"parameters, grid tables.
19 ABSTRACT (Continue on reverse if necessary and identify by block number)
This manual describes geographic to grid and grid to geographic conversions
for the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) and the Universal Polar Stereographic (UPS)
grids. It also discusses computations for convergence from geographic positions
and from grid coordinates for the UTM grid, and convergence in the Polar Stereographic
projection. Both mathematical and tabular methods are illustrated for the above
items. A discussion of scale corrections is included. Transformations between the
two grids, the Military Grid Reference System and the World Geographic Reference
System are discussed. Finally, datum transforaation methods, formulas and definitions
are illustrated. Diagrams, textual information and software are provided.

20 DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABIITY OF ABSTRACT .21 ABSTRACT SECURITY CLASSIFICATION

I UNCLASSIFIEDIJF",IMITED [3 SAME AS RPT 0 OTIC USERS I[ICI.AS!,T FTP.. . .
22a NAME OF RESPONSIBLE INDIVIDUAL . 22b TELEPHONE (Include Area Code) 22c OFFICE SYMBOL
John W. Ha"er lQ112-2P16 &lAr
00 Form 1473, JUN 86 Previous editions are obsolete SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF TH"S PAGE

UNCLASS I FIED
 DMA TM 8358.2

DEFENSE MAPPING AGENCY

To enhance national security and support the Office of the Secretary of Defense, the Joint Chiefs
of Staff, Unified and Specified Commands, Military Departments, and other users, by producing
and distributing timely and tailored mapping, charting, and geodetic products, services, and
training, and advising on such matters. To provide nautical charts and marine navigational data
to worldwide merchant manne and private vessel operators. To maintain kaison with civil
agencies and other national and international scientific and other mapping, charting, and geodetic
activities.

Accession For
ITTS GRAH
DTI-- TABA 1 .1L
Uv-nnninc'ed 13

"A f 'ut y
"1i dq s
Co

Dist Special

jiLi
 DEFENSE MAPPING AGENCY
n13 LIE
UHMWAY
FAEIRF&,VIQN"U 231-2137

DMA TM 8358&2
DEFENSE MAPPING AGENCY TECHNICAL MANUAL 8358.2 18 September 1989

THE UNIVERSAL GRIDS 7

UNIVERSAL TRANSVERSE MERCATOR (UTM)

UNIVERSAL POLAR STEREOGRAPHIC fUPS)

FOREWORD

I. This manual describes geographic to grid and grid to geographic conversions for the
Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) and the Universal Polar Stereographic (UPS) grids. It also
discusses computations for convergence from geographic positions and from grid coordinates for
the UTM grid, and convergence in the Polar Stereographic projection. Both mathematical and
tabular methods are illustrated for the above items. A discussion of scale corrections is included.
Transformations between the two grids, the Military Grid Reference System and the World
Geographic Reference System are discussed. Finally, datum transformationc:,,, ,'mula'
and definitions are illustrated. Diagrams, textual information and software are provided. AN
software for grid calculations, including those from manual DMA TM 8358.1, are inclL;d=,4 as
ANNEXES A and B.
2. This publication contains no copyrighted material, and has been approved for public
release. Distribution is unlimited. Copies may be ordered from the Defense Mapping Agency
Combat Support Center, ATTN: DDCP, Washington, D.C. 20315-0020.

STANLEY 0. SMITH
Brigadier General, USAF
Chief of Staff

,.P

----------
 * i I I

RECORD OF CHANGES AND AMENDMENTS

AMENDMENT OR CHANGE NO. DATE IMPLEMENTATION DATE REMARKS

vii

Nor - -- 1
g DMA TM 8358.2

CONTENTS

PAGE

FO R EWO R D ........................................................................................ ................................... v

CHAPTER 1 GENERAL

1-1 A uthority .................................................................... ................ ................ 1-1

1-2 C ancellation ........................................................................................ . .1 1-1

1-3 Purpose ............................................................................................... . . 1-1

1-4 Scope..............................................1-1
1-5 Utilizatio n ........................................................................ ...................... 1-1

1-6 D efinitio ns ................................................................................................. 1-2

1-7 Cross Reference to Other Volumes ............................................................ 1-3

1-8 Technical Publication Information ............................................................ 1-3

CHAPTER 2 UNIVERSAL TRANSVERSE MERCATOR GRID (UTM)

1 2-1 Description of UTM ..................................................................................... 2-1

2-2 Sum m ary of Notation ................................................................................... 2-1

2-2.1 Ellipsoid Param eters .............................................................................. 2-1

2-2.2 Universal Transverse Mercator Projection Parameters ...................... 2-2

2-2.3 Terms Used to Calculate General Equations ..................... 2-3

2-3 Specifications of the UTM .................................... 2-6

2-4 Accuracy of Equations ................................................................................ 2-6

2-5 Conversion of Geographic Coordinates to Grid Coordinates ...................... 2-6

2-6 Conversion of Gnd Coordinates to Geographic Coordinates ...................... 2-6

2-7 Meridian Convergence from Geographic Coordinates ................................ 2-6

2-8 Meridian Convergence from Grid Coordinates ............................................ 2-7

2-9 Scale Factor for Geographic Coordinates .................................................. 2-7

2-10 Scale Factor for Grid Coordinates ............................................................... 2-7

2-11 Sample Output for the Preceding Computations ..................... 2-7

ix

, . ..... i . . , . .I...
. , , .. ...... - m ii I ! I I P ...! I ! U
DMA TM 8358,2

CHAPTER 3 UNIVERSAL POLAR STEREOGRAPHIC GRID (UPS)

3-1 Description of UPS ....................................... 3-1

3-2 Sum m ary of Notation ................................................................................ 3-1

3-2.1 Ellipsoid Param eters............................................................................. 3-1

3-2.2 Universal Polar Stereographic Projection Parameters .................... 3-1

3-2.3 Form ulas ................................................................................................ 3-2

3-2.4 Specifications of the UPS ...................................................................... 3-4

3-3 Conversion of Geographic Coordinates to Grid Coordinates ...................... 3-4

3-4 Conversion of Grid Coordinates to Geographic Coordinates ...................... 3-4

3-5 C onvergence .......................................................................................... 3-6

3-6 Scale Factor for Geographic Coordinates ................................................... 3-6

3-7 Sample Output for the Preceding Computations .................... 3-7

CHAPTER 4 SAMPLE GRID TABLES FOR THE UNIVERSAL TRANSVERSE MERCATOR

(UTM) AND UNIVERSAL POLAR STEREOGRAPHIC (UPS) GRIDS

4-1 G e ne ra l...................................................................................................... 4 -1

4-2 Design and Preparation of Universal Transverse Mercator Grid Tables ..... 4-1

4-3 Computation of UTM Grid Coordinates from Geographic Coordinates ....... 4-3

4-4 Computation of Geographic Coordinates from UTM Grid Coordinates ....... 4-3

4-5 Computation of the Convergence for the UTM ............................................ 4-3

4-6 Scale Correction for the UTM ................................. 4-3

4-7 Sample Computation for the UTM ............................................................... 4-4

4-8 Design and Preparation of the Universal Polar Stereographic Grid ............ 4-5

4-9 Formulas Needed to Use the UPS Tables ................................................... 4-5

4-10 Sam pleC alculation ..................................................................................... 4-6

4-11 Sample Tables for the UTM and UPS Grids ................................................ 4-7

x
 I I
SDMA TM 83582

CHAPTER 5 OTHER COORDINATE CONVERSIONS AND TRANSFORMATIONS

5-1 Grid Conversion Between Zones Within the UTM System and Grid
Conversion Between the UTM and UPS Systems ................................. 5-1

5-2 Military Grid Reference System ................................ 5-1

5-3 World Geographic Reference System ............................ 5-1

5-4 Datum to Datum Coordinate Transfcrmations ..................................... .5-1

5-4.1 Molodenskiy Coordinate Transformation Formulas ........................... 5-1

5-4.1.1 Definition of Terms........................................ 5-1

5-4.1.2 Standard Molodenskiy Formulas ........................... 5-2

5-4.1.3 Abridged Molodenskiy Formulas ........................... 5-2

5-4.2 Multiple Regression Equations .............................................................. 5-2

5-4.3 Accuracies .................................................................................. . .. 5-3

xi
L'-.\ ;Tv8358.2

ANNEX A SOFTWARE SUPPORT FOR UNIVERSAL GRIDS

Section A-1 Software and Documentation for Geographic Coordinate Transformations

to/from Grid Coordinates

A-1.1 UTM Grid

A-1.2 UPS Grid

A-2 Software and Documentation for Datum to Datum Coordinate Transformations

A-2.1 Molodenskiy

A-2.2 Abridged Molodenskiy

A-3 Software and Documentation for the UTM and the UPS Grid Coordinate
Transformation to/fro m the MGRS

A-4 Software and Documentation for Geographic Coordinate Transformation

to/from GEOREF Coordinates

A-5 Software and Documentation for Grid Coefficients and Latitude Functions

ANNEX B SOFTWARE SUPPORT FOR NON-UNIVERSAL GRIDS

Section B-1 Software and Documentation for the Transverse Mercator (TM) Grid

B-2 Software and Documentation for the Mercator Grid

B-3 Software and Documentation for the Lambert Conical Orthomorphic Grid

B-4 Software and Documentation for the Madagascar Gauss Laborde Grid

B-5 Software and Documentation for the Rectified Skewed ( rthomorphic Grid

B-6 Software and Documentation for the New Zealand Map Grid

B-7 Software and Documentation for the Guam Azimuthal Equidistant Grid

xii
 DMA TM 8358$2

GENERAL

This document is issued under the authority delegated by DoD Directive 5105.40, subject: Defense

Mapping Agency (DMA).

1-2 CANCELATION.
DMA TM 8358.2 replaces Department of the Army Technical Manuals 5-241-8 and 5-241-9

1-3 PURPOSE,
1-3.1 This manual provides DoD Mapping, Charting and Geodetic (MC&G) production elements,
product users and system developers with information necessary for the use of the UTM and UPS
grids in surveying and mapping operations.

1-3.2 It also updates the methods and equations used to perform coordinate conversions, conver-
gence and scale adjustments to efficiently program high-speed computers used in these operations.

1-4 SCOPE,
1-4.1 This manual contains the recommended procedures and tables necessary to convert between
grid and geographic coordinates within the Universal Transverse Mercator and Universal Polar
Stereographic grid systems. Computations to determine convergence in the two systems and cor-
rections for scale variations are also discussed and illustrated. One chapter is dedicated to the
methods used to perform datum transformations and grid/geographic coordinate transformations.

1-4.2 Annex A refers to software and documentation available for the two universal grids. Annex B
refers to software and documentation available for selected non-universal grids.
1-5UTLZTO
1-5.1 DMA TM 8358.2 is to be used by DoD MC&G production elements, product users and DoD
system developers in the application of datums, ellipsoids, grids, grid/geographic coordinate con-
versions and grid reference systems.

1-5.2 Users are cautioned that the information contained herein applies to current and future MC&G
production and does not necessarily apply to products that are currentiy available through the DoD
supply system.

1-6 DEFEINITIONS..
1-6.1 Daturn. As used in this manual, datum refers to the geodetic or horizontal datum. The clas-
sical datum is defined by five elements giving the position of the origin (two elements), the onenta-
tion of the network (one element) and the parameters of a reference ellipsoid (two elements). More
recent definitions express the position and orientation as a function of the deviations in the meridian
and in the prime vertical, the geold-elflpsoid separaiionb, and the parameters of a refvrence ellip-
soid. The World Geodetic System datum gives positions on a specified ellipsoid with respect to the
center of mass of the earth.

1-6.2 Easting. Eastward (that is left to right) reading of grid values on a map.

1-1
DMA TM 8358,2

1-6.3 Ellipid. A three-dimensional figure generated by the revolution of an ellipse about one of
its axes, The ellipsoid that approximates the geoid is an ellipsoid rotated about its minor axis, or an
oblate spheroid.

1-6.4 Ceoid The equipotential surface in the Earth's gravity field approximates the undisturbed
mean sea level extended continuously through the continents. The direction of gravity is perpen-
dicular to the geoid at every point. The geoid is the surface of reference for astronomic observa-
tions and for geodetic leveling.

1-6.5 GraticulI. A nr,v,ork of lines representing parallels of latitude and meridians of longitude form-
ing a map projeti, .

1-6.6 Gd. Two sets of parallel lines intersecting at right angles and forming squares; a rectangular
Cartesian coordinate system that is superimposed on maps, charts and other similar representations
of ,ne Earth's surface in an accurate and consistant manner to permit identification of ground loca-
tions with respect to other locations and the computation of direction and distance to other points.

1-6.7 Map PoieIion. An orderly system of lines on a plane representing a corresponding system
of imaginary lines on an adopted terrestrial datum surface. A map projection may be derived by
geometrical construction or by mathematical analysis.

1-6.8 Military Grid Reference System (MGRS91 The alphanumeric position reporting system used
by the U.S. military. A full description can be found in DMA TM 8358.1, chapter 3.

1-6 9 Non-Universal Grids. Grids other than UTM and UPS grids, such as British National Grid,
Irish Transverse Mercator Grid, Madagascar Grid, and New Zealand Grid. Also referred to as non-
standard grids.

1-6. 10 No.rhi Northward (bottom to top) reading of grid values on a map.

1-6 11 S1heroid A mathematical figure closely approaching the geoid in form and size, used as a
surface of reference for geodetic surveys (See also ellipsoid.).

1-6 12 Universa! Grids. The Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) grid and the Universal Polar
Stereographic (UPS) grid. Also referred to as standard grids.

1-6.13 World Geograohic Reference System IGEOREF- A worldwide position reference system
that may be applied to any map or chart graduated in latitude and longitude (with Greenwich as the
prime meridian) regardless of projection. It provides a method of expressing positions in a form
suitable for reporting and plotting. The primary use is for interservice and interallied reporting of
aircraft and air target positions.
1-7 CROSS REFERENCE TO OTHER VOLUMES

1 -7 1 DMA TM 8358.1, Datums, Ellipsoids, Grids and Grid Reference Systems.

1-7 2 The DMA TM 8358 series replaces the Department of the Army TM 5-241 series manuals.

1-8 TECHNICAL PUBLICATION INFORMATION.

1-8.1 Any questions/comments concerning this manual should be directed to HO DMA, ATTN: PR.

1-2
a
 DMA TM 8358.2

1-8.2 Additional copies of this manual are available through DMA Combat Support Center
(DMACSC), ATTN: DDCP.

1-8.3 For information regarding other Department of the Army or Defense Mapping Agency manuals,
tables, etc., direct requests to: Defense Techrical Information Center, Cameron Station, Alexandria,
VA, 22314-6145.

1-8.4 The Annexes to this manual will be distributed to DoD Components only. For these Annexes
in software form, direct requests to DMA Hydrographic/Topographic Center (DMAHTC), ATTN PRT,
Washington D.C. 20315-0030.

1-3
 DMA TM 8358.2

UNIVERSAL TRANSVERSE MERCATOR GRIOD (UTM

2-1 DESCRIPTION OF UTM.

For a narrative description of the Universal Transverse Mercator Grid, see DMA TM 8358. 1,
chapter 2.

2-2 SUMMARY OF NOTTATION.

For the following definitions of terms, note that all lengths are in meters, all geographic coordinates
are in radians unless specified otherwise. The sign notation is negative for the Southern and Western
hemispheres.

2-2.1 Ellipsoid Parameters.

By convention, ellipsoid parameters are defined as follows:

a = semi-major axis of the ellipsoid

b - semi-minor axis of the ellipsoid

a-b
f - flattening or ellipticity - b
a
2 a2 - b2
e (first eccentricity) = - M f(2 - f)

P22 a2 - b 2 e2 f(2 - Q)
2 2
e' (second eccentricity) = a . _
b2 1 - e2 (1 - f) 2

a-b f
n -
a+b 2 -f

a(1 - e 2)
p = radius of curvature in the meridian
(1 - e;Zsin 24,)312

radius of curvature in the prime vertical; also defined as the norm alS=to the ellipsoid
terminating at the minor axis

-a = po + e'2cos*,
(1 - e2sin 2 )1 2

S = meridional arc, the true meridional distance on the ellipsoid from the equator

M A'O - B'sin2 + C'sin44 - DVsin64 + E'sin8$

2.1
DMA TM 8358.2
where:

A' a i-n+ .-.n - + ql' n4- +...

B n -2+ 7 (n3-n4)+ - 1+
2 L 8 64 J

C' ='a n2-n3+ -- (n4- n5)+...

' a n3 + s+...

E' P a _- ... (E'- 0.03rm)

2-2.2 Universal Transverse Mercator Projection Parameters

* = latitude

I = longitude

4( - latitude of the foot of the perpendicular from the point to the central meridian
AO - longitude of the origin (the central meridian) of the projection

AX - X - Xo = difference of longitude from the central meridian (for general

formula use, value is sign dependent; for use in tables, value
always considered positive)

ko - central scale factor, an arbitrary reduction applied to all geodetic lengths to

reduce the maximum scale distortion of the projection.
For the U.T.M., ko = 0.9996

k - scale factor at the working point on the projection.

FN - False Northing (0 for the Northern Hemisphere;

10,000.000 for the Southern Hemisphere)

FE - False Easting (500,000)

AE - E - FE (for general formula use, value is sign dependent. for use in tables,
value always considered positive)

E - grid easting

N - grid northing

C - convergence of the meridians (i.e. the angle between true north and grid
north)
2-2
 DMA TM 8358,2

2-2.3 Terms Used to Caklulate General Equations

N
The following terms are used to calculate the general equations which follow in this chapter
With some modification, they are also used to produce the tables in chapter four. These terms are
derived from the Functions found inthe U.S. Department of Commerce, Special Publication No. 251
They differ slightly from the Functions used in DA TM 5-241-8 Inthat they are the fully expanded
terms.
T1 W Sko

usinocosko
T2 =
2

T3 W (5 - tan2o +9e' 2cos 2 * + 4eACOs4,)

24

T4 W (61 - 58tan 24 + tan4* + 270e' 2cos 240 - 330tan 2 2'

,e'2cos
720
"+445e 4cos40 + 324e'cosS0 - 680tan24e Acos 40

"+88elecose$ - 600tan 24wcoso - 192tan 2oe'coseo)

isnscos $6o
T5 M (1385 - 3111tan 2o + 543tan4,0 - tanS4)
40320

T6 = icMs4k 0
-)cosqiko 2 2 2
T7 - (1 -tan4 + e'2cos24)
6

ucosso 4A
T8 = (5 - 18tan 2o + tan4 4 + 14e'2 cos 2 4)- 58tan4e' 2cos 2o + 13e 4 cos 0
120 8 - 64tan 20eA
4cos 4 4O 8 cos6 o)
+ 4e'cos6 - 24tan 24e'
')os <#,o
T9 M (61 - 479tan 2 + 179tan 4 - tan6S)
5040
taro'
TIO 2p,*2I

ta ro' 2 P -C S,, 4~
Ti 1 M (5 + 3tan2 #'+ e'2 cos 2*' - 4e'4 cos4" - 9tan 20.'e' 2cos 20)
24p3 A24
1

2-3
DMA TM 8358.2

TI12 tar*' (61 + 9Otan24' + 46e'~cos2*'+ 45tano',O- 252tanO've' 2cos2c

720polk- 3e~cos4 #'+ 1O0e'6cos6,'- 66tan2 .'e~cosoo'

-90tan'*'e'2cos2,0'+88e~cos8*'+ 225tan''e~cos4 *'

+ 8tan 2'e'6co 6' 1921an 2 'e-Rooss')

Ti13 ta* (1385 + 3633tari 2* + 4O95ta 4' + 1575tan6*)

40320pu~k.P

T14 1

6iIos4k1 (1 + 2tan ,' + e' cos2o')

T16 I (5 +6e'
0-4~k COS24,+ 28tan 4,'_-3e coso +8tan 2'e'2cos 0o
120csolLos+ 24tan 4o' _ 4e&%os 64,' . 4tan20'e Aos 4,'+ 24tan4,0'e 6cos 0)

Ti17 1 o- (61 + 662tan 2,' + 132Otan4V + 720tan6 0')

118 - sifl4

T19 - i4O2 (1 + 3e'2coS2 4+ 2e 00$ 4,)

3

T20 m
- OO4 (2 -tan 4,+ 15e' 2COS 2 0,+ 35eACOS40 _ 15tan 240e, 2COS 24 + 33e'~cos64
15
-50tan 20cos'o + 11iecoe -s6otan2w6cos6 4
- 24tan 20A os
8 4,)

T21 a- iqcs6 (17 -26tan 2 # + 2tan 4,)

315

tan'
T22 -

2-4
 DMA TM 8358.2

tan4W 2. _2 2. Aoo
- ~T23 - ( +a * e cos 2ecs)
4 4
tar* 2I 2ta 2*4

T24 u a# (2 +5tano '+ 2e' cos 4, +tan*v + tan2 'e' cos, +geACeos ,
~20e 16 os6 '- 7tan2,AOS4~'27tan
+5~o -o *e cose '+ li e cose4,

8 .o
- 24tan 2 oe,80s
tan' 2.
T25 m ---- ( 7 +77tan2, + lO5tan 4,'+45tan6 ,

CO2,
T26 w - (1 + e'2 cos24,)

T27 = Cos42O2 2 "Q 4+ 4e-6cos4,o

T27 ( -
-(5a4an24 e~ce2O 2+1l3eA=O44,-28tafl
+I
4 4 _ 24tan24,e6co 6*)
-48tan 2.oeAS
cq

co00 2 4
T28 m-20(61 -l48tan4,+ 6tan4o)

T29 w (1 +ee'O2 24j

co
2u ko2

T30 = 4 (1+6e'2oo' 9eA *'.+4e cos6o'- 24tan2,0e coS4,0,

4k4 -24tan2 4'e'6cos64)

T31 I
6k
T3 -720-o 0

2-5
DMA TM 8358.2

2-3 SPECIFICATIONS OF THE UTM.

Projection: Transverse Mercator (Gauss-Kruger type), in zones 6P wide.

Unit of measurement: Meter

Zone numbering: Starting with I for the zone from 180OW to 1740W, and increasing eastward to 60
for the zone from 174 0E to 180 0 E.

Latitude limits: North: 84N

South: 800S

Zone limits and overlap: The zones are bounded by meridians whose longitudes are multiples of
60 west or east of Greenwich. On large-scale maps, an overlap of approximately 40km on either
side of the junction is provided for engineer surveyors and for artillery survey and firing. This over-
lap is never used in giving a grid reference.
Polar region overlap: The U.T.M. overlaps 30' onto the Universal Polar Stereographic Grid, which
extends from the poles to 83030'N or 791303S respectively.

2-4 ACCURACY OF THE EQUATIONS,

The computations in this chapter, using geodetic latitude, are accurate to the nearest .001 arc second
for geographic coordinates and to the nearest .01 meterfor grid coordinates. More accurate formulas
are available. These formulas contain more terms and utilize isometric latitude. Ifdesired, FORTRAN
subroutines and programs utilizing these formulas may be obtained from HQ DMA, ATTN: PR.

2-5 CONVERSION OF GEOGRAPHIC COORDINATES TO GRID COORDINATES.

The general formulas for the computation of N and E are:

N = FN + (TI + 2T2 + A. 4 T3 + A.-

,AX 6
T4 + ,X8T5)

E = FE + (AXT6 +A) 3 T7 +AX 5T8 +AX7 T9)

2-6 CONVERSION OF GRID COORDINATES TO GEOGRAPHIC COORDINATES.

The general formulas for the computation of 0 and X are:

,0 = '- AE2T10 + AE4 T11 - AESTI 2 + AE8 T13

X = 0 + AET14 - AE3T1 5 + AE 5T1 6 - AETI 7

Programmers Note: The footpoin: latitude, 4', is normally derived by iteration (successive ap-
proximation), based on term TI.

2-7 MERIDIAN CONVERGENCE FROM GEOGRAPHIC COORDINATES.

The general formula for meridian convergence is:

C = AXT18 + X3 T19 + AX5 T20 + AX7T21

2-6
 DMA TM 8358.2

V. 2-8 MERIDIAN CONVERGENCE FROM GRID COORDINATES.

The general formula for meridian convergence Is:

C = AET22 - AE 3T23 + AEsT24 - AE 7T25

2-9 SCALE FACTOR FRQM GEOGRAPHIC COORDINATES.

The general formula for the scale factor is:

k = ko(1 +AX 2 T26+AX.4 T27+A)!F28)

2-10 SCALE FACTOR FROM GRID COORDINATES.

The general formula for the scale factor is:

k = ko( 1 +AE 2T29 + AE 4T30 + AE6T31)

NOTE: The computation of both convergence and scale factor has generally been replaced by
geodetic inverse and forward computer programs to determine geodetic azimuths and distances.
Formulas such as those by Vincenty and Sodano are available from DMAHTC/PR.

2-11 SAMPLE OUTPUT FOR THE PRE=CEEDING COMPUTATIONS.

COORDINATE CONVERSIONS ON THE UNIVERSAL TRANSVERSE MERCATOR (UTM) GRID

ELLIPSOID DATA
A 1/F NAME B
6378388.000 297.000000000 INTERNATIONAL 6356911.W4613

E-2 E8,*2
006722670022 .006768170197

LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE TO ZONE, NORTHING AND EASTING

ID LATITUDE LONGITUDE ZONE NORTHING EASTING CONVERGENCE SCALE FACTOR

1 73 0 .OON 45 0 .OOOE 38 8100702.90 500000.00 0 0 .00 E .99960000

2 30 0 .OO0N 102 0 .000E 47 3322624.35 789422.07 1 30 3.76 E 1.00063354
48 3322624.35 210577.93 1 30 3.76 W 1.00063354
3 72 4 32.11ON 113 54 43.321W 12 8000000.01 400000.00 2 46 15.31 W 99972228
11 8000301.04 606036.97 2 56 18.08 E .99973749

ZONE, NORTHING AND EASTING TO LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE

ID LATITUDE LONGITUDE ZONE NORTHING EASTING CONVERGENCE SCALE FACTOR

4 30 0 6.489N 101 59 59.805E 48 3322824.35 210577.93 1 30 4.15 W 1.00063354

47 3322824.08 189411.59 1 30 3.96 E 1.00063346
5 9 2 10.706N 0 16 17.099E 31 1000000.00 200000.00 0 25 43.95 W 1.00071386
30 1000491.75 859739.88 0 30 51.72 E 1.00120178
6 81 3 30.487N 75 0 .O00E 43 9000000.00 500000.00 0 00 .00 E .99960000
7 54 6 28.992S 0 3 33.695E 30 4000000.00 700000.00 2 28 45.39 W 1.00009080
31 4000329.42 307758.89 2 22 58.83 E 1.00005345

2-7
 DMA TM 8358,2
( I CHAPTER 3

UNIVERSAL POLAR STEREOGRAPHIC GRID (UPS)

3-1 DESCRIPTION OF UPS.

Fora narrative description of the Universal Polar Stereographic Grid, see DMA TM 8358.1,
chapter 2.

3-2 SUMMARY OF NOTATION.

For the following definitions of terms, note that all lengths are in meters and all geographic coor-
dinates are in radians unless specified otherwise. All sign notation is indicated where appropriate.

3-2.1 Elripsod Parameters.

3-2.1.1 The Universal Polar Stereographic Grid is defined on the WGS-84 Ellipsoid. The formulas
which follow have been generalized, however, to allow construction of the polar stereographic grid
on any ellipsoid. The WGS-84 Ellipsoid has the following parameters:

a - 6,378,137 meters

1/1 = 298.257223563

3-2.1.2 The adopted notation for the remainder of the ellipsoid parameters used in subsequent cal-
0 culations in this chapter is as follows:

b a(1-f)
a2 _ b
e2 (first eccentricity) 2 - a2a2 f(2 - f)

2 a2- b2 e2 f(2 - f)
2 2
e' = (second eccentricity) a = =
2 (I -f)2
b2 1 -e
u radius of curvature in the prime vertical; also defined as the normal to
the ellipsoid terninating at the minor axis

3-2.2 Universal Polar Stereographic Proiection Parameters.

0 - geodetic latitudo
-X = isometric latitude . an auxiliary latitude used in the conformal mapping
of the spheroid on a sphere. By transforming geographic latitudes on the
spheroid into isometric latitudes on a sphere, a conformal map projection
(the Mercator) may be calculated, using spherical formulas, for the plotting
of geographic data,

, longitude

z = isometric colatitude = 900 minus isometric latitude.

3-1
DMA TM 8358.2

ko = scale factor at the pole, an arbitrary reduction applied to all geodetic

lengths to reduce the maximum scale distortion of the projection.

k = scale factor at the working point on the projection.

R = radius of the parallel of latitude from the pole.

N - Northing

E = Eab-ing
FN = False Northing

FE a False Easting

AN = N-FN

AE = E - FE

3-2.3 Formu1a.

=/2
Co = constant
(1-e0)112 L1

Fz1 +l+esine/2 [x
tan Ian -_ta
2 = L 1-esinjI L4 2J

R = radius = koCotan z
2

Constants for computing isometric to geodetic latitude:

e2 Se 4 e6 13ee
A - + - + - +-
2 24 12 360

7e4 29e6 81 lee

48 240 11520

7e 81ea
120 1120

4279ee
161280

The preceding terms are used to calculate the general equations which follow in this chapter and
the tables in chapter four.

3-2
 DMA Th48358.2

0 0ww KW
z E
a

00

2 500 QOOmN ____00___

cc 90 w 2,000,OOOmN HW

0
06

'sonFIGURE I1(b). South Zone

3-3
DMA TM 8358.2

3-2.4 Specifications of the UPS.

Unit of Measurement: Meter

Ellipsoid: WGS 84

False Northing: 2,000,000 meters

False Easting: 2,000,000 meters

Scale Factor at the Origin: 0.994

Orientation of the grid systems: In both zones, the 2,000,000 meter easting One coincides with the
00 and the 1800 meridians and grid north is equal to true north on the 00 meridian (See figure 1).

Limits of system:

North zone: The north polar area 840 - 900

South zone: The south polar area 800 - 900
Overlap with the UTM: The U.P.S. grid will be extended to 83030'N and 79030'S to provide a 30'
overlap with the Universal Transverse Mercator Grid System.

3-3 CONVERSION OF GEOGRAPHIC COORDINATES TO GRID COORDINATES.

The general formulas for the computation of N and E are:

N = FN - Rcosk for the North Zone

N = FN + RcosX for the South Zone

E = FE + Rsin. for Both Zones

3-4 CONVERSION OF GRID COORDINATES TO GEOGRAPHIC COORDINATES.

3-4.1 From the notation in Section 3-2.3, it is given:

AN = N-FN

AE = E-FE

To compute the longitude, let:

L = arctan A for the North Zone where N 0

-AN

L = arclan AE_ for the South Zone where N 0

AN

A single argument arctan routine returns an angle 'L' in the range of V,/2 (900) to -xr/2 (-90O). The
longitude of the point is equal to L' if the denominator of the above equations is positive. If the
denominator is negative, then the longitude is obtained as follows:

3-4
 DMA TM 8358.2

S.,x +L when AE is positive and angle L is negative

I -x + L when AE is negative and angle 'L is positive

A two argument arctan routine returns the value of I directly (range of x to -x) except in the case
where both arguments are equal to zero.

If AN - 0, thenk, - 90" E or W, depending on the sign of AE (see figure 1).

IfAN a AE - 0, then the point is at the pole and A.is undefined.
When computing longitude by hand, use the above arctan functions when AE is numerically less
thai, AN. When AE is numerically greater than AN, use the following arccot functions for greater ac-
curacy:

X - arccot -AN for the North Zone

AE

X- arccot .NN
AE for the South Zone

NOTE: The programmed equations utilize only the arctan function since this routine is standard in
most systems. Normally, using only the arctan function will not result in any loss of accuracy on the
computer as the machine defaults to the arccot routine where appropriate (i.e. above 450).
3-4.2 The computation of latitude begins by defining R:
0

R - sinX whereAE 0

it AE - AN - 0, then $ -x.90apole
2

if AN = 0, then R - AEI
if AE - 0, then R = IANI

When computing R by hand, use the previous equation when AN is numerically less than AE. When
AN is numerically greater than AE, use the following equation for greater accuracy:

R - I AN f where AN- 0

From R and X., determine the isometric colatitude (z) from the following:

R
tan z (ko

3-5
DMA TM 8358.2

Using the isometric latitude, determine from the following:

* = X + sin2X +Bsin4Z + Csin6X + Dsin8X

where:

NOTE: Latitude, in the Polar Stereographic System, is always treated as positive, regardless of
hemisphere.

3-5 CONVERGENCE.

Convergence in the Polar Stereographic Projection is equal to the longitude, X, in numeric value. In
the north polar area, it has the same sign as X and in the south polar area it has the opposite sign.
Unlike most grid systems, where convergence is a small angle, the polar system may have conver-
gence angles up to 1800 east or west.

3-6 SCALE FACTOR FOR GEOGRAPHIC COORDINATES.

The scale factor is !he factor by which true distances over short lines must be multiplied to obtain
grid distances. The scale factor is constant for any given latitude.

The general formula for the scale factor is:

R
ucos$

NOTE: The computation of both convergence and scale factor has generally been replaced by
geodetic inverse and forward computer programs to determine geodetic azimuths and distances.
Formulas such as those by Vincenty and Sodano are available from HO DMA, ATTN: PR.

3-6
 DMA TM 8358,2

3-7 SAMPLE OUTPUT FCR THE PRECEDING COMPUTATIONS.

COORDINATE CONVERSIONS ON THE UNIVERSAL POLAR STEREOGRAPHIC (UPS) GRID

ELUPSOID DATA
A 1/F NAME UNITS
6378137.000 298.267223563 WGS-84 METERS

B E*2 EB"2
6356911.94613 .006694379990 .006739496742

LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE -TO- NORTHING AND EASTING

ID LATITUDE LONGITUDE NORTHING EASTING CONVERGENCE SCALE FACTOR

1 84 17 14,042N 132 14 52.761W 2426773.60 1530125.78 132 14 52.76 W .99647445

2 73 0 .OOON 44 0 .OOOE 632668.43 3320416.75 44 0 .00 E 1.01619605

3 87 17 14.400S 132 14 52.303E 1797474.90 2222979.47 132 14 52.30 W .9M55723

NORTHING AND EASTING -TO- LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE

ID LATITUDE LONGITUDE NORTHING EASTING CONVERGENCE SCALE FACTOR

4 84 17 14.042N 132 14 52.762W 2426773.60 1530125.78 132 14 32.76 W .99647445

5 73 0 .OOON 44 0 .OOOE 632668.43 3320416.75 44 0 .00 E 1.016t9506

0
6 83 38 14.343S 135 0 .OOOE 1500000.00 2500000.00 135 0 .00 E .99707070

3-7

L -il
 DMA TM 8358.2

SAMPLE GRID TABLES FOR THE

UNIVERSAL TRANSVERSE MERCATOR (UTM)
AND
UNIVERSAL POLAR STEREOGRAPHIC (UPS)

4-1 GENEBAL.
Tables were traditionally used to solve complex, repetitive calculations. With the advent and ready
access to computers and hand-held programmable calculators, tables are now rarely used. Their
discussion has been included in this manual, however, to maintain continuity with manuals DA TM
5-241-8 and DA TM 5-241-9, which this manual replaces. The equations have been adapted from
those in the previous manuals to produce the tables in this manual. A representative example of the
function tables for the International Ellipsoid is included at the end of this chapter.
4-2 DESIGN AND PREPARATION OF UNIVERSAL TRANSVERSE MERCATOR GRID
TABLES,
4-2.1 The tables in this chapter were computed using the International Ellipsoid where:

a - 6,378,388 meters
1/f - 297
b2 6,356,911.946 meters
e2 0.006 722 670 022

Tables for other ellipsoids should be constructed using the constants provided in DMA TM 8358.1.
4-2.2OteNoain

ko = .9996
p = .0001AX"
q = .000001AE where AE - IE-FEI
(FE = false easting)

S = A' - B'sin2o + C'sin4 - D'sin6o + E'sin84

where (for the International Ellipsoid):

A' = 6,367,654.500 058 meters

B"' 16,107.034 678 meters
C' . 16.976 211 meters
D' - 0.022 266 meters
E' - 0,000 032 meters

NOTE: The values A' through E' were derived from the formula, fisted in Section 2-2.1.

4-2.3 The functions represented by Roman Numerals (1)to (XIX) in DA TM 5-241-8, and functions
(XX) and (XXI) are calculated from the "T" terms of Section 2-2.3 herein as follows:

4.1
DMA TM 8358.2

(I) M T1 - Ska
(11) (T2sin21-) x 10l

(II) - (T3sin'l-)x 1016

(IV) - (T6sin I-) x 10

(V) - (T7sin31-) x 1012

(VII) - (T10/sirn 1-) x 1012

(VIll) - (Ti1/sin I-)x 1024

(IX) - (T14/sm I-) x 106

(XM - (T15/sin l-) x 10'a

(Xll) - T18 x 104

(XIII) - (Tl9sin2l1) x 1012

(XV) - (T22/sin I-) x 106

(XVI) - (T23/sin 1-) x 1018

(XVIII) - T29 x 1012

(XIX) - T30 x 1024

(XX) - (T26sin2 1-)x 106

(XXI) - (T27sin41-) x 1016

4-2.4 The terms represented graphically in DA TM 5-241-8 are represented as values in the new
tables. They are calculated from the following:
A6 W (T4sin'l-)x 1024

85 M (TSsin 5 l-)x 10;0

0
C5 - (T20sinr1-) x 102

D6 a (T12/sin I-) x 1036

Es ,, (T16/sin 1-) x 103

Fs5 (T24/sin 1")x 103

NOTE: Unlike DA TM 5-241-8, the terms p and q are not Incorporated into the above terms, but
rather, are included Inthe equations used to perform grid/geographic conversions and convergence
computations when using the tables.

4-2
 DMA TM 83582

4-2.5 Two correction terms, A2 (IV)and A2(IX), which were shown graphically in the old tables were
eliminated in the construction of the new tables. They are difficult to Interpolate with precision and
therefore, for accuracy requirements greater than that provided by the table, it is recommended that
calculations be done using the computer programs listed in the appropnate Annexes.

NOTE: The tables presented in this chapter are constructed at 1' intervals, however, they can be
requested from HQ DMA, ATTN: PR at any desired interval.

4-3 COMPUTATION OF UTM GRID COORDINATES FROM GEOGRAPHIC COORDINATES.

The formulas for the computation of E' and N are:

N = (I) + (l)p + (lll)p4 + A6p6

E' = (IV)p + (V)p 3 + B-p

NOTE: E' is added to or subtracted from 500,000, depending on whether the point is east or west
of the central meridian. This E' should not be confused with the E' in Section 4-2.2.

South of the equator:

N = 10,000,000 - [(I) + (II)p2 + (lll)p 4 + A6p]

4-4 COMPUTATION OF GEOGRAPHIC COORDINATES FROM UTM GRID COORDINATES,

i 4-4.1 The formulas for computing geographic coordinates from UTM grid coordinates are:

4 = 0'- (VII)q2 + (VIII)q4 - D6qs

AX = (IX)q - (X)q 3 + Esq 5

X = Ao Al where Ao is the longitude of origin of the

projection (the central meridian).

4-4.2 The footpoint latitude (4') is obtained by entering the table through Function I with N as the ar-
gument in the northern hemisphere or 10,000,000 - N as the argument in the southern hemisphere,
and making an inverse interpolation.

4-5 COMPUTATION OF THE CONVERGENCE FOR THE UTM.

The formula for the computation of convergence from geographic coordinates is:

C = (XII)p + (XIII)p
3
+ C5p5

and from grid coordinates is:

C = (XV)q - (XVI)q 3 + F5q 5

4-6 SCALE CORRECTION FOR THE UTM.

The formula for scale correction for geographic coordinates is:

k = ko[1 + (XX)p2 + (XXI)p4]

4-3
DMA TM 8358.2

and for grid coordinates Is:

k - ka[1 + (XVIII)q 2 + (XIX)q']

NOTE: Functions (XVIII) and (XIX) can be determined from the tables by either N orfootpoint latitude.

4-7 SAMPLE COMPUTATION FOR THE UTM.

A sample computation is provided for computing UTM grid coordinates from geographic coordinates
as follows:

Given:
Latitude 340 15'34".742 N
Longitude , 960 02' 43".158 E
Central Meridian - 990 00' 00" E

From the preceeding, it follows:

AX 2- 57'16".842 - 10,636.842"
p - 1.0636842

To determine the Northing, derive the following functions using the tables:

Function 1:
Even minutes of = 3789935.119
Interpolation for seconds of 1070.106
I - 3791005.225
Function Ih:
Even minutes of = 3489.536
Interpolation for seconds of* - 0.465
II - 3490.001
Function III:
III a 2.138
Function A6:
Ara - 0.0009

The above functions are then multiplied by the appropriate powers of p as indicated in the formula
and then summed to give:

I - 3791005.225
IIp2 - 3948.671

IIIp' - 2.737
A0p - 0.001
3794956.630 NORTHING

4-4
 DMA TM 8358.2

AV' To determine the Easting, derive the following functions using the tables:

Function IV:
Even minutes of - 255779.038
Interpolation for seconds of , -29.205
IV - 255749.833

Function V:
Even minutes of -- 37.040
Interpolation for seconds of -- -0.036
V W 37.004

Function Bs:
B5 W -0.0175

The preceeding functions are then multiplied by the appropriate powers of p as indicated in the for-
mula and then summed to give:

lVp - 272037.057
Vp 3 = = 44.534
Bsp" a -0.024
plus False Easting" 500000.000
772081.570 - EASTING
*NOTE: False Easting is either added or subtracted dependent on the location of the point relative
to the central meridian.

*) All other computations are performed in a similar fashion and therefore need not be discussed in
this manual.

4-8 DESIGN AND PREPARATION OF THE UNIVERSAL POLAR STEREOGRAPHIC GRID

4-8.1 The table of radii is produced from the basic formula for the Polar Stereographic Projection
as follows:

R W ko[(2a/(1 - e 2)" 2][(1 - e)/(l + e)1]t2tan(z/2)

z/2 - the isometric semi-colatitude

4-8.2 The tables of scale factors were computed from the following formula:

k M R/(ucoso)

*0 - the radius of curvature in the prime vertical.

4-9 FORMULAS NEEDED TO USE THE UPS TABLES.

The formulas to utilize the tables for the Universal Polar Stereographic Grid System are identical to
those presented in chapter 3 of this manual.

4-5
DMA TM 8358.2

4-10 SAMPLE CALCULATION.

Asample computation is provided for computing UPS grid coordinates from geographic coordinates
as follows:

Given: 840 17" 14".042 N

= 1320 14' 52".761 W

From the table:

R (even minutes of *) 635191.905

Interpolation for seconds of0 -434.088
R W 634757.817

Therefore:

cosX cos(-1320 14' 52.761) - -cos(47r 45' 07".239)

-0.67234083
sin). = sin(-1320 14' 52".761) - -sin(47 45' 07-.239)
= -0.74024172

And finally:
Northing = 2,000,000 - Rcosk = 2426773.60
Easting = 2,000,000 + RsinX - 1530125.78

4-6
 DMA TM 8358.2

4-11 SAMPLE TABLES FOR THE UTM AND UPS GRIDS.

For the UTM grid:

ELLIPSOID DATA
A 1IF NAME UNITS
6378388.000 297.000000000 INTERNATIONAL METERS

B E**2 EB**2
6356911.94813 .006722670022 .006768170197

LATITIDE N DIFF. 1" R DIFF. 1"

34 0 0 6385102.774 .09669 6355538.173 .28873

34 1 0 6385108.576 .09671 6355555.496 .28880
34 2 0 6385114.378 .09674 6355572.824 .28887
34 3 0 6385120.183 .09676 6355590.157 .28894
34 4 0 6385125.988 .09678 6355607.493 .28901

34 5 0 6385131.795 .09681 6355624.833 .28907

34 6 0 6385137.604 .09683 6355642.178 28914
34 7 0 6385143.413 .09685 6355659.526 .28921
34 8 0 6385149.224 .09687 6355676.879 .28928
34 9 0 6385155.037 .09690 6355694.236 .28935

34 10 0 6385160.851 .09692 6355711.597 .28942

34 11 0 6385166.666 .09694 6355728.962 .28948
34 12 0 6385172.482 .09696 6355746.331 .28955
34 13 0 6385178.300 .09699 6355763.704 .28962
34 14 0 6385184.119 .09701 6355781.081 .28969

34 15 0 6385189.940 .09703 6355798.462 .28976

34 16 0 6385195.762 .09705 6355815.848 .28982
34 17 0 6385201.585 .09708 6355833.237 .28989
34 18 0 6385207.410 .09710 6355850.631 .28996
34 19 0 6385213.236 .09712 6355868.028 .29003

34 20 0 6385219.063 .09714 6355885.430 .29.009

3421 0 6385224.891 .09717 6355902.835 .29016
34 22 0 6385230.721 .09719 6355920.245 .29023
34 23 0 6385236.553 .09721 6355937.658 .29029
3424 0 6385242.385 .09723 6355955.076 .29036

3425 0 6385248.219 .09726 6355972.498 .29043

3426 0 6385254.055 .09728 6355989.923 .29049
3427 0 6385259.891 .09730 6356007.353 .29056
3428 0 6385265.729 .09732 6356024.787 .29063
3429 0 6385271.569 .09734 6356042.224 .29069

3430 0 6385277.409 .09737 6356059.666 .29076

4-7

7
 DMA TM 8358.2

METERS PER SECOND

R-SIN1" NSINI"*COS(LAT)
LATITUDE MERIDIONAL ARC DIFF. I" LATITUDE LONGITUDE
34 0 0 3763719.865 30.81256 30.81252 25.66356
34 1 0 3765568.619 30.81264 30.81260 25.65855
34 2 0 3767417.378 30.81273 30.81269 25.65354
34 3 0 3769256.141 30.81281 30.81277 25.64852
34 4 0 3771114.910 30.81290 30.81285 25.64350

34 5 0 3772963.684 30.81298 30.81294 25.63848

34 6 0 3774812.463 30.81306 30.81302 25.63345
34 7 0 3776661.247 30.81315 30.81311 25.62843
34 8 0 3778510.036 30.81323 30.81319 25.62340
34 9 0 3780358.830 30.81332 30.81328 25.61837
34 10 0 3782207.629 30.81340 30.81336 25.61334
34 11 0 3784056.433 30.81349 30.81344 25.80830
3412 0 3785905.242 30.81357 30.81353 25.60326
3413 0 3787754.056 30.81365 30.81361 25.59822
34 14 0 3789602.875 30.81374 30.81370 25.59318
3415 0 3791451.700 30.81382 30.81378 25.58814
34 16 0 3793300.529 30.81391 30.81386 25.58309
3417 0 3795149.363 30.81399 30.81395 25.57805
34 18 0 3796998.203 30.81408 30.81403 25.57300
34 19 0 3798847.048 30.81416 30.81412 25.56794
34 20 0 3800695.897 30.81424 30.81420 25.56289
34 21 0 3802544.752 30.81433 30.81429 25.55783
3422 0 3804393.611 30.81441 30.81437 25.55277
34 23 0 3806242.476 30.81450 30.81446 25.54771
3424 0 3805091.346 30.81458 30.81454 25.54265
34 25 0 3809940.221 30.81467 30.81462 25.53758
3426 0 3811789.101 30.81475 30.81471 25.53252
34 27 0 3813637.986 30.81484 30.81479 25.52745
34 28 0 3815486.876 30.81492 30.81488 25.52238
34 29 0 3817335.771 30.81500 30.81496 25.51730
3430 0 3819184.672 30.81509 30.81505 25.51223

4-8
 DMA TM 8358.2

A LATITUDE (1) DIFF. 1 (11) DIFF. 1 (111) (A6)

34 0 0 3762214.378 30.80024 3477.361 .01367 2.147 .0009

34 1 0 3764062.392 30.80032 3478.181 .01365 2.147 .0009
34 2 0 3765910.411 30.80040 3478.999 .01363 2.146 .0009
34 3 0 3767758.435 30.80049 3479.817 .01361 2.145 .0009
34 4 0 3769606.464 30.80057 3480.633 .01359 2.145 .0009

34 5 0 3771454.499 30.80066 3481.449 .01357 2.144 .0009

34 6 0 3773302.538 30.80074 3482.263 .01355 2.144 .0009
34 7 0 3775150.582 30.80062 3483.076 .01353 2.143 .0009
34 8 0 3776998.632 30.80091 3483.887 .01351 2.142 .0009
34 9 0 3778846.686 30.80099 3484.698 .01349 2.142 .0009

3410 0 3780694.746 30.80108 3485.507 .01347 2.141 .0009

34 11 0 3782542.810 30.30116 3486.315 .01345 2.140 .0009
34 12 0 3784390.880 30.30124 3487.122 .01343 2.140 .0009
3413 0 3786238.955 30.80133 3487.928 .01341 2.139 .0009
3414 0 3788087.034 30.80141 3488.733 .01339 2.139 .0009

3415 0 3789935.119 30.80150 3489.536 .01337 2.138 .0009

34 16 0 3791783.209 30.80158 3490.339 .01335 2.137 .0009
34 17 0 3793631.304 30.80167 3491.140 .01333 2.137 .0009
34 18 0 3795479.404 30.80175 3491.940 .01331 2.136 .0009
3419 0 3797327.509 30.80183 3492.738 .01329 2.135 .0009

3420 0 3799175.619 30.80192 3493.536 .01327 2.135 .0009

l 3421 0 3801023.734 30.80200 3494.332 .01325 2.134 .0009
34 22 0 3802871.854 30.80209 3495.127 .01323 2.134 .0009
3423 0 3804719.979 30.80217 3495.921 .01321 2.133 .0009
3424 0 3806568.110 30.80226 3496.714 .01319 2.132 .0009

34 25 0 3808416.245 30.80234 3497.506 .01317 2.132 .0009

34 26 0 3810264.335 30.80243 3498-296 .01315 2.131 .0009
3427 0 3812112.531 30.80251 3499.036 .01314 2.130 .0009
3428 0 3813960.681 30.80259 3499.874 .01312 2.130 .0009
3429 0 3815808.837 30.80268 3500.661 .01310 2.129 .0009

34 30 0 3817656.998 30.30276 3501.447 .01308 2.128 .0009

NORTHING - (I) + (II)P**2 + (III)P*4 + A(6)P**6 NORTHERN HEMISPHERE

SUBTRACT FROM 10 MILLIONS FOR SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE

P - .0001DELTA(LONGITUDE) IN SECONDS FROM CENTRAL MERIDIAN

4-9
DMA TM 8358.2

LATITUDE (IV) DIFF. 1" (V) DIFF. 1" (B5)

34 0 0 256532.988 -.83519 37.976 -.00103 -.0170

34 1 0 256482.877 -.83555 37.905 -.00103 -.0170
34 2 0 256432.744 -.83591 37.843 -.00103 -.0170
34 3 0 256382.589 -.83627 37.782 -.00103 -.0171
34 4 0 256332.413 -.83664 37.720 -.00103 -.0171

34 5 0 256282.214 -.83700 37.658 -.00103 -.0172

34 6 0 256231.994 -.83736 37.596 -.00103 -.0172
34 7 0 256181.753 -.83772 37.534 -.00103 -.0172
34 8 0 256131.489 -.83808 37.472 -.00103 -.0173
34 9 0 256081.204 -.83845 37.410 -.00103 -.0173

3410 0 256030.898 -.83881 37.349 -.00103 -.0173

3411 0 255980.569 -.83917 37.287 -.00103 -.0174
3412 0 255930.219 -.83953 37.225 -.00103 -.0174
3413 0 255879.847 -.83989 37.163 -.00103 -.0175
3414 0 255829.454 -.84025 37.101 -.00103 -.0175

3415 0 255779.038 -.84062 37.040 -.00103 -.0175

3416 0 255728.601 -.84098 36.978 -.00103 -.0176
3417 0 255678.143 -.84134 36.916 -.00103 -.0176
3418 0 255627.662 -.84170 36.854 -.00103 -.0176
3419 0 255577.161 -.84206 36.793 -.00103 -.0177

3420 0 255526.637 -.84242 36.731 -.00103 -.0177

3421 0 255476.092 -.84278 36.669 -.00103 -.0178
3422 0 255425.525 -. 84314 36.607 -.00103 -.0178
34 23 0 255374.936 -.84353 36.546 -.00103 -.0178
3424 0 255324.326 -.84386 36.484 -.00103 -.0179

34 25 0 255273.694 -.84423 36.442 -.00103 -.0179

3426 0 255223.041 -.84459 36.360 -.00103 -.0179
34 27 0 255172.365 -.84495 36.299 -.00103 -.0180
3428 0 255121.669 -.84531 36.237 -.00103 -.0180
3429 0 255070.950 -.84567 36.175 -.00103 -.0181

3430 0 251020.210 -.84603 36.113 -.00103 -.0181

DELTA(EASTING) - (IV)P + (V)P**3 + (B5)P'*5

ADD OR SUBTRACT FROM FALSE EASTING (500,000)

P - .0001DELTA(LONGITUDE) IN SECONDS FROM CENTRAL MERIDIAN

4-10
iU
 DMA TM 8358.2

LATITUDE (I) DIFF. 1" (VII) DIFF. 1- (VIII) (D6)

34 0 0 3762214.378 30.80024 1715.576 .01784 22.286 .32

34 1 0 3764062.392 30.80032 1716.646 .01785 22.306 .32
34 2 0 3765910.411 30.80040 1717.717 .01785 22.326 .32
34 3 0 3767758.435 30.80049 1718.788 .01786 22.346 .32
34 4 0 3769606.464 30.80057 1719.860 .01787 22.366 .32

34 5 0 3771454.499 30.80066 1720.932 .01788 22.386 .32

34 6 0 3773302.538 30.80074 1722.004 .01788 22.406 .32
34 7 0 3775150.582 30.80082 1723.077 .01789 22.426 .32
34 8 0 3776998.632 30.80091 1724.151 .01790 22.446 .32
34 9 0 3778846.686 30.80099 1725.224 .01790 22.466 .32

3410 0 3780694.746 30.80108 1726.299 .01791 22.486 .32

34 11 0 3782542.810 30.80116 1727.373 .01792 22.506 .32
34 12 0 3784390.830 30.80124 1728.448 .01792 22.526 .32
3413 0 3786238.955 30.80133 1729.524 .01793 22.546 .32
34 14 0 3788087.034 30.80141 1730.600 .01794 22.566 .32

3415 0 3789935.119 30.80153 1731.676 .01794 22.586 .32

34 16 0 3791783.209 30.80158 1732.752 .01795 22.606 .32
34 17 0 3793631.304 30.80167 1733.830 .01796 22.626 .33
34 18 0 3795479.404 30.80175 1734.907 .01797 22.646 .33
34 19 0 3797327.509 30.80183 1735.935. .01797 22.666 .33

34 20 0 3799175.619 30.80192 1737.063 .01798 22.686 .33

34 21 0 3801023.734 30.80200 1738.142 .01799 22.707 .33
34 22 0 3802871.854 30.80209 1739.221 .01799 22.727 .33
3423 0 3804719.979 30.80217 1740.301 .01800 22.747 .33
3424 0 3806568.110 30.80226 1741.381 .01801 22.767 .33

34 25 0 3808416.245 30.80234 1742.462 .01802 22.788 .33

34 26 0 3810264.335 30.80243 1743.542 .01802 22.808 .33
3427 0 3812112.531 30.80251 1744.624 .01803 22.828 .33
34 28 0 3813960.681 30.80259 1745.706 .01804 22.849 .33
3429 0 3815808.837 30.80268 1746.738 .01804 22.869 .33

34 30 0 3817656.998 30.80276 1747.870 .01805 22.889 .33

DELTA(LATITUDE) - (VII)Q**2 - (VIII)QO*4 + (D6)Q**6

SUBTRACT FROM FOOTPOINT LATITUDE IN SECONDS

0 - .000001 DELTA(EASTING) - DIFFERENCE IN EASTING FROM FALSE EASTING (500.000)

TABLE FOR USE WiTH FOOTPOINT LATITUDE

4-11
DMA TM 8358.2

LATITUDE (IX) DIFF. 1" (X) DIFF. 1" (E5)

34 0 0 38981.341 .12694 305.344 .00402 4.454

34 1 0 38988.958 .12704 305.585 .00402 4.460
34 2 0 38996.580 .12714 305.827 .00403 4.466
34 3 0 39004.209 .12725 306.063 .00403 4.473
34 4 0 39011.844 .12735 306.310 .00404 4.479

34 5 0 39019.485 .12746 306.553 .00404 4.486

34 6 0 39027.133 .12758 306.795 .00405 4.492
34 7 0 39034.786 .12767 307.038 .00405 4.499
34 8 0 39042.447 .12778 307.281 .00406 4.505
34 9 0 39050.113 .12788 307.525 .00406 4.512
34 10 0 39057.786 .12799 307.747 .00407 4.518
34 11 0 39065.465 .12809 308.013 .00407 4.525
34 12 0 39073.151 .12820 308-257 .00408 4.532
34 13 0 39080.842 .12830 308.502 .00408 4.538
34 14 0 39088.541 .12841 308.747 .00409 4.545

34 15 0 39096.245 .12851 308.992 .00409 4.551

34 16 0 39103.956 .12862 309.233 .00410 4.558
3417 0 39111.673 .12873 309.484 .00411 4.564
3418 0 39119.397 .12883 309.730 .00411 4.571
34 19 0 39127.127 .12894 309.977 .00412 4.578
3420 0 39134.863 .12905 310.224 .00412 4.584
3421 0 39142.606 .12915 310.471 .00413 4.591
3422 0 39150.355 .12926 310.719 .00413 4.598
3423 0 39158.111 .12936 310.966 .00414 4.604
3424 0 39165.873 .12947 311.215 .00414 4.611

3425 0 39173.641 .12958 311.463 .00415 4.618

3426 0 39181.416 .12969 311.712 .00415 4.625
3427 0 39189.197 .12979 311.961 .00416 4.631
3428 0 39196.984 .12990 312.211 .00416 4.638
34 29 0 39204.778 .13001 312.460 .00417 4.645

3430 0 39212.578 .13011 312.710 .00417 4.652

DELTA(LONGITUDE) - (IX)Q - (X)Q**3 + (E5)0Q*5

ADD OR SUBTRACT FROM CENTRAL MERIDIAN IN SECONDS

O- .000001 DELTA(EASTING) - DIFFERENCE IN EASTING FROM FALSE EASTING (500,000)

TABLE FOR USE WITH FOOTPOINT LATITUDE

4-12
 DMA TM 83582

LATITUDE (XII) DIFF. 1' (XIII) (C5)

10, 34 0 0 5591.929 .04019 3.053 .00154

34 1 0 5594.340 .04018 3.053 .00154
34 2 0 5596.751 .04017 3.054 .00154
34 3 0 5599.162 .04017 3.054 .00154
34 4 0 5601.572 .04016 3.054 .00154

34 5 0 5603.981 .04015 3.054 .00153

34 6 0 5606,390 .04014 3.054 .00153
34 7 0 5608.798 .04013 3.054 .00153
34 8 0 5611.206 .04013 3,054 .00153
34 9 0 5613.614 .04012 3.054 .00153

34 10 0 5616.021 .04011 3.054 .00153

3411 0 5618.428 .04010 3.054 .00153
3412 0 5620.834 .04009 3.054 .00153
34 13 0 5623.239 .04009 3.055 .00153
34 14 0 5625.645 .04008 3.055 .00152

34 15 0 5628.049 .04007 3.055 .00152

34 16 0 5230.453 .04006 3.055 .00152
34 17 0 5632.857 .04005 3.055 .00152
34 18 0 5635.260 .04005 3.055 .00152
34 19 0 5637.663 .04004 3.055 .00152

34 20 0 5640.066 .04003 3.055 .00152

34 21 0 5642.467 .04002 3.055 .00152
* 3422 0 5644.869 .04001 3.055 .00151
34 23 0 5647.270 .04001 3.055 .00151
3424 0 5649.670 .04000 3.055 .00151

3425 0 5652.070 .03999 3.055 .00151

34 26 0 5654.469 .03998 3.055 .00151
34 27 0 5656.868 .03997 3.056 .00151
34 28 0 5659.267 .03997 3.056 .00151
34 29 0 5661.665 .03996 3.056 .00151

3430 0 5664.062 .03995 3.056 .00151

CONVERGENCE IN SECONDS - (XII)P + (XtII)P**3 + (C5)P**5

P - .0001DELTA(LONGITUDE) IN SECONDS FROM CENTRAL MERIDIAN

4-13
DMA TM 8358.2
LATITUDE (XV) DIFF. 1- (XVI) (F5)

34 0 0 21798.090 .2277 258.7 4.297

34 1 0 21811.750 .2278 258.9 4.304
34 2 0 21825416 .2279 259.2 4.310
34 3 0 21839.087 .2279 259.5 4.317
34 4 0 21852.763 .2280 259.7 4.324
34 5 0 21866.445 .2281 2600 4.330
34 6 0 21880.132 .2282 260.3 4.337
34 7 0 21893.825 .2283 260.5 4.343
34 8 0 21907.523 .2284 260.8 4.350
34 9 0 21921.226 .2285 261.1 4.357

3410 0 21934.935 .2286 261.3 4.363

3411 0 21948.649 .2287 261.6 4.370
34 12 0 21962.368 .2287 261.9 4.377
34 13 0 21976.093 .2288 262.1 4.383
34 14 0 21989.824 .2289 262.4 4.390

3415 0 22003.559 .2290 262.7 4.397

3416 0 22017.301 .2291 262.9 4.403
34 17 0 22031.047 .2292 263.2 4.410
34 18 0 22044.799 .2293 263.5 4.417
34 19 0 22058.557 .2294 263.7 4.424
34 20 0 22072.320 .2295 264.0 4.430
34 21 0 22086.088 .2296 264.3 4.437
34 22 0 22099.862 .2297 264.6 4.444
3423 0 22113.641 .2297 264.8 4.451
34 24 0 22127.426 .2298 265.1 4.458

3425 0 22141.216 .229e 265.4 4.464

3426 0 22155.011 .2300 265.6 4.471
3427 0 22168.813 .2301 265.9 4.478
34 28 0 22182.619 .2302 266.2 4.485
3429 0 22196.431 .2303 266.5 4.492

3430 0 22210.249 .2304 266.7 4.499

CONVERGENCE IN SECONDS = (XV)Q + (XVI)Q**3 + (F5)Q**5

0o .000001 DELTA(EASTING) - DIFFERENCE IN EASTING FROM FALSE EASTING (500,000)

TABLE FOR USE WITH FOOTPOINT LATITUDE

4-14
 DMA TM 83582

LATITUDE (XX) (XXI)

34 0 0 .00081149 .00000035
34 1 0 .00081117 .00000035
34 2 0 .00061085 .00000035
34 3 0 .00081053 .00000034
34 4 0 .00061021 .00000034

34 5 0 .00080989 .00000034
34 6 0 .00080957 .00000034
34 7 0 .00080925 .00000034
34 8 0 .00080893 .00000034
34 9 0 .00080861 .00000034

34 10 0 .00080829 .00000034
34 11 0 .00080797 .00000034
34 12 0 .00080765 .00000034
34 13 0 .00080733 .00000034
34 14 0 .00080701 .00000034

34 15 0 .00080668 .00000034
34 16 0 .00080636 .00000034
34 17 0 .00080604 .00000034
3418 0 .00080572 .00000034
34 19 0 .00380540 .00000034

34 20 0 .00080508 .00000034
3421 0 .00080476 .00000034
3422 0 .00080444 .00000033
3423 0 .00080411 .00000033
34 24 0 .00080379 .00000033

34 25 0 .00080347 .00000033
3426 0 .00080315 .00000033
34 27 0 .00080283 .00000033
34 28 0 .00080250 .00000033
34 29 0 .00380218 .00000033

34 30 0 .00380186 .00000033

SCALE FACTOR -. 9996(1.0 + (XX)P"2 + (XXI)P*4)

P - .O0IDELTA(LONGITUDE) IN SECONDS FROM CENTRAL MERIDIAN

4-15
DMA TM 8358.2

LATITUDE (I) (XVIII) (XIX)

34 0 0 3762214.378 .0123310 .000026

34 1 0 3764062.392 .0123309 .000026
34 2 0 3765910.411 .0123309 .000026
34 3 0 3767758.435 .0123308 .000026
34 4 0 3769606.464 .0123308 .000026

34 5 0 3771454.499 .0123307 .000026

34 6 0 3773302.538 .0123307 .000026
34 7 0 3775150.582 .0123307 .000026
34 8 0 3776998.632 .0123306 .000026
34 9 0 3778846.686 .0123306 .000026

3410 0 3780694.746 .0123305 .000026

34 11 0 3782542.810 .0123305 .000026
34 12 0 3784390.880 .0123304 .000026
34 13 0 3786238.955 .0123304 .000026
34 14 0 3788087.034 .0123303 .000026

34 15 0 3789935.119 .0123303 .000026

3-4 16 0 3781783.209 .0123303 .000026
34 17 0 3793631.304 .0123302 .000026
34 18 0 3795479.404 .0123302 .000026
34 19 0 3797327.509 .0123301 .000026

3420 0 3799175.619 .0123301 .000026

3421 0 3801023.734 .012L,00 .000026
3422 0 3802871.854 .0123300 .000026
3423 0 3804719.979 .0123299 .000026
3424 0 3806568.110 .0123299 .000026

3425 0 3808416.245 .0123298 .000026

3426 0 3810264.385 .0123298 .000026
3427 0 3812112.531 .0123298 .000026
34 28 0 3813960.681 .0123297 .000026
3429 0 3815808.837 .0123297 .000026

3430 0 3817656.998 .0123296 .000026

SCALE FACTOR - .9996( 1.0 + (XVIII)Q0*2 + (XIV)Q**4)

0 - .000001 DELTA(EASTING) - DIFFERENCE IN EASTING FROM FALSE EASTING (500,000)

TABLE FOR USE WITH FOOTPOINT LATITUDE

4-16
 DMA TM 83582

AV' For the UPS Grid:

W ELLIPSOID
A 1IF NAME UNITS
6378137.00000 298.257223563 WGS-84 METERS

LATITUDE R DIFF. 1" SCALE FACTOR DIFF.1" X 10*7

84 0 0 666727.704 -30.92101 .9967300 -2.53

84 1 0 664872.443 -30.92056 .9967148 -2.52
84 2 0 663017.210 -30.92011 .9966997 -2.51
84 3 0 661162.003 -30.91966 .9966846 -2.51
84 4 0 659306.824 -30.91921 .9966696 -2.50

84 5 0 657451.671 -30.91877 .9966546 -2.49

84 6 0 655596.545 -30.91832 .9966396 -2.49
84 7 0 653741.446 -30.91788 .9966247 -2.48
84 8 0 651886.373 -30.91743 .9966098 -2.47
84 9 0 650031.327 -30.91699 .9965950 -2.47

84 10 0 648176.308 -30.91655 .9965802 -2.46

84 11 0 646321.315 -30.91612 .9965654 -2.45
84 12 0 644466.348 -30,91568 .9965507 -2.44
8413 0 642611.407 -30.91524 .9965361 -2.44
84 14 0 640756.492 -30.91481 .9965214 -2.43

84 15 0 638901.604 -30.91437 .9965069 -2.42

84 16 0 637046.742 -30.91394 .9964923 -2.42
84 17 0 635191.905 -30.91351 .9964778 -2.41
84 18 0 633337.094 -30.91308 .9964634 -2.40
84 19 0 631482.310 -30.91265 .9964490 -2.39

84 20 0 629627.550 -30.91223 .9964346 -2.39

84 21 0 627772.817 -30.91180 .9964203 -2.38
8422 0 625918.109 -30.91137 .9964060 -2.37
84 23 0 624063.427 -30.91095 .9963918 -2.37
84 24 0 622208.769 -30.91053 .9963776 -2.36

8425 0 620354.138 -30.91011 .9963634 -2.35

84 26 0 618499.531 -30.90969 .9963493 -2.34
8427 0 616644.950 -30.90927 .9963352 -2.34
84 28 0 614790.394 -30.90885 .9963212 -2.33
84 29 0 612935.862 -30.90844 .9963072 -2.32

8430 0 611081.356 -30.90802 .9962933 -2.32

8431 0 609226.875 -30.90761 .9962794 -2.31
8432 0 607372.418 -30.90720 .9962655 -2.30
8433 0 605517.986 -30.90679 .9962517 -2.30
8434 0 603663.579 -30.90638 .9962380 -2.29

8435 0 601809.196 -30.90597 .9962242 -2.28

8436 0 599954.838 -30.90556 .9962105 -2.27
8437 0 598100.504 -30.90516 .9961969 -2.27
8438 0 596246.195 -30.90475 .9961833 -2.26
84 39 0 594391.910 -30.90435 .9961697 -2.25

4-17
DMA TM 8358.2

8440 0 592537.649 -30.90395 .9961562 -2.25

84 41 0 590683.412 -30.90355 .9961427 -2.24
8442 0 588829.199 -30.90315 .9961293 -2.23
84 43 0 586975.010 -30.90275 .9961159 -2.22
84 44 0 585120.845 -30.90235 .9961026 -2.22

8445 0 583266.704 -30.90196 .9960893 -2.21

84 46 0 581412.586 -30.90156 .9960760 -2.20
84 47 0 579558.493 -30.90117 .9960628 -2.20
84 48 0 577704.422 -30.90078 .9960496 -2.19
8449 0 575850.376 -30.90039 .9960365 -2.18

84 50 0 573996.352 -30.90000 .9960234 -2.18

84 51 0 572142.352 -30.89961 .9960103 -2.17
84 52 0 570288.376 -30.89922 .9959973 -2.16
84 53 0 568434.422 -30.89884 .9359844 -2.15
84 54 0 566580.492 -30.89845 .9959714 -2.15
84 55 0 564726.585 -30.89807 .9959586 -2.14
8456 0 562872.700 -30.89769 .9959457 -2.13
84 57 0 561018.839 -30.89731 .9959329 -2.13
84 58 0 559165.000 -30.89693 .9959202 -2.12
8459 0 557311.185 -30.89655 .9959075 -2.11
85 0 0 555457.391 -30.89618 .9958948 -2.10

NORTHING w 2,000,000 - (R)COS(LONGITUDE) NORTH ZONE

NORTHING = 2,000,000 + (R)COS(LONGITUDE) SOUTH ZONE
EASTING = 2,000,000 + (R)SIN(LONGITUDE) BOTH ZONES

4-18
 DMA TM 8358-2

- OTHER COORDINATE CONVERSIONS AND TRANSFORMATIONS

5-1 GRID CONVERSION BETWEEN ZONES WITHIN THE UTM SYSTEM AND GRID CONVER-
SION BETWEEN THE UTM AND UPS SYSTEMS.

5-1.1 To accurately convert grid coordinates between zones or systems, the grid coordinates are
first converted to geographic coordinates in the known zone or system. Once the grid coordinates
have been converted to geographic coordinates, they are then converted to grid coordinates in the
new zone or system. These conversions utilize the formulas found in Chapters 2 and 3 of this manual.

5-1.2 Although direct grid to grid conversions exist, which can be performed with the use of tables,
this method is not as accurate as the conversion method discussed above. Other apparent direct
grid to grid conversions exist, however they involve the intermediate conversion to geographic coor-
dinates.

5-2 MILITARY GRID REFERENCE SYSTEM-

5-2.1 The U.S. Military Grid Reference System (MGRS) is designed for use with the UTM and UPS
grids. An MGRS position location is an alpha-numeric version of a numerical UTM or UPS grid coor-
dinate.

5-2.2 Chapter 3 and Appendix B of DMA TM 8358.1 describes and shows the method for finding
the 100,000-meter square identifications. Software to convert between UTM or UPS coordinates
and MGRS positions is listed as Annex A of this manual and can be obtained from DMA HTC/PRT.

5-3 WORLD GEOGRAPHIC REFERENCE SYSTEM.

5-3.1 The World Geographic Reference System (GEOREF) is a system used for position reporting.
It is not a military grid, but rather an area-designation method. Positions are expressed in a form
suitable for reporting and plotting on any map orchart graduated in latitude and longitude (with Green-
wich as prime meridian) regardless of map projection.

5-3.2 Section 5-4 of DMA TM 8358.1 describes and illustrates the World Geographic Reference
System. Software to convert between UTM or UPS coordinates and GEOREF positions is provided
as Annex A-4 of this manual.

5-4 DATUM TO DATUM COORDINATE TRANSFORMATIONS.

5-4.1 Molodenskiy Coordinate Transformation Formulas.

5-4.1.1 Definition Of Terms.

Terms previously defined in Chapters 2 and 3 are not redefined below.

*, X =geodetic coordinates (input ellipsoid)

H = N + h = the distance of a point from the ellipsoid center measured along the
ellipsoidal normal through the point

5-1
DMA TM 8358.2
N - geold-eilipsoid separation - the distance
of the geoid above (+ N) or
below (- N) the ellipsoid
h - distance of a point from the geoid - the elevation above or below mean
sea level

A#, A, AH - corrections to transform the geodetic coordinates from the input datum
to the output datum (output minus Input)
AX, AY, &Z - shifts between ellipsoid centers of the input datum and output datum
(output minus input)

Aa, Af - differences between the parameters of the input ellipsoid and the output
ellipsoid (output minus Input)
p - radius of curvature in the meridian

- radius of curvature In the prime meridian

5-4.1.2 Standard Molodenskiy Formulas.

The Standard Molodenskiy formulas are as lollows:

W - {-AXsinqosX - &YsinrosinX.+ AZcos" + Aa(RNe 2sinncos)la

+ Af[RM(a/b) + RN(b/a)] sin4cos"} / [(RM + H)sin 11

A , [-AXsinK + AYcosX.] / [(RN + H)cososin 10]

AH ,- AXcos4dcos. + AYcos4osinX + AZsin - Aa(a/RN) + Af(b/a)RNsin 2 #

5-4.1.3 Abrded Molodensk F-Ormulas

The Abridged Molodenskiy formulas are as follows:

W , [-&XsinqrcosX - AYsinrsinX + AZcos4 + (aAf + fAa)sin2$] / [RMsin 11

Ar - [-&XsinX + &Ycos,]/ [RNcos4osin 11

AH - AXooscos;s + AYcosisinX + AZsir* + (aAf + fAa)sin 2$ - Aa

5-4.2 Mutinle RFlgress ntEcqations.

Multiple regression equations are developed from polynomial equations to the nth degree to fit
predetermined accuracy requirements. The terms that are included in the multiple regression equa-
tions are a function of the desired accuracy of the solution. In developing the solution, the terms of
first degree to nth degree are tested and in the process of deriving the solution to fit the accuracy
requirements, certain terms drop out. Because of this, there Is no generalized equation to present
as a guidline. However, as an example, a datum shift from European Datum to WGS 1972 is

5-2
 DMA TM 83582

AV presented to Illustrate multiple regressions. This shift is not to be construed as the most up-to-date
transformation for the area under consideration. For a more In-depth discussion of The Multiple
Regression Equations, see DMA TR 8350.2, Department of Defense World Geodetic System 1984,
Its Definition and Relationships with Local Geodetic Systems.

W=- 2.5830 + 2.0782X + 0.6631Y + 0.6144X2 + 1.0456XY

- 0.7752Y2 + 0.8414X3 + 0.1058XY2 - 14.4049X3 y

+ 4.4291XY3 + 0.0166Y4 + 59.9408X5 Y - 4.2792X3Y3

7 7 2
- 3.9642XY5 + 0.7818Y6 - 93.5475X y - 4.5053X y

+ 48.,U445X-Y + 11.0197XSY7 4.5980X 9 9 - 5.4256X5 Y9

AX= - 4.8255 - 1.8094X + 1.8479Y - 2.0174X2 + 1,1912XY

- 0.3288X3 + 3.3287X4 - 4.1036X3Y + 1.6161 XY 3

"+0.6259Y4 + 1.5379XY4- 2.5285XY5 - 1.1917X8

"+4.8445X7 Y - 10.0979X6 Y2 - 0.7021Y 9 + 10.6185X 6y
"+6,2369X4Y 6 - 9.1252X6y 8
2 2
Mfm= 36.604 - 28.206X - 18.351Y + 9.525X + 2.107Y

* + 11.094X3 - 0.684X2 Y + 25.268Y 3 + 86.856X2Y2

5 5 4 2
+ 6.040XY 3 - 34.469Y - 22.520X Y - 77.583X Y

- 125.318X2y4 18.485XY6 + 5 7 .003XEY3 + 72.140X 2Y6

9 8 2 4 9
- 24,950X8 Y + 16.896Y + 37.821 X Y + 41.265X y

Where: X = 34 -2.7969898

Y = 3X - 0.5248325

X= ED 50 latitude and longitude (inradians)

AHm = ED 50 height (in meters,

5-4.3 ACC)BAC,ES
5-4.3.1 The Multiple Regression Equations will provide a more accurate fit than either the Standard
or Abridged Molodenskiy Transformations within its specific area of application, Outside of the
specific area of application, the accuracies deteriorate rapidly.

5-3
DMA TM 8358.2

5-4.3.2 Wdhin a small area, such as a degree square, locally deterrnined Molodensidy Transforma-
tion constants will generally provide accuracies commensurate with the multiple regression. The
simplicity and versatility of the Molodenskiy Transformation are also advantageous.

5-4.3.3 As long as the accuracy of the positions determined by satellite point positioning is in the 2-
meter range, the Standard Molodenskiy Transformation will not give significantly more accurate
results than the Abridged Molodenskiy Transformation.

5-4.3.4 When available, the Multiple Regression Equations will be the preferred method of datum
transformation. This is followed by the Standard Molodenskiy Transformation and then the Abridged
Molodenskiy Transformation.

5-4
 DMA TM 8358.2

ANNEXES A and B

These annexes Hst the software and documentation available for the transformation of geographic
coordinates to/from grid coordinates. These products can be obtained by contacting
DMA HTC(PRT).

ANNEX A SOFTWARE SUPPORT FOR UNIVERSAL GRIDS

Section A-1 Software and Documentation for Geographic Coordinate Transformations
to/from Grid Coordinates
A-1.1 UTM Grid

A-1.2 UPS Grid

A-2 Sottware and Documentation ior Datum to Datim CoorcZrate Transform atiors
A-2.1 Molodensldy
A-2.2 Abridged Molodenskiy
A-3 Software and Documentation for the UTM and the UPS Grid Coordinate
Transformation to/from the MGRS
A-4 Software and Documentation for Geographic Coordinate Transformation
to/from GEOREF Coordinates
A-5 Software and Documentation for Grid Coefficients and Latitude Functions

ANNEX B SOFTWARE SUPPORT FOR NON-UNIVERSAL GRIDS

Section B-1 Software and Documentation for the Transverse Mercator (TM) Grid
B-2 Software and Documentation for the Mercator Grid
B-3 Software and Documentation for the Lambert Conical Orthomorphic Grid
B-4 Software and Documentation for the Madagascar Gauss Laborde Grid
B-5 Software and Documentation for the Rectified Skewed Orthomorphic Grid
B-6 Software and Documentation for the New Zealand Map Grd
B-7 Software and Documentation for the Guam Azimuthal Equidistant Grid

A-1
B-1