Man-Eng-Ep2500 UnaOhm PDF

UNAOHM
INDEX
1 SAFETY PRECAUTIONS & GENERAL WARNINGS............................................................4

1.1 SAFETY PRECAUTIONS ................................................................................................. 4
1.2 GENERAL WARNINGS ................................................................................................... 5
1.3 MAINTENANCE ............................................................................................................... 5
1.4 NOTES................................................................................................................................ 5
2 INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................................................................6
3 MAIN CHARACTERISTICS .......................................................................................................7
3.1 SPECIFICATIONS............................................................................................................. 7
4 ACCESSORIES............................................................................................................................11
4.1 STANDARD ACCESSORIES ......................................................................................... 11
4.2 OPTIONALS .................................................................................................................... 11
4.3 ANCILLARY INSTRUMENTS ...................................................................................... 11
5 CONTROLS and CONNECTIONS ...........................................................................................14
5.1 FRONT PANEL................................................................................................................ 14
5.2 LEFT SIDE PANEL ......................................................................................................... 15
5.3 RIGHT SIDE PANEL....................................................................................................... 15
6 POWER SUPPLY ........................................................................................................................16
6.1 PREPARING THE INSTRUMENT FOR USE ............................................................... 16
6.2 BATTERY REPLACEMENT .......................................................................................... 16
6.3 POWER SUPPLY MODES.............................................................................................. 18
6.3.1 Low Battery Indication.............................................................................................. 18
6.4 11VDC. AUXILIARY OUTPUT SOURCE OF POWER ............................................... 18
7 OPERATING MODE ..................................................................................................................19
7.1 DEFAULT CONDITIONS ............................................................................................... 19
7.2 ON SCREEN DISPLAY................................................................................................... 19
7.2.1 Screen Saver.............................................................................................................. 19
7.3 VOLUME, BRIGHTNESS & CONTRAST ADJUSTMENTS ....................................... 19
7.4 USE of DIGIT KEYS, SHAFT ENCODER, ARROWS for NUMBER ENTRIES 19
7.5 RESET .............................................................................................................................. 20
7.6 TUNING ........................................................................................................................... 20
7.6.1 SAT Tuning by Means of Transponder Frequency ................................................... 20
7.7 ATTENUATOR................................................................................................................ 21
7.8 LNB. REMOTE POWER SUPPLY TO LNB .................................................................. 21
7.9 22 kHz COMMAND SIGNAL ......................................................................................... 21
7.10 DiSEqC ............................................................................................................................. 22
7.10.1 How to Engage the 22 kHz Tone............................................................................... 22
7.10.2 Transmission of a DiSEqC 1.1 Command ................................................................ 22
7.10.3 DiSEqC 1.2 for Steerable Dishes.............................................................................. 22
7.10.4 User-Defined DiSEqC 1.1 Commands...................................................................... 24
7.11 MEASUREMENT BANDWIDTH................................................................................... 25
7.12 FUNCTION ...................................................................................................................... 25
7.13 SPECTRUM ANALYSER FUNCTION .......................................................................... 25
7.13.1 Video Filter ............................................................................................................... 26
7.14 SPECTRUM EXPANDED FUNCTION.......................................................................... 26
EP2500 (Rev. 0) 1
UNAOHM
7.15 MEASUREMENT FUNCTION ....................................................................................... 27
7.15.1 Measurement Demodulator Selection....................................................................... 28
7.15.2 Audio Signal Reception............................................................................................. 28
7.15.3 Audio Monitor ........................................................................................................... 28
7.15.4 Aural Duplication of Signal Level or DCP Measurement ........................................ 28
7.15.5 Video Signal Quality ................................................................................................. 29
7.16 TV & TELETEXT FUNCTION ....................................................................................... 29
7.16.1 Selection of the TV-Standard .................................................................................... 29
7.16.2 Synch Pulse Display.................................................................................................. 29
7.17 MONITOR FUNCTION................................................................................................... 30
7.18 USE OF THE PROGRAM MEMORIES ......................................................................... 30
7.19 SPECIAL MEASUREMENTS......................................................................................... 30
7.19.1 Video-to-Audio Ratio ................................................................................................ 31
7.19.2 (DCP) Digital Channel Power.................................................................................. 31
7.19.3 Carrier-to-Noise Ratio (C/N).................................................................................... 32
7.19.4 QPSK, QAM or OFDM Demodulator for Digital Signals........................................ 32
7.19.5 QAM and OFDM CH BER Estimation ..................................................................... 32
7.19.5.1 OFDM CH BER Estimation ............................................................................... 32
7.19.5.2 QAM BER Estimation......................................................................................... 33
7.20 DATA LOGGER .............................................................................................................. 33
7.20.1 How to Carry Out an Acquisition ............................................................................. 34
7.20.2 Definition of Measurements and Parameters to Acquire.......................................... 34
7.20.3 Inspection of the Stored Measurements .................................................................... 34
7.20.4 Cancellation of All Data Stored................................................................................ 35
7.20.5 Cancellation of the Last Datum Stored..................................................................... 35
7.20.6 Data Download ......................................................................................................... 35
7.20.6.1 RS232 Transmission Parameters ....................................................................... 35
7.21 USE OF THE SCART SOCKET...................................................................................... 35
7.21.1 Description of the Connections................................................................................. 36
7.22 RS232 SERIAL PORT CONNECTION........................................................................... 36
7.22.1 Connections............................................................................................................... 36
7.22.2 Transmission Format ................................................................................................ 37
7.22.3 General Notes for Connection to a Personal Computer........................................... 37
7.23 USB PORT CONNECTION............................................................................................. 37
7.23.1 How to Load USB Drivers onto a PC ....................................................................... 37
7.23.2 How to Use the USB Port Correctly ......................................................................... 38
8 UTILITY ROUTINES .................................................................................................................38
8.1 DESCRIPTION OF THE MAIN MENU AND THE SUBMENUS ................................ 38
8.2 EXAMPLES...................................................................................................................... 39
8.2.1 Buzzer ON/OFF ........................................................................................................ 39
8.2.2 Video Filter ............................................................................................................... 39
9 DVB-S DVB-C DVB-T DEMODULATORS .............................................................................40
9.1.1 QPSK Display Description ....................................................................................... 40
9.1.2 How to Use the QPSK Card...................................................................................... 41
9.1.3 OFDM Display Description...................................................................................... 42
9.1.4 How to Use the OFDM Card .................................................................................... 43
9.1.5 QAM Display Description......................................................................................... 43
9.1.6 How to Use the QAM Card ....................................................................................... 44
10 MPEG CARD ...............................................................................................................................45
10.1 HOW TO USE THE MPEG CARD ................................................................................. 45
2 EP2500 (Rev. 0)
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10.2 Description of the MPEG Network Information Table (NIT) .......................................... 46
10.2.1 MPEG Program Monitoring..................................................................................... 47
10.2.2 Audio Channel Selection........................................................................................... 47
10.2.3 Messages ................................................................................................................... 47
11 APPENDIX A LIST OF DiSEqC COMMANDS ...................................................................48
12 APPENDIX B DVB-S DVB-C DVB-T MODULATION .......................................................50
12.1 INTRODUCTON.............................................................................................................. 50
12.2 DIGITAL MODULATIONS AND THEIR PARAMETERS .......................................... 50
12.3 BER................................................................................................................................... 51
12.4 QPSK MEASUREMENTS............................................................................................... 52
12.4.1 QPSK CH BER & POST-VITERBI BER Measurement ............................................ 52
12.4.2 QPSK MER Measurement......................................................................................... 55
12.4.3 QPSK RU Count (Reed-Solomon Uncorrected) ....................................................... 55
12.4.4 Summary.................................................................................................................... 55
12.5 OFDM MEASUREMENTS ............................................................................................. 55
12.5.1 OFDM CH BER and Post Viterbi BER Measurement.............................................. 56
12.5.2 OFDM MER Measurements...................................................................................... 56
12.5.3 OFDM RU Count (Reed-Solomon Uncorrected)...................................................... 56
12.6 QAM MEASUREMENTS................................................................................................ 57
12.6.1 QAM CH BER Measurement .................................................................................... 57
12.6.2 QAM MER Measurement .......................................................................................... 58
12.6.3 QAM RU Count (Reed-Solomon Uncorrected)......................................................... 58
13 CHANNEL FORMAT TABLE...................................................................................................59
14 WARRANTY ................................................................................................................................65
Unaohm Start S.p.A. reserve the right to change product specifications at any moment and
without notice, regardless of whether the change is of technical or commercial nature or being
implemented to comply with legal requirements of specific countries.
Data in this manual, therefore, may not be up-to-date.
EP2500 (Rev. 0) 3
UNAOHM
1 SAFETY PRECAUTIONS & GENERAL WARNINGS
MARK
This instrument is in conformity with the following standards and documents:
EMC: EN 50082-1 * EN 55011 * EN 61000-3-2 * EN 61000-3-3 * IEC 801-2 * IEC801-3 * IEC 801-4
Safety: EN61010-1
The below-indicated safety precautions and general warnings must carefully be observed during all
phases of use, maintenance and servicing of the instrument to avoid damages to persons, animals and
property.
UNAOHM START S.p.A. assumes no responsibility for incorrect use of the instrument or if the
norms specified are not followed.
1.1 SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

Supply the instrument with a voltage within the limits indicated in the specifications.
Do not use the instrument unless completely housed with all covers.
This instrument has been designed for use in covered environment. Do not expose it to rain,
dripping or moisture.
Do not use the instrument in explosive environment due to the presence of gas or inflammable
fumes or dust.
The instrument may be used in overvoltage Category II and Pollution Degree 2.
Do not turn on the instrument immediately after transferring it from a very cold place to a hot one to
avoid condensation.
Do not obstruct the instruments cooling slits or place it near strong sources of heat.
For prolonged use in the lab or in fixed places, the instrument should be removed from the carrying
case to allow for better heat dissipation.
Do not apply DC or RF voltages to the input connectors that are higher than those indicated.
We recommend periodic inspections of the carrying strap, its spring catches and the related rings
since they could be damaged with use. As soon as a sign of wear is noticed, replace them.
When the instrument is equipped with a battery, we recommend:
1) Do not shortcircuit the battery since it may explode.
2) Do not immerse the battery in water or place it in a flame.
3) Do not perforate or try to open the battery.
4) When replacing the battery, use a similar one and dispose of the old one in the
special ecological disposal containers.
5) Do not connect the battery with inverted polarity.
This symbol will appear when it is necessary for the user to consult the instruction manual
for additional information.
Be extremely careful. Dangerous voltages are present.
4 EP2500 (Rev. 0)
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1.2 GENERAL WARNINGS
Do not expose the instrument to strong magnetic or electric (motors, transformers, solenoids) fields.
All precautions have been taken to prevent foreign object, even very small, from getting into the
instrument. However this is still a frequent cause for internal shortcircuit. Therefore, we highly
recommend not to cut coaxial cables on top of the instrument since even very small pieces of wire
from the shielding braid could fall into it and cause occasional shortcircuiting which may even be
difficult for service and repair technicians to locate.
1.3 MAINTENANCE
The only maintenance permitted is: the connection or replacement of the battery, and fitting internal
accessories as specified in the manual.
Opening of the instrument and any further servicing must be carried out exclusively by qualified
personnel or, in any case, operators who have basic technical qualifications and electrical safety
knowledge.
For instruments equipped with a battery please refer again to note 1.1.
Do not come into contact with electrical parts which maintain an electric charge (such as capacitors)
even when not powered.
Take appropriate measures against the build up of electrostatic charges. Do not touch internal
circuits unless wearing a special anti-static strap.
To clean the outside surfaces:
1. Use a soft cloth and non aggressive liquid detergents avoiding petrol-based products.
2. Make sure liquids or other substances do not penetrate into the instrument.
1.4 NOTES
The figures of accuracy quoted refer to the temperature reached by the instrument approx. 1015
minutes after turn on.
Avoid falls and strong shocks to the instrument; make sure that the instrument is not subject to
shaking and vibrations during transport by placing it on an upholstered support.
Before using the instrument we recommend you carefully read the instructions in this manual.
To operate the instrument in a vertical position, instead of a horizontal one, lean it on its rear panel.
A periodical operational check of the instrument is recommended at least on a yearly basis,
accompanied, if necessary, by an overall calibration. This will ensure years of trouble free operation.
Likewise, never allow the bag and the strap to wear off too much. Safety considerations require that
the bag and the strap are replaced when the first signs of tear and wear are about to arise. See 1.1.
for more details.
The level of the ionised rays emitted by the CRT is within EN 61010-1 norms. The radiation emitted by
this instrument is lower than 5Sv/h at a distance of 5cm from the CRT surface. Since the radiation
level mainly depends on the characteristics of the CRT and its related low and high voltage power
supply circuits, they must not be modified with respect to the original conditions as otherwise, safety
requirements will not be met.
EP2500 (Rev. 0) 5
UNAOHM
2 INTRODUCTION
The field strength meter EP2500 provides total coverage in the Terrestrial, Cable Television (CATV)
and first IF Satellite bands.
Even though this is a technically advanced instrument, its relatively low cost makes it very popular
among a wide range of installers, from the professional who is busy with certifications for large system
installations to the electrician who has just started making himself known in the TV installation trade.
The main features of this instrument are:
Wide dynamic range of the measurable level: from 20 to 130 dBV in all ranges.
Level measurement, video/audio carrier ratio for both Terrestrial and CATV bands, carrier/noise
ratio and digital channel power, both terrestrial and satellite.
True BER measurement by means of a QPSK card (standard accessory), of a QAM card (as an
alternative to the OFDM card) or of an OFDM card (as an alternative to the QAM card). If either
card is missing, the unit shows a BER estimation (as opposed to true BER measurement) of the
missing card based on true C/N measurement.
Viewing of free to air digital signals by means of an MPEG 2 card (standard feature).
4 black and white CRT for on screen menu and measurement display (OSD), analogue TV
picture display, spectral analysis, horizontal synch pulse, measurement bars.
Microprocessor control.
Data Logger.
Teletext.
PLL frequency synthesis tuning throughout all the frequency ranges.
100 program storage capability.
Spectrum analyser with variable frequency selectivity and expansion.
AM, FM, TV intercarrier demodulation.
Power to LNB and driving commands by means of a 13/18V 500mA source, a 22kHz switching
tone and DiSEqC 1 1.1 and 1.2 (for steerable dishes) switching protocol.
SCART socket.
An auxiliary 11V/150mA source of power with automatic protection is available to the operator.
RS232 port.
USB port.
Power and battery charge by means of an external Vac-to-Vdc power supply/charger unit (standard
accessory) or by means of an internal battery (optional) with a long operational run and located in a
fast-access compartment.
Compact and lightweight.
1
DiSEqC is a registered EUTELSAT trademark.
6 EP2500 (Rev. 0)
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3 MAIN CHARACTERISTICS
3.1 SPECIFICATIONS
Input Characteristics
Level VHF/UHF/ SAT from 20 to 130 dBV (-90...20 dBm).
HF from 30 to 130 dBV (-80...20 dBm).
Measurement unit dB (for ratio measurements) - dBV - dBmV - dBm into 75 - V
(Volt) independently selectable for level and power measurements.
Attenuator VHF/UHF/ SAT from 0 to 80 dB in 10 dB steps.
Manual or autoranging, switchable.
Attenuator Accuracy VHF/UHF 1 dB - SAT 1.5 dB.
Frequency response Within 2 dB between 45 and 2050 MHz, 2.5 dB between 2050 and
2150 MHz.
Reading 1. Numerical by means of OSD (On Screen Display) technique with
0.1 dB resolution.
2. Relative, on the screen against a 30 dB scale.
3. Aural; tone proportional to signal level.
Measurement Switchable to peak or average value of the modulation and, reading in
true rms value for a CW sine wave.
Measurement VHF/UHF/SAT 100 kHz or 1 MHz, switchable.
bandwidth (at -3 dB)
Input impedance 75 (1) (see special features), unbalanced, with Vdc component block.
Maximum voltage 5Vrms RF - 100 Vdc.
applicable
Input connector BNC (external adapters BNC/IEC and BNC/F provided)..
Frequency characteristics
Band From 5 to 65 MHz in HF.
From 45 to 900 MHz in VHF/UHF/CATV.
From 900 to 2150 MHz in SAT.
Tuning 1 Continuous PLL tuning.
2 Direct frequency selection via keypad.
3 Channel recall to the TV-standard in use in VHF/UHF/CATV.
4 Recall of one of the stored programs.
Storage capacity 100 programs.
Reading Frequency and channel (if available) through OSD technique.
Resolution 50 kHz for the VHF/UHF bands and 125 kHz for SAT.
Accuracy Better than 0.001%.
EP2500 (Rev. 0) 7
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Spectrum analyser
Presentation Level on X axis (horizontal) - Frequency on the Y axis (vertical).
Frequency Range C from 5 to 65 MHz
L from 45 to 156 MHz.
M from 156 to 470 MHz.
H from 470 to 900 MHz.
SAT from 900 to 2150 MHz.
Level 20 to 130 dBV for all bands.
Frequency response Numerical level reading according to frequency marker position, as
in measurement mode, 1 dB.
Linearised response curve displayed on the screen.
Spectrum frequency 100% of each band selected (C - L - M - H - SAT), a portion of which
range may be analysed in 8 steps from approximately 1% to a maximum
covering from 1 to 5 channels (according to the selected band).
Bandwidth at -3 dB 100 kHz (N) or 1 MHz (W), selectable both in VHF/UHF/CATV and
SAT.
Spectrum refresh rate Real time.
Frequency marker May be positioned throughout the entire frequency range, with
frequency and level reading.
Video Filter Switchable.
Monitor
Screen 4 black and white CRT, with brightness and contrast controls.
Functions -OSD display: against the video background, transparent, disengaged.
-Measurement reading (Level, Digital Channel Power, C/N, V/A).
-Full screen analogue TV-picture.
-Simultaneous display of a portion of the analogue TV-picture and
level, as a dynamic brightness bar (proportional to signal strength).
-Simultaneous display of a portion of the analogue TV-picture and the
horizontal TV-synch pulse waveform.
-Total frequency spectrum with frequency marker.
-Partial frequency spectrum (SPAN) with frequency marker.
-Video monitor (by means of the SCART socket).
-Teletext pages.
Analogue TV Standard PAL B/G (2) (see Special Features).
8 EP2500 (Rev. 0)
UNAOHM
QPSK digital signal demodulator

Parameters To Set Symbol Rate: 1.45 to 36 MSymbols/s; 1.0 to 42 MSymbols/s
typical.
Code Rate:Auto; 1/2; 2/3; 3/4; 5/6; 7/8.
Spectrum Polarity: Auto (Direct or Inverted).
Frequency Range 950 to 2150 MHz.
CH BER CH BER (pre Viterbi BER). Level indication from 6x10-2 to 1x10-6.
Resolution 2 x10-7.
pV BER Post Viterbi BER. Level indication from 1x10-2 to 1x10-8.
MER Modulation Error Ratio. From 5 to 20 dB.
RU Reed Solomon Uncorrected (errors). Maximum count 65535.
Locking Indication LOCKED, UNLOCKED, NO CARRIER.
CFO AFC (Automatic Frequency Control) within 3 MHz .
PWR Index OK, HIGH, LOW indication.
Digital Standard ETS 300421 compatible.
COFDM digital signal demodulator (as an alternative to QAM card)

Parameters To Set Modulation: Auto (16QAM; 64QAM; QPSK).
Code Rate: Auto (1/2; 2/3; 3/4; 4/5; 5/6; 6/7; 7/8; 8/9).
Bandwidth: 7 8 MHz.
Guard Interval: Auto (1/4; 1/8; 1/16; 1/32).
Operating Mode: Auto (2000, 8000 carriers).
Hierarchy Non hierarchyc.
CH BER CH BER (pre Viterbi BER). Level indication from 1x10-2 to 1x10-5.
Resolution 1.5 x10-6.
pV BER Post Viterbi BER. Level indication from 1x10-2 to 1x10-7 + zero.
CFO AFC (Automatic Frequency Control) within 0.15 MHz.
Digital Standard ETS 300744 compatible.
QAM digital signal demodulator (as an alternative to OFDM card)

Parameters To Set Symbol Rate: 2.5 to 7 MSymbols/s.
Modulation: 64, 128, 256, auto.
CH BER Channel BER (pre Viterbi BER). Level indication from 0 to 1.
resolution 2 x10-8.
CFO AFC (Automatic Frequency Control) within 3 MHz from nominal
frequency
Digital Standard ETS 300429 Reed Solomon; ETS 300 Deinterleaving compatible.
EP2500 (Rev. 0) 9
UNAOHM
MPEG 2 card
Standard DVB compatible
Video Audio Decompression MPEG2 Main Level @ Main Profile
Program Viewing Non encrypted programs
Aspect Ratio 4:3
Sound
Demodulators VHF/UHF/CATV: AM - FM.
SAT: FM.
Subcarrier Frequency VHF/UHF/CATV: according to the selected TV-standard.
SAT: from 5 to 9.99 MHz in 10 kHz steps, PLL tuning.
SAT Bandwidth 70 and 300 kHz.
SAT Deemphasis Flat, J17, 50s, 75s.
SAT Noise reduction Switchable.
Output Power 0.5W max, via loudspeaker.
Auxiliary inputs and outputs

SCART Socket Complete: input/output video and audio (1V / 75 - 0.3 V / 600 ).
Vdc 11 V - 150 mA (automatic protection in case of shortcircuit).
22kHz Tone 0.6 Vpp on 18 load, 22kHz 1kHz, square wave.
DiSEqC Commands See DiSEqC section for specifications and features.
Power to LNB 13 or 18 V, 500 mA, automatic protection.
USB Port Standard 1.0. Female B type connector for external data exchange
RS 232 Serial Port Female 9 pole "D" type connector for external data exchange.
Power supply
Internal Vdc Power By means of a sealed rechargeable 12 V / 3.8 Ah Ni-MH battery.
Operational Run From 1hr 30' to 2hrs depending on the facilities engaged
Battery Charger By means of an external power supply/charger unit (standard
accessory). Recharge time from 10 to 14 hrs.
External Vdc Power By means of an external power supply/charger unit (standard
accessory) or any other unit featuring 12 to 18V, 3 A max, 45VA.
Pilot light Warning LED for Charge, OSD for Battery low indication.
Mechanical
Dimensions 320x115x335 mm (L x H x D).
Weight Approximately 5.5 kg with carrying case. and battery fitted.
Finishing The instrument is contained in an Elite carrying case with accessories
compartment and strap for transport.
10 EP2500 (Rev. 0)
UNAOHM
Ambient
Calibrating Accuracy quoted refers to an ambient temperature of 23 C 5 C.
Temperature
Operating Temperature From +5 C to + 40 C.
Relative Humidity 80% for temperatures up to 31 C (with 50% linear derating at 40 C).
Maximum Operating 2000 m.
Altitude
Storing Temperature From -10 C to + 60 C.
Maximum Storage 95 %.
Relative Humidity
Special features
1) 50 input impedance.
2) Other TV-standards for analogue signals upon request.
4 ACCESSORIES
4.1 STANDARD ACCESSORIES

N 1 MPEG 2 card
N 1 QPSK card
N 1 QAM card or, as an alternative, OFDM card (either
cards must be factory fitted on purchasing the
instrument only; no later upgrading possible).
NOTE: QAM and OFDM cards can not be fitted inside the instrument at the same time.
N 1 5-65 MHz module.
N 1 Power supply BCH16/3.
N 1 Adapter BNC/IEC - P80A.
N 1 Adapter BNC/F - P82.
N 1 Elite soft carrying case.
N 1 12 V / 3.8Ah Ni-MH battery.
N 1 Instruction Manual.
4.2 OPTIONALS
BNC/DIN P79 - P81A Adapters
Fast Battery Charger FCH 12.
Second Battery Kit.
4.3 ANCILLARY INSTRUMENTS

NG500/75 White Noise Generator
NG754/75 (2 GHz) White Noise Generator.
P257/75 Reflectometer.
P139 Noise generator with reflectometer bridge.
Voltage booster FP1 for battery recharge through the car lighter jack.
EP2500 (Rev. 0) 11
UNAOHM
Figure 1 Front panel
12 EP2500 (Rev. 0)
UNAOHM
Figure2 Left side panel view and

serial RS232 and USB ports.
Figure 3 SCART socket
EP2500 (Rev. 0) 13
UNAOHM
5 CONTROLS and CONNECTIONS

To locate the position of the controls and connections refer to Figure 1, Figure2 and Figure 3.
This chapter only offers a general description; each element will be described in detail in the section
related to its use.
5.1 FRONT PANEL

1. Video screen.
2. Analogue level measurement bar.
3. dB REL. Reference scale for the analogue level bar under 2).
4. Multifunction keys (SOFTKEY) F1, F2, F3, F4. The specific function changes according to the
state of the instrument and is indicated on the right of the screen.
1. The multifunction keys are shown inside a frame. Example: SPEC.

2. To roll the menus the Shaft Encoder may be used instead of the UP and DOWN
keys.
5. . Enables the Shaft Encoder (24) to adjust the audio TV/SAT volume and that of the acoustic
tone which is proportional to the signal level.
6. . Enables the Shaft Encoder to adjust the brightness.
7. . Enables the Shaft Encoder to adjust the contrast.
8. Numerical keyboard.
9. Symbols relating to CATV, Terrestrial and Satellite bands.
10. LED ON. Indicates power supply to the LNB is on.
11. LED CONT. Indicates LNB current draw and therefore, its circuit continuity.
12. LED PWR ON. Indicates the instrument has been connected to the power supply for operation or
for battery recharge.
13. LED BATT Ch. Indicates that the battery is under charge.
14. RESET. When pressed once it stores the status of the instrument which will be recalled by
default when the instrument is turned on (see section 7.1.). When pressed twice it sets the instrument
to a factory-set condition (default) (see section 7.5).
15. AUTO. Sets the attenuator to automatic mode.
16. RF IN input connector. For all types of signals. (TV, CATV, 1st IF satellite).
WARNING! Do not exceed the maximum applicable voltage limits: AC 5V and DC 100V. Do not
apply DC when the LNB power supply is inserted.
17. ATT+. Sets the attenuator to manual mode and increases attenuation by 10 dB (unless maximum
attenuation has already been engaged).
18. ATT-. Sets the input attenuator to manual mode and decreases attenuation by 10 dB (unless it is
already set to zero).
19. DATA. Gives access to RS232 and Data Logger functions (see section 7.20).
20. MENU. Gives access to the configuration menus (see section 8).
21. . (ENTER).
22. SOUND. Enables the Shaft Encoder to select the audio satellite carrier. When pressed again, tuning
is enabled.
23. . Arrow keys. To shift the cursor to the different digits of the number to program by means of
the Shaft Encoder.
14 EP2500 (Rev. 0)
UNAOHM
24. Shaft Encoder. For quasi continuous adjustments of volume, tuning or to scroll menus.
25. LNB. Press twice to engage power to the LNB; press a third time to disengage it.
26. 13/18 V. Alternately sets power to the LNB between 13 and 18 Vdc.
27. 22k. Alternately engages/disengages the 22 kHz tone.
28. DSQ. Gives access to the DiSEqC menu (see section 7.10)
29. LO + VP. Gives access to the menu to program the video polarity and the value of the local
oscillators for the satellite band.
30. STORE. Press twice to store the current tuning parameters in the current program.
31. CH LO A-B. In the terrestrial band it selects the channel tuning mode. In the satellite band it selects
the LNB local oscillator (LO).
32. FR. Selects the frequency tuning mode.
33. PR. Selects the program tuning mode.
34. OSD. Selects the OSD operating mode (see section 7.2)
35. DIGITAL. Allows for the digital channel power and BER measurements.
36. Additional multifunction key F5. Its related reading appears on the left part of the rectangular
OSD window which, in turn, appears on the bottom part of the screen.
37. SYNC. Reference for nominal amplitude of the sync pulse for terrestrial stations.
38. Fmin and Fmax. Panoramic reference marks.
5.2 LEFT SIDE PANEL

39. PWR ON. Mains power switch.
40. EXT. Input jack for an external power source.
41. 11V OUT. Output of an auxiliary 11 Vdc source of power to an external circuit, at the operators
disposal.
42. RS232 and USB connectors.
5.3 RIGHT SIDE PANEL

43. SCART socket.
EP2500 (Rev. 0) 15
UNAOHM
6 POWER SUPPLY
6.1 PREPARING THE INSTRUMENT FOR USE

For safety purposes the instrument leaves the factory with the battery fully discharged. It is therefore, a
must to recharge it according to the instructions given elsewhere in this manual. It is advisable to repeat
the complete charge/discharge cycle twice, then charge the battery once again, so that the battery can
reach its full charging capacity.
6.2 BATTERY REPLACEMENT

Follow the instructions in Figure 4
NOTE: During all operations make sure that, for any reason at all the positive pole (Hot or
Live pole) of the battery does not become electrically connected to the chassis even for a few
instants (for example, while using tools that may accidentally be dropped into the instrument):
this could severely damage the power supply circuits and the battery.
16 EP2500 (Rev. 0)
UNAOHM
Figure 4 How to fit or change the battery
EP2500 (Rev. 0) 17
UNAOHM
6.3 POWER SUPPLY MODES

The instrument may be powered by an internal battery, or by an external source connected to the EXT
(40) jack.
Whenever possible, use an external source to power the instrument; only when an external source is not
available use the internal battery of the instrument. The same external source of power is used for
recharging the battery when the instrument is turned off. The source of power is automatically selected.
NOTE: The minimum external operating voltage is 12V while a voltage of at least 15Vdc is required to
recharge the battery.
CAUTION: The negative (- or minus) pole of the external source of power must NEVER come
into contact with the ground.
NOTES:
The length of recharge time required will never be the cause of damages to the battery in any case.
The battery capacity is reduced at low operating temperatures.
When the instrument is not used for long periods of time, we recommend to recharge battery at least
once a month, to avoid self discharge.
6.3.1 Low Battery Indication

When the remaining duration of the battery reaches ten minutes, the indication Low Battery is
displayed every 30 seconds.
6.4 11VDC. AUXILIARY OUTPUT SOURCE OF POWER

An 11 Vdc source of output power (41) is available to the operator and offers self protection and a 150
mA current limiter (see Figure2).
18 EP2500 (Rev. 0)
UNAOHM
7 OPERATING MODE
7.1 DEFAULT CONDITIONS

At switch-on, volume, brightness and contrast keep by default the same setting as when the instrument
was last turned off.
The other parameters (Band, frequency, attenuator, OSD etc.) may be customised as follows:
1. Set the instrument as desired.
2. Briefly press RESET (14) ONCE.
3. Turn off the instrument.
Figure 5 shows the factory settings.
Turn on, spectrum, UHF band
50.0 dBuV
TV
EXP
MEA
600.00 CH 37 pr 00 BW W
HIGH SPANOFF M 20
Figure 5 Factory setting on turn-on
7.2 ON SCREEN DISPLAY

Data and messages are displayed in OSD fashion. Pressing key OSD (34) alternates three display
modes: OSD against black background, OSD against no background, OSD off.
7.2.1 Screen Saver

Approximately ten minutes after the last key has been pressed, a moving screen saver message is
engaged. Pressing any key disables the screen saver.
7.3 VOLUME, BRIGHTNESS & CONTRAST ADJUSTMENTS

Pressing key (5), (6) and (7) allows adjustment of volume, brightness and contrast by means of the Shaft
Encoder (24). An indexed bar will appear on the bottom part of the screen to ease the adjustment. If the
adjustment is not carried out within 10 seconds, the instruments returns to the previous display.
7.4 USE of DIGIT KEYS, SHAFT ENCODER, ARROWS for NUMBER ENTRIES
When using the instrument it is often necessary to key in numbers for instance, to recall a frequency.
This operation may be carried out by means of the digit keys (8), and then by means of (21) or the
Shaft Encoder (24) to confirm your entry.
Arrows and (23) select the digit being modified, while the Shaft Encoder (24) increases and
decreases the value to be set.
EP2500 (Rev. 0) 19
UNAOHM
7.5 RESET
To rapidly return to the factory-defined setting, press the key RESET (14) twice. The instrument
returns to default conditions (see section 7.1), except for volume, brightness, contrast, which are set to
optimal average values. Memory content is never affected by the reset.
7.6 TUNING
The signal to be measured or displayed may be tuned in three modes:
1. By programming the frequency. Press the key FR (32), then follow the instructions in section. 7.4.
2. By recalling the TV channel. Press the key CH LO A-B (31) (the key AB..Z on the numerical
keyboard (8) recalls the first channel which is alphabetically present), then follow the instructions in
section 7.4.
NOTE:
Rotating the shaft encoder overrides any partial number you may have keyed in through the keypad
by mistake, so you can begin again to key in the correct number.
The instrument offers different channel format to suit the different channel formats of the country
the unit is being used, for the selection of which please see Chapter 8, UTILITY.
The symbols and to the right of the OSD value indicate that the frequency tuned is,
respectively, higher/lower than the nominal channel frequency.
Always press to confirm your entry. After confirmation it is possible to increase/decrease the
value by means of the Shaft Encoder.
3. By recalling one of the previously stored programs. Press the key PR (33), then follow the
instructions in section 7.4.
7.6.1 SAT Tuning by Means of Transponder Frequency
In satellite band it is possible to set the frequency of two local oscillators for two different LNBs. This,
then, makes it possible to display the transponder frequency directly for tuning instead of the 1st IF.
Setting procedure is as follows:
Press LO+VP (29). The display shown in Figure 6 will appear.
Select LO1 or LO2 by means of the keys UP and DOWN and then ENTER.
Set the frequency of the first oscillator (1A or 1B) by means of the numerical keys.
Set the frequency of the second oscillator (2A or 2B) by means of the numerical keys.
Press EXIT to exit.
The local oscillator 1 or 2, on which the cursor is positioned when EXIT is pressed, is the one that will
be used later for tuning.
During normal use of the instrument, if you wish to display sequencially the 1st IF, local oscillator A or
local oscillator B, press key CH LO A-B (31).
20 EP2500 (Rev. 0)
UNAOHM
SAT PRMT
VIDEO POLARITY (K) EXIT

LO 0 =1IF
LO 1A =(10000)
1B =(10500) UP
LO 2A =(09750)
2B =(10600)
DOWN
ENTER
Figure 6 Display for transponder freq setting
7.7 ATTENUATOR
It is possible to insert from 0 to 80 dB attenuation in 10 dB steps, by means of the keys ATT+ (17) and
ATT-(18). The instrument takes the setting into account and indicates the effective value of the input
signal. The instrument also offers the possibility to range the attenuation automatically. This function is
enabled by means of the key AUTO (15).
We recommend using the autoranging mode when operating on a set frequency (stored program or
specific channel) as otherwise, it would be more difficult to search for maximum reading. Conversely,
we recommend using the manual mode for dish peaking operations.
NOTE: Setting the attenuator on autoranging may slow down the command response time.
7.8 LNB. REMOTE POWER SUPPLY TO LNB
The LNB may be powered in any SAT or terrestrial band as follows:
1. Select the voltage to be applied by means of the key 13/18V (26).

2. Press the key LNB (25) twice.
The LED ON (10) lights up.
The LED CONT (11) lights up when absorption of at least 50 mA is detected.connection.
The output current is automatically limited to 500 mA. In case of overload the power supply
is disconnected. To restore it, it is necessary to press LNB twice.
3. To disconnect the power supply press LNB again.
NOTE: when exiting from the SAT band the LNB is turned off for safety purposes.
7.9 22 kHz COMMAND SIGNAL

It is alternately enabled and disabled by pressing the key 22k (27). The presence of the signal is
indicated in OSD fashion on the display. The same function may be carried out in the DiSEqC menu
(see the following chapter). The 22 kHz signal is available only when the LNB power supply is inserted.
EP2500 (Rev. 0) 21
UNAOHM
7.10 DiSEqC
The instrument can drive peripherals in conformity with the DiSEqC 1.1 and 1.2 protocols.
DiSEqC
MENU DiSEqC
DiSEqC1 SW1 OFF l LO
DiSEqC2 SW1 ON h LO
22 kHz ON BACK
UP
DOWN
SELECT
Figure 7 DiSEqC command selection display
7.10.1 How to Engage the 22 kHz Tone
1 Press the key DSQ (28). Figure 7 is displayed on the screen.

2 Use the keys UP or DOWN to position the cursor in correspondence with the 22 kHz reading.
3 Press DSQ to alternately enable/disable the tone. The presence of the signal is indicated on the OSD
display.
4 Once the function has been performed, the instrument returns to the normal operating mode.
7.10.2 Transmission of a DiSEqC 1.1 Command
1. Press the key DSQ (28). The display in Figure 7 will appear.
2. Use the keys UP or DOWN to position the cursor in correspondence with the DiSEqC reading
followed by the name of a command.
3. Press ENTER (21) to transmit the command indicated. Immediately following transmission the
cursor shifts to the other command available, which in turn may be transmitted by means of
ENTER and so on thereby making it possible to rapidly transmit two commands alternately.
4. To simply transmit the command indicated and return to the normal operating mode press DSQ or
BACK.
At the previous point 3, to transmit a command different from the one selected, proceed as follows:
1. Press the key SELECT. Figure 8 appears on the display screen.
2. Select the command to be transmitted by means of the keys UP or DOWN.
3. Press ENTER to transmit the command while remaining in the same menu or DSQ or BACK to
transmit the command and return to the menu in Figure 7 which will have been up-dated to include
the new command.
NOTE: DiSEqC is engaged oly when power to the LNB in SAT band is engaged. The complete DiSEqC
list os commands is found in Appendix A.
7.10.3 DiSEqC 1.2 for Steerable Dishes

DiSEqC 1.2 commands make it possible to control the position of a steerable dish.
22 EP2500 (Rev. 0)
UNAOHM
To access to MOTOR submenu proceed as follows:
Position Shaft Encoder to MOTOR.
Press ENTER
The available operating commands are as follows:
STOP MOTOR. Stops the motor and, therefore, the dish steering. Press 0 on the alphanumeric
keypad.
START MOTOR EAST. Starts dish steering towards east. Press 1 on the alphanumeric keypad.
START MOTOR WEST. Starts dish steering towards west. Press 2 on the alphanumeric keypad.
DISABLE LIMITS. Disengages the set steering limits towards both EAST and WEST. Press 3 on
the alphanumeric keypad.
SET EAST LIMIT. Allows a steering limit towards EAST to be set on the dish. Pressing key 1
steers the dish towards EAST, pressing 0 stops the dish at the desired limit, pressing 4 stores that
limit.
SET WEST LIMIT. Allows a steering limit towards WEST to be set to the dish. Pressing key 2
steers the dish towards WEST, pressing 0 stops the dish at the desired limit, pressing 5 stores that
limit.
STORE MTR SAT POS. Pressing key 6 allows the dish position to be stored inside the motor
setting locations. Before pressing key 6, select the setting location of the motor where you wish to
store the dish position, as follows:
Mark STORE MTR SAT POS via the shaft encoder.
Press ENTER.
Mark the desired motor setting location via the shaft encoder.
Press ENTER or BACK to confirm.
RECALL MTR SAT POS. Pressing key 7 allows any of the stored dish positions to be recalled.
Before pressing key 7, select the motor setting location to recall the dish position from, as follows:
1. Mark RECALL MTR SAT POS via the shaft encoder.
2. Press ENTER.
3. Mark the desired motor setting location via the shaft encoder.
4. Press ENTER or BACK to confirm.
START EAST TO. Pressing key 8 allows the dish to be steered towards EAST for a certain time or
a certain number of steps (regardless of the motor features).
If TIME mode has been set, an arrow will be shown close to the letter T; likewise, the letter S will
have an arrow shown close to it if STEP mode has been set. Before pressing key 8, set the seconds
the dish should be steered for (TIME mode) or the number of steps to steer the dish for (STEP
mode), as follows:
1. Mark START EAST TO via the shaft encoder.
2. Press ENTER. If the cursor is not on the desired line (TIME or STEP) press ENTER again.
3. Spin the shaft encoder in order to set the desired TIME (from 1 to 99 seconds) or STEP (from step 1
to 99).
START WEST TO. Pressing key 9 allows the dish to be steered towards WEST for a certain time or
a certain number of steps (regardless of the motor features).
If TIME has been set, an arrow will be shown close to the letter T; likewise, the letter S will have an
arrow shown close to it if STEP has been set. Before pressing key 9, set the seconds the dish should
be steered for (TIME mode) or the number of steps to steer the dish for (STEP mode), as follows:
1. Mark START WEST TO via the shaft encoder.
2. Press ENTER If the cursor is not on the desired line (TIME or STEP) press ENTER again.
3. Spin the shaft encoder in order to set the desired TIME (from 1 to 99 seconds) or STEP (from step 1
to 99).
RECALCULATE SAT POSITION. All sat positions stored inside any of the motor setting location
can be recalculated simply by pressing the decimal point key.
EP2500 (Rev. 0) 23
UNAOHM
RESET. Pressing RST key the dish returns to 0 position.
7.10.4 User-Defined DiSEqC 1.1 Commands

The instrument offers the possibility of creating two user-defined DiSEqC commands as follows:
1. In the normal operating mode press DSQ (28) Figure 7 appears on the display screen.
2. Press SELECT. Figure 8 appears on the display screen.
3. UP or DOWN. Positions the cursor in correspondence with one of the last two commands, on page
5 of 5, indicated as USER 1 and USER 2.
4. EDIT. The cursor shifts to the inside of the parenthesis.
5. UP or DOWN. Programs the first digit of the message to be transmitted.
6. Shift to the following digit by means of the arrow key (23) and program it, once again by means
of the keys UP or DOWN
7. In the same way program all of the desired digits (max. eight). The last digit programmed may be
cancelled by means of DELET(E).
8. Once the message has been completed press BACK or DSQ.
NOTE:DiSEqC messages are composed of bytes each consisting of two digits, therefore they will be
comprehensible only if composed of an even number of digits.
DiSEqC commands
** EDIT /DELET
gTONE BURST BACK

DATA BURST
.
.
. UP
.
.
SW5 ON h LO E0103901 DOWN
**
PAGE 1 OF 5 Figure 8 DiSEqC command selection display
24 EP2500 (Rev. 0)
UNAOHM
7.11 MEASUREMENT BANDWIDTH.

The instrument provides two bandwidths (100 kHz and 1 MHz), which are indicated as N (narrow) or
W (wide) on the OSD. The alternate selection between the two available values is carried out by
means of the key BW .
NOTE: The command is available only in the SPEC, EXP, MEA modes (see section 7.12,
OPERATING MODES).
There is no criterion for the selection of one of the two bandwidths: indicatively the wider one is
preferable, because it is less critical, unless it is necessary to differentiate between adjacent signals. A
typical case when it is necessary to use a narrow bandwidth is the measurement of the analogue stereo
subcarrier, only 250 kHz away from the mono subcarrier and FM radio signals.
7.12 FUNCTION
The instrument has five operating fucnctions:
1. Spectrum analyser (SPECTrum). To rapidly explore a vast band of frequencies and thereby
immediately locate the signals present .
2. Expanded spectrum (SPAN). It is similar to SPECTrum, but the frequency band explored is
narrower, allowing for a more detailed analysis.
3. (MEAsure). In this function the majority of measurements are carried out and is the only valid one
for level measurements.
4. TV. The instrument operates as a normal TV.
5. Monitor (EXTernal). Reproduces external video and audio signals.
To pass from one mode to another use the multifunction keys (4).
7.13 SPECTRUM ANALYSER FUNCTION
To enter the spectrum analyser mode press the key SPEC. In this operating mode the entire band
selected is displayed on the screen. The band frequency coverage is shown in the box on the screen. To
scroll through the frequency bands (C, L, M, H, S) press RANGE (36).
On the screen, a marker overlapping the spectrum shows the tuning frequency.
The upper box in the middle of the OSD display shows (see Figure 5 for the terrestrial band and Figure
9 for the SAT band):
The level in connection with the marker position.
NOTE: to get the most accurate level reading it is necessary to pass to MEAsure mode.
The lower box in the middle of the OSD display will show:
The marker frequency.
The channel number related to the marker frequency, if a channel format has been set.
The program (pr in lower case letters = location empty, PR in capital letters = location being used.
The operating band.
The set LNB voltage (not necessarily applied).
22 kHz tone insertion.
The attenuation engaged.
The measurement bandwidth, W (wide) or N (narrow) and the type of demodulator in use appear on the
multifunction keys (4).
EP2500 (Rev. 0) 25
UNAOHM
Spectrum, SAT band
50.5 dBuV
TV
EXP
MEA
1740 SPANOFF pr 00 BW W
SAT 13V 22k C M 20
Figure 9 Spectrum analyser display
7.13.1 Video Filter

The video filter improves the quality of the display of the signals that are either made up of or similar to
noise, such as digital carriers. The video filter is enabled or disabled by means of the utility routines.
See section 8.2.2 for more details).
7.14 SPECTRUM EXPANDED FUNCTION

The EXP (expanded) function (see Figure 10) makes it possible to "zoom" the frequency zone around
the marker. Access is possible only through the spectrum analyser mode, pressing the multifunction key
EXP. To adjust the extent of the zoom press the multifunction key SPAN, then carry out the adjustment
by means of the Shaft Encoder. Indicatively, in the VHF/UHF band the minimum frequency deviation
(maximum detail) may be used to view the colour subcarrier / audio/stereo carrier zone, while the
maximum deviation includes some TV channels.
The OSD indication is the same as that of the spectrum analyser mode, except for RANGE, on the lower
left, substituted by MORE; pressing the additional (36) in fact, access is given to the three special ratio
measurements Video/Audio, Carrier/Noise ratio, digital channel power, described in the following
chapters.
NOTES for SPECTrum and EXPanded functions:

The frequency range is slightly extended beyond the limits quoted. It should be noted, however, that
beyond those limits the exploration linearity is not under control any more; especially in the UHF
band, beyond 900 MHz, the carriers may show some tilt which may appear evident.
When in pause and each time the tuning is changed, it is normal to view that the spectrum is
refreshed on the screen.
The curve shown is calibrated, but maximum accuracy may be guaranteed only in the MEAsure
mode.
In the SAT band, N (narrow) setting there is no numerical level reading.
For the SAT frequencies, the marker frequency accuracy is in tens of kHz; therefore in the N
(narrow) band, it may not lie on the cusp of a CW even if it has been perfectly tuned.
26 EP2500 (Rev. 0)
UNAOHM
Expanded
50.5 dBuV
SPAN
SPECT
MEA
1740 SPAN 0 pr 00 BW W
MORE 13V 22k C M 20
Figure 10 Spectrum expansion display
7.15 MEASUREMENT FUNCTION

To select the measurement function press MEA .
The following will appear on the screen (see Figure 11 ):
On top, an analogue level measurement bar, on a 30 dB scale.
A TV picture on the part of the screen which is free of readings, if tuned to an active channel and the
TV demodulator is engaged.
NOTE: Depending on the type of video demodulator used, if there is no signal or the channel is
mistuned, even quite evident vertical ripples may appear on the screen.
In measurement mode:
-The upper box in the middle of the OSD display indicates
The level, normally in dBV or in dBm, dBmV or V by means of the utility routines (see section 8).
-The lower box in the middle of the OSD display indicates:
The marker frequency.
The channel number related to the marker frequency, if present.
The program.
The engaged attenuation.
The 22kHz tone engaged.
The set LNB voltage.
Video polarity (SAT band only).
The type of demodulator selected and the measurement bandwidth are shown on the multifunction keys
(4).
EP2500 (Rev. 0) 27
UNAOHM
Measure
50.5 dBuV
TV
SPEC
DEM TV
1740 SC0:6.50 pr 00 BW W
MORE 13V 22k C M 20
Figure 11 Measurement display
7.15.1 Measurement Demodulator Selection

In order to be accurately measured each type of signal, must be properly demodulated. The instrument
offers three demodulators, which may be selected by means of key DEM:
1. TV. Peak detector for TV signals, optimised for both negative (B/G, D/K standards, etc.) and
positive modulations (L standard). It allows the audio subcarrier to be received by tuning in the
video carrier of an analogue TV channel.
2. FM. Optimised for FM modulations, such as the audio of the B/G, etc. television standards, or the
FM radio transmissions.
3. AM. Average value detector, optimised for amplitude modulated signals as, for example, the audio
of the French channels.
7.15.2 Audio Signal Reception

The instrument demodulates the audio subcarrier of the tuned channel when in the TV mode or, if the
TV demodulator is selected, in the measurement mode.
In the terrestrial band the audio subcarrier of the TV-standard selected is automatically tuned, while in
the satellite band the following procedure should be followed:
1. Press SOUND SAT (22). In the lower section of the OSD SC for sound carrier will be indicated
together with the number 0 or 1, corresponding to one of the two storable subcarriers.
2. Select one of the subcarriers by means of the Shaft Encoder.
3. To change the tuning press SOUND SAT then tune in the desired frequency by means of the Shaft
Encoder or the numerical keypad (8).
4. Press ENTER to confirm only.
5. Press SOUND SAT again to confirm and return to the normal operational mode.
The audio satellite bandwidth and deemphasis are programmed in the main menu (Chap. 8).
7.15.3 Audio Monitor

In measurement mode, the audio of the instrument functions like a TV, AM, or FM (as selected)
demodulator monitor.
7.15.4 Aural Duplication of Signal Level or DCP Measurement

There are circumstances when it is very difficult, if not actually impossible, to read the display or view
the data displayed on the screen of the instrument. Consider, for example dish peaking. With it, it is very
useful to engage the aural duplication of the signal level (or DCP) being received.
28 EP2500 (Rev. 0)
UNAOHM
To alternately engage and disengage this function press the multifunction key MORE (36), then
TONE. Repeat this sequence to disengage it.
The instrument generates a note whose pitch is low when the signal level being received is low; the
pitch becomes proportionally higher as signal level increases.
While the tone pitch is proportional to input signal level (or DCP), its volume may be adjusted as
required by means of key (5) then spinning the Shaft Encoder.
When the tone is off, the audio monitor is operating.
7.15.5 Video Signal Quality

In the measurement mode the automatic gain control is excluded, and for full scale values beyond 70
dBV one or more attenuation cells of the signal are engaged. This may cause a slight snow effect on
the television picture. To obtain a high quality TV-picture it is always possible to pass to the TV mode
(see sections 7.12 and 7.16) which allows the signal to be evaluated as a normal TV set would.
7.16 TV & TELETEXT FUNCTION

To select the TV function press TV . Figure 12 shows the OSD readings and the TV-picture received.
Its related audio subcarrier is regularly received as well.
By pressing TXT , Teletext is engaged. It is possible to change page directly by composing the page
number on the numerical keyboard or sequentially by means of the Shaft Encoder. To return to the TV
function press any one of the multifunction keys (4 and 36).
TV
SYNC
SPEC
MEA
362.00 CHS28 pr 00 TXT

STD BG M 20
Figure 12 TV mode display
7.16.1 Selection of the TV-Standard

The basic version of the instrument is capable of receiving TV signals in the PAL B/G TV-standard. If
the instrument is equipped with the multistandard option (for example, SECAM L or another one), it is
possible to select the alternative TV-standard by means of STD (36). By means of the Utility Routines
(which see)it is also possible to know which TV-standard is set by default.
7.16.2 Synch Pulse Display

Pressing SYNC displays the horizontal synch pulse of the video signal received,on the left side of the
screen, just as on an ordinary oscilloscope.
The analysis of the synch pulse may offer quite useful information; in particular:
EP2500 (Rev. 0) 29
UNAOHM
1. Poor or excessive burst amplitude at 4.43 MHz indicates a problem in synchronizing the colour
burst (the most probable cause is a misalignment of channel amplifiers).
2. Sync peak compression indicates an overload in one of the amplification stages (generally the power
amp section).
3. If ripples or distortions are observed on the sync signal, there will probably be patterns on the
screen.
4. The presence of background noise may be perceived, faster and more easily than on a TV set.
5. For analogue satellite signals the sync pulse amplitude will be directly proportional to the channel
frequency deviation.
To disengage the sync pulse mode press one of the multifunction keys (4).
7.17 MONITOR FUNCTION

To engage the monitor function press the key MENU (20) mark EXTERNAL by means of the Shaft
Encoder and press ENTER.
To return to the normal operating function press BACK.
The SCART socket is the video and audio signal input (see section 7.21 too, USE OF THE SCART
SOCKET).
7.18 USE OF THE PROGRAM MEMORIES

The instrument is equipped with 100 program memories (from 0 to 99).
Each program contains:
Tuning frequency.
Channel (if available).
TV-standard.
Video SAT signal polarity.
22 kHz tone status.
Power to the LNB.
Two SAT Audio subcarrier frequencies.
SAT audio bandwidth and deemphasis.
Resolution bandwidth.
The type of demodulator used in the measurement mode.
One of the DiSEqC commands.
NOTE: For safety purposes, the LNB voltage is not reinserted by recalling a program, not even if it
was operative at the time of storage.
To store just press the key STORE (30) twice; the program stored is the one currently indicated on
the display.
By means of the utility routines (see section 8) it is possible to:
Cancel specific programs.

Cancel all the programs stored.
Suggestion: assign the signal to store a program location number (by pushing key PR) before tuning,
and setting the other parameters of, that signal. This way you avoid overwriting a new program in a
location which has already been used for program storing. For memory recall see section 7.6 on tuning.
7.19 SPECIAL MEASUREMENTS

Access to three special measurements is possible through the EXP and MEA functions:
30 EP2500 (Rev. 0)
UNAOHM
7.19.1 Video-to-Audio Ratio
The instrument makes it possible to automatically measure in dB the ratio between the video carrier
level and that of the audio mono and stereo dual tone carriers of a television channel. The instrument
must already be exactly tuned to the video carrier. An easy way to accurately tune the video carrier of
the channels is to tune in mode channel (see section 7.6). Press MORE, then V/A: the instrument
displays the level difference between the two carriers. The multifunction key STEREO or MONO
establishes whether or not the second stereo subcarrier is read. The measurement, carried out by
pressing EXEC, remains on the OSD until the key BACK is pressed.
V/A
VA1:14.4 VA2:19.7
BACK
STEREO
***
478.12 CH 22 pr 00 EXEC
M20
Figure 13 V/A ratio measurement display
7.19.2 (DCP) Digital Channel Power

To measure the power of a digital channel:
1. Tune to the center of the channel to be measured (see section 7.6).
2. Press MORE, then DCP.
3. If the bandwidth of the channel to be measured is not the default one (8 MHz for terrestrial and 30
MHz for SAT), press CHBW and set it by means of the Shaft Encoder.
4. The measurement unit of the result may be different from the current level measurement unit. If it is
not the desired one, press UNIT and select it by means of the Shaft Encoder.
5. The result appears on the display and remains there until the key BACK is pressed.
NOTE: correction coefficients are applied to this measurement, depending on the measurement
bandwidth and the type of response of the internal detector; accuracy, therefore, is guaranteed for
digital signals only.
DCP
-37.4 dBm
DCP BACK
88.1 dBuV
CHBW
LEV
UNIT
1740 SC0:6.50 pr 00 BER

30 CHBW 13V k M20
Figure 14 DCP measurement display
EP2500 (Rev. 0) 31
UNAOHM
Faster access to the measurement is allowed by pressing the key DIGITAL (35).
7.19.3 Carrier-to-Noise Ratio (C/N)

To measure the C/N ratio set the instrument to the measurement or expanded spectrum mode. Press
MORE, then C/N. The measurement result appears on the top of the display (see Figure 15). To
alternately set the measurement of the analogue or digital carriers, press the multifunction key
ANLG/DIGI. The key CARR/NOISE enables the Shaft Encoder and numerical keys (8) to alternately
set the carrier and noise frequency. The noise frequency should be selected close to the carrier but free
from any signal. To exit from the C/N mode, press BACK.
C/N
C/N: 21.5 dB
BACK
ANALOG
CARR
1740 SC0:6.50 pr 00 EXEC

1750.2 13V k M20
Figure 15 C/N ratio measurement display
Press EXEC to carry out the measurement.

If the measurement is not valid (for example, Noise is higher than Carrier) the value is substituted by
ERROR.
7.19.4 QPSK, QAM or OFDM Demodulator for Digital Signals

For the use of the QPSK card refer to section 9.1.1. For the use of the QAM card refer to section 9.1.5
and for the use of the OFDM card refer to section 9.1.3 in this manual.
7.19.5 QAM and OFDM CH BER Estimation

When either card (QAM or OFDM) is missing, the unit provides the operator with a channel BER
estimation for the missing digital signal.
Because BER depends on actual link quality such as C/N ratio, mismatching and interference found
throughout the link, the unit measures the actual C/N ratio from which it derives the BER considering
the modulation parameters as well. The unit can be set for BER estimation of both OFDM and QAM
signals depending on the card fitted.
To enter Channel BER estimation mode press DIGITAL (35), then BER.
When either cards is missing from the unit, a menu pertaining to the missing modulating card will
appear on the screen for BER estimation.
7.19.5.1 OFDM CH BER Estimation

When an OFDM card is fitted inside the unit a display as per Figure 16 will appear on the screen. The
measurement digits shown in square brackets in Figure 16 will not appear in the actual display.
32 EP2500 (Rev. 0)
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BER
[1.1 E- 7]
CH BER preViterbi
BACK
[41 dB]
CND:
CARR
OFDM
842.00 CH 67 pr 00 EXEC
650.00 M20
Figure 16 OFDM display
Pressing additional multifunction key (36) allows the desired modulation (16QAM, 64QAM, QPSK),
the number of carriers (2K, 8K), the Guard interval (1/4, 1/8, 1/16 and 1/32) and the Code Rate (1/2,
2/3, 3/4, 5/6, 7/8) to be set. To return to the display as per Figure 16, press the additional multifunction
key (36).
For BER estimation it is necessary to proceed as follows:

1. Check the reference frequency for noise measurement on the lower box at the middle-to-left hand side
of the display. If the reference frequency is not the desired one, press CARR to have NOISE shown
on the display: this makes the correct setting of the noise frequency possible by means of the keypad
or the knob. Press ENTER (21) to confirm the new setting of the noise frequency.
2. Pressing EXEC starts measuring: it will take a few seconds for the CH BER reading to show on the
higher box at the middle-to-left hand side of the display. As we said, the CH BER is derived from
measuring the C/N which, in turn, is indicated on the middle box at the middle-to-left hand side of
the same display.
3. Press BACK to exit this operational mode.
7.19.5.2 QAM BER Estimation

As far as QAM BER estimation is concerned, the same procedure as that we described for OFDM
signals (see 7.19.5.1.) applies.
Notice though the only difference is the parameter setting: you only have to set the modulation
constellation here viz, QAM64, QAM128 or QAM256.
7.20 DATA LOGGER

The data logger featured by the instrument makes it possible to carry out measurements and store their
results. Stored data are available for further analysis on the picture tube of the instrument and by means
of the RS232 serial port.
A maximum of 700 acquisitions may be stored.
In addition to the frequency and channel, it is possible to store:
level, V/A, C/N for analogue signal measurements.
DCP, BER, MER for digital signal measurements per acquisition.
Following data acquisition, all data may be simultaneously cancelled or each acquisition one by one.
The acquisition of analogue and/or digital programs is possible, up to 100 programs per acquisition.
EP2500 (Rev. 0) 33
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7.20.1 How to Carry Out an Acquisition
1. Enter the Data Logger function by pressing DATA (19).
2. UP or DOWN. Set to ACQUIRE. Press ENTER.
3. Select the acquisition number via the alphanumerical keypad or the Shaft Encoder.
4. Press ENTER to start an acquisition.
5. Press EXIT to leave the menu completely and return to normal operation.
7.20.2 Definition of Measurements and Parameters to Acquire

To set the measurements that an acquisition cycle will take, proceed as follows:
1. Enter the Data Logger function pressing DATA (19).

2. UP or DOWN. Select PLAN TO LOG, press (21).
3. UP or DOWN. Select the measuring location to set, from 0 to 99.
4. (23). Mark the field to modify.
The fields to set are as follows:
S: It is the measurement position status. Press ENTER to engage or disengage the
position being modified: an asterisk will appear to indicate the position is active, an empty
field will appear to indicate the position is inactive.
PR: It is the program associated to the measurement position. Use UP or DOWN to
select the desired program number.
C/N: Carrier-to-Noise ratio. Press ENTER to engage or disengage the parameter during
acquisition (an asterisk will appear to indicate the parameter is active).
VA: Video-to-Audio ratio. Ratio between Video and stereo Audio of analogue terrestrial
channels. Press ENTER to engage or disengage the parameter during acquisition (an asterisk
will appear to indicate the parameter is active).
BER: Bit Error Rate (digital channels only). Press ENTER to engage or disengage the
parameter during acquisition (an asterisk will appear to indicate the parameter is active).
MER: Modulation Error Ratio (digital channels only). Press ENTER to engage or
disengage the parameter during acquisition (an asterisk will appear to indicate the parameter
is active).
The fields which can not be set are:
POS: Indicates position of the measurement.
MODE: Indicates the type of program associated to the position of the measurement. The
following modes are possible: TER (analogue terrestrial), OFDM, QAM, SAT (analogue
satellite), QPSK.
Repeat operations from 3 to 4 for the rest of the measuring positions.
7.20.3 Inspection of the Stored Measurements

2. UP or DOWN. Position to LOGGED DATA and press ENTER. The displayed data against the
measurements carried out are shown.
3. To select the acquisition to recall on the display:
Mark LOG;
Press ENTER.
Scroll acquisitions via UP or DOWN.
Confirm by pressing ENTER.
4. To scroll the data use UP or DOWN. If an acquisition called for a number of programs higher than
those that may be simultaneously displayed on the screen,
MORE appears on the upper right side;
34 EP2500 (Rev. 0)
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Confirm by pressing ENTER.
the remaining programs will be displayed by means of UP or DOWN before moving
onto the next acquisition.
Press BACK or ENTER to return to MENU.
5. To cancel the data related to the indicated acquisition position to CLEAR by means of UP or
DOWN. Press ENTER, CLEAR (or BACK in order not to cancel).
6. Press BACK to exit.
7. Press EXIT to exit completely the Data Logger function.
7.20.4 Cancellation of All Data Stored

2. UP or DOWN. Position to CLEAR ALL and press ENTER.
3. CLEAR to cancel the data, BACK to leave them as they are.
7.20.5 Cancellation of the Last Datum Stored

2. UP or DOWN. Position to CLEAR LAST ONE and press ENTER.
3. CLEAR to cancel the data, BACK to leave them as they are.
7.20.6 Data Download

2. UP or DOWN. Position to LOGGED DATA and press ENTER.
3. UP or DOWN. Position to DATA OUT and press ENTER.
Or, as a more direct alternative:
2. UP or DOWN. Position to DOWNLOAD and press ENTER.
7.20.6.1 RS232 Transmission Parameters

The instrument leaves the factory with the RS 232 serial port configuration set as follows: Baud Rate
19200, Number of bits 8, Stop bit 2, no parity. The format may be changed as follows:
1. Press DATA (19).
2. By means of UP or DOWN select DEVICE, press ENTER.
3. By means of UP or DOWN select the parameter to be programmed among BAUD RATE, BIT
FORMAT or PARITY, press ENTER.
4. By means of UP or DOWN select a value among those available for the selected parameter of the
menu, then confirm by means of BACK.
5. Exit by means of BACK, then EXIT.
7.21 USE OF THE SCART SOCKET

The SCART socket -see Figure 17- is mainly used as:
1. An output for an external colour monitor or one whose screen is larger than that of the instrument.
EP2500 (Rev. 0) 35
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2. An input to use the instrument as a monitor for video signals.
3. A connection to a decoder / external descrambler operating with video signals.
Audio and video signal levels and socket connections are standard.
7.21.1 Description of the Connections
1 3 = Audio output right-left (The same one selected for internal audio).
2 6 = Audio input right-left
4= Audio ground.
8 = Slow switching (Audio/Video).
17 = Video ground.
19 = Composite video output.
20 = Composite video input.
21 = Ground.
5 - 7 - 9 - 10 - 11 - 12 - 13 - 14 - 15 - 16 -18 = N.C.
Figure 17 SCART pin location
7.22 RS232 SERIAL PORT CONNECTION

By means of the serial port RS232 it is possible to connect the instrument to a Personal Computer or
other devices.
7.22.1 Connections
The RS232 connector is located on the side panel of the auxiliary functions (43).
Figure 18 shows the connector pin layout.
1 NC Not connected.
2 Rx Data reception. (Direction Instrument PC).
3 Tx Data transmission. (Direction Instrument PC).
4 DTR Data Terminal Ready (Direction Instrument PC).
When this line is active the PC informs the instrument that the device is ready for
data exchange.
5 GND Ground.
6 DSR Data Set Ready (Direction Instrument PC). The instrument activates
this line to inform the PC that it is ready for data exchange.
7 RTS Request To Send. (Direction Instrument PC). The instrument waits for this line to be
activated before transmitting data to the PC.
8 CTS Clear To Send. (Direction Instrument PC). This line when brought to an active level
informs the PC that data transmission may begin.
9 NC Not connected.
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NOTE: The apparent contradiction (Rx = Output and so on ) is due to the fact that the EP 300 has
a DCE (Data Communication Equipment) layout. This is why it requires a non inverted connection
cable to the computer.
Figure 18 RS232 pin location
7.22.2 Transmission Format

See Chap. 7.20.6.1. Keep in mind:
To enter the DATA menu, press DATA (19).
Once the settings have been programmed, press EXIT to exit.
7.22.3 General Notes for Connection to a Personal Computer

The instrument has a DCE (Data Communication Equipment) layout.
The connection should be carried out in the Full Duplex mode since, the instrument supplies input
data echo character by character.
In case of an error while digitising on the command line it is possible to use the backspace character
correction.
The command line is carried out on reception of the character Carriage Return (decimal 13,
hexadecimal 0D).
The instrument uses, if they are connected, the handshake lines RTS and CTS.
An accuracy check is carried out on the command, but not on the data. For example:
QX27 is not accepted (the command QX does not exist).
FQ560.25 programs the tuning frequency on 560.25 MHz.
FQ4yg.1a programs a random frequency.
7.23 USB PORT CONNECTION

Like the RS232 serial port, it is possible to connect the instrument to a Personal Computer or other
devices.
7.23.1 How to Load USB Drivers onto a PC

The first time you connect your instrument to a PC through the USB port, USB drivers must be loaded
first (on purchasing the instrument a USB drivers disk is given as a standard accessory).
Proceed as follow:
Make sure the USB socket is disconnected from the PC:
Load the disk provided and double click on HidComInst.exe. The operation loads the appropriate
drivers onto the system even if it may appear no program has been loaded or launched.
Switch the instrument on and connect it through the USB cord to your PC. The PC automatically
initiates the installation of the new hardware (the USB port in this instance).
Once the installation is complete, the PC assigns the USB port the first free COM (for example, if
COM 1 and COM 2 are installed, the USB will be associated to COM 3 automatically).
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NOTE: if the operating system installed in your PC is Windows95, Windows98 or WindowsME, the
PC may not be able to load some of the files automatically. Under this circumstance, supply your PC the
routing for the installation of the hardware yourself.
7.23.2 How to Use the USB Port Correctly

It is a must to connect the instrument to your PC before launching the application.
Using the USB together with the RS232 serial port is not allowed.
If you wish to switch from the USB to the RS232 port, close the application first, then disconnect the
USB cable, then connect the serial cable.
8 UTILITY ROUTINES
The utility routines are used to program the instrument for occasionally used settings (e.g. to cancel
programs) or to personalise the instrument. The routines have a tree type structure with different levels.
Access to the main menu is obtained by pressing the key MENU (20) and to reach the desired function
the following principles are to be followed:
To scroll the different menus at the same level use UP and DOWN (4) or the Shaft Encoder.
Once the desired menu has been located press ENTER or (21).
If the desired function has been reached in this mode it is possible to carry out the necessary
settings.
If, instead, a submenu is reached, use the multifunction keys or the Shaft Encoder to scroll them,
and then ENTER or to select the desired one, etc.
It is possible to return to the previous menu from any submenu by pressing BACK or to return to the
previous functioning mode by pressing MENU (20).
The software version of the instrument is indicated on the last line of the main window of the utility
menu.
8.1 DESCRIPTION OF THE MAIN MENU AND THE SUBMENUS
Symbols used:
= Main Menu
= Submenu
EXTERNAL. Activates the monitor function through the SCART socket.
CLEAR PRG. Resets the program memories.
SELECTED PROGRAMS. By means of UP or DOWN it is possible to select a program and,
if necessary, cancel one by means of CLEAR. To exit the function press BACK.
ALL PROGRAMS. Cancels all programs.
PRG TABLE. Shows the data stored in the programs.
VCR ON (OFF). Enables/disables the VCR modality (to analyse video recorder signals).
VIDEO FILTER ON (OFF). Enables/disables the insertion of the video filter.
AUDIO SAT MODE. Sets satellite audio.
BANDWIDTH. Sets bandwidth.
DEEMPHASIS. Sets deemphasis.
CONFIGURATION.
MEA UNIT. Establishes the level measurement unit.
BUZZER. Enables/disables the beep when pressed and enables the relative volume
adjustment.
CRT/SOUND DEFAULT. Resets the standard brightness, contrast and volume values.
38 EP2500 (Rev. 0)
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PWR ON STD. Selects the standard recalled when the instrument was turned on.
CH TABLE. Selects the channel format table.
8.2 EXAMPLES
WARNING: The instrument should be in one of the normal operating modes (SPECtrum, MEAsure,
etc.). If, on the contrary, it is in a utility routine, it is better to exit from it (see section 8) and start over
again, at least until the operator has acquired sufficient experience with the instrument.
8.2.1 Buzzer ON/OFF
The instrument is equipped with a buzzer that emits a tone to confirm each time a key is pressed. This
buzzer may be engaged or disengaged as follows:
1. Press the key MENU (20) to enter the main menu.
2. Press UP / DOWN (4) or until the OSD displays a small white square next to the message
CONFIGURATION, then press (21) to confirm.
3. Press the keys UP / DOWN until the OSD displays a small white square beside the message:
BUZZER. Press (21) to confirm.
4. Press BACK twice or MENU.
8.2.2 Video Filter
1. Press the key MENU to enter the main menu.

2. Press UP or DOWN (4) until the OSD displays a small white square beside the VIDEO FILTER
message; this is followed by ON if the filter has been enabled or by OFF if it is disabled. To change
the status, press the confirmation key .
3. Press BACK twice or MENU.
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9 DVB-S DVB-C DVB-T DEMODULATORS
9.1.1 QPSK Display Description

When the QPSK card is operating, the display shown on the screen is as follows, from top to bottom
(refer to Figure 19):
The indication of the CH BER followed by the card status: LOCKED when the signal has been
locked, UNLOCKED when the parameters are not in the correct range of values and NO
CARRIER in the absence of an input signal
The ANALOGUE BAR on the line below moves in a logarithmic scale to shows instantaneous
variations of the CH BER. This bar becomes longer from left to right in proportion to the better
quality of the signal as the BER decreases (improves). For a BER of 1E-2 (1 error out of 100) or
worse, the printing character of the BER readings become smaller. This limit is only indicative, the
decoder may still be operative although at its extreme limits. If the signal fails to be locked, the error
corrector receives chaotic data some of which casually coincide with correct data; and, as a result,
the BER does not reach 1, the maximum theoretical value, but values around 3 errors out of 10 (3E-
1). The bar also reflects this condition by failing to reset to zero completely.
The indication of the post Viterbi BER (pV BER) which is always shown in smaller printing
characters to indicate the Channel BER is the most important parameter.
Further below, is the number of uncorrected errors RU (from 0 to 65535), followed by the reading
of the amount of time taken to count the errors. The chronometer, like the RU error reading, is reset
to zero when the QPSK signal is unlocked.
On the line below MER (Modulation Error ratio) of the digital channel is shown in dB. This
measurement too, is valid only when the carrier is locked.
The CFO (Center Frequency Offset) indicates the difference between the nominal carrier
frequency and the effective operating value (as previously indicated, the demodulator is capable of
automatically tuning with accuracy, within 3 MHz, to the programmed frequency). The CFO gives
a useful piece of information on possible frequency drifts of the LNB local oscillator.
On the same line PWR index and a writing: OK, HIGH or LOW are shown. They indicates if
the signal has too high a level, or too low or just appropriate for the card to measure.
NOTE: The PWR index is only a response of the internal AGC (Automatic Gain Control) circuit of
the tuner. It indicates whether or not the level of the signal present on the tuner input is suitable for
digital decoding (this depends on both the programmed attenuation of the field strength meter and
the level of the signal available on the input.
The tuning frequency and the current program are shown on next line down.
SYMB for Symbol Rate with its value shown.
CODE for Code Rate followed by its value. AUTO for automatic is also shown as the Code rate is
always automatically locked. On the same line M is shown to indicate the attenuation value
engaged.
SPECT on the bottom line tells of the polarity set followed by AUTO for automatic as the search is
done that way by the instrument.
40 EP2500 (Rev. 0)
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CH BER: 2.23 E -4 LOCKED
pv BER: 0.00 E-8

BACK
RU : 00000 (00h00m08s)
PRMT
MER: 8.7 dB
CFO: 0 PWR index: OK SPEC
1734.0 PR02
SYMB : 27500
CODE : 5/6 AUTO M00
SPECT: DIR. AUTO
Figure 19 Typical QPSK BER & MER display
9.1.2 How to Use the QPSK Card

Set the frequency of the QPSK digital channel, the LNB voltage; engage the LNB voltage to activate the
Polarotor and, if necessary, the 22 kHz tone as for a normal analogue channel.
To activate the QPSK card from MEAsurement, press MORE, DCP and BER or press DIGITAL (35)
then BER, if you are on SPECTrum, EXPanded or TV function.
For the module to function properly, the PWR index reading (see Figure 19) must read OK. If
necessary, use the attenuator. Employ the lowest attenuation possible that is compatible with the OK
reading.
The SYMBOL RATE, may be set as follows:
1. PRMT.
2. SYMB.
3. The shaft encoder and, if necessary, Press to set the value.
4. BACK to terminate.
While the QPSK module is operating it is possible to change the tuning frequency as for the analogue
satellite band, but keep in mind that response time of the instrument is longer in digital mode.
If storing in a program, the Symbol Rate, Code Rate, Spectrum settings will also be stored together with
the other normal values such as frequency, etc. through key STORE (30).
To exit the QPSK function press BACK and EXIT.
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9.1.3 OFDM Display Description
pV BER: 2.12 E-5 BACK

RU : 00000 (00h20m03s)
MER: 24.5 dB AUTO
CFO: 0.1 PWR index: OK PRMT
599.25 CH 37 PR02
CHBW :8M CARR :2K
MOD :64QAM CODE :2/3 M00
SPECT:DIR GUARD:1/32
Figure 20 Typical OFDM BER &MER display
When the OFDM module is operating, the screen indicates, from top to bottom, (see Figure 20):
CARRIER in the absence of an input signal.
variations of the BER. This bar becomes longer from left to right in proportion to the better quality
of the signal as the BER decreases (improves). For a BER of 1E-2 (1 error out of 100) or worse, the
printing character of the BER readings become smaller. This limit is only indicative, the decoder
may still be operative although at its extreme limits.
The BER measurement is valid only when the signal is locked.
The indication of the post Viterbi BER (pV BER).
Further below, is the number of uncorrected errors RU followed by the reading (in parenthesis) of
the amount of time taken to count the errors. The chronometer, like the RU error reading, is reset to
zero when the QPSK signal is not locked. The maximum RU count is 65535.
The CFO (Center Frequency Offset) indicates the difference between the carrier frequency set
and the effective operating value.
On the same line, PWR index and a writing: OK, HIGH or LOW are shown. They indicates if
the signal has too high a level, or too low or just appropriate for the card to measure.
The tuning frequency , its related channel, if available, and the current program are shown on next
line down.
CHBW and the channel bandwidth, then CARR and the number of carriers (or operating mode).
Next line down we find MOD and the type of constellation, then CODE and the Code Rate. On the
same lime M followed by the attenuation engaged.
SPECT and the polarity, then GUARD and the guard interval are shown on next line down.
On the right side of the display, from top to bottom, we have the designations of the softkeys. The
functions the softkeys offer will be described in the section related to how to use the OFDM card.
42 EP2500 (Rev. 0)
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9.1.4 How to Use the OFDM Card
Set the frequency as for a normal analogue channel. Even though the measurement may also be carried
out in the MEAsurement mode, it may be useful to visually check for the presence of the digital signal
setting the instrument to Spectrum EXPansion mode.
To initiate OFDM operations press DIGITAL (35) then OFDM.
necessary, use the attenuator but employ the lowest attenuation possible that is compatible with the
OK reading.
Most of the locking parameters of the signal being transmitted are retrieved automatically by the
card, while CHBW (bandwidth) and SPECTR (spectrum polarity) must be set manually, as follows:
press PRMT, then CHBW.You can set the channel bandwidth using the shaft encoder, after which
press BACK,
While the OFDM module is operating it is possible to change the tuning frequency as in the case of the
UHF band in analogue, but keep in mind the fact that the response time of the instrument in the digital
mode is longer. You cannot store programs while the OFDM card is operating. However, the last
operating parameters are not lost once you have exited the function; in fact they are stored on the next
storing operation you will start, together with the other typical parameters such as such as frequency,
etc. by means of the key STORE.
To exit the OFDM function press BACK, then EXIT.
For more details see APPENDIX B in this manual.
9.1.5 QAM Display Description
When the QAM module is operating, the screen indicates, from top to bottom, (see Figure 21):
CARRIER in the absence of an input signal.
variations of the BER. This bar becomes longer from left to right in proportion to the better quality
of the signal as the BER decreases (improves). For a BER of 1E-4 (1 error out of 10000) or worse,
the printing character of the BER readings become smaller. This limit is only indicative, the decoder
may still be operative although at its extreme limits The BER measurement is valid only when the
signal is locked.
Further below, is the number of uncorrected errors RU followed by the reading (in parenthesis) of
the amount of time taken to count the errors. The chronometer, like the RU error reading, is reset to
zero when the QPSK signal is not locked. The maximum RU count is 65535.
The CFO (Center Frequency Offset) indicates the difference between the carrier frequency set
and the effective operating value. As we said before, the decoder is capable of automatically tuning
with accuracy, within 0.5 MHz, to the frequency set). On the same line, PWR index and a
writing: OK, HIGH or LOW are shown. They indicates if the signal has too high a level, or too low
or just appropriate for the card to measure.
NOTE: The PWR index is only a response of the internal AGC (automatic gain control) circuit of the
tuner. It indicates whether the level of the signal available at the tuner input is suitable for digital
decoding (this depends on both the programmed attenuation of the instrument and the level of the signal
available at the input).
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The tuning frequency, its related channel, if available, and the current program are shown on next line
down.
SYMB and the Symbol rate.
Next line down we find MOD and the type of constellation set, or the indication AUTO. On the
same line M is shown followed by the attenuation engaged.
On the bottom line SPECT and the polarity set is shown, or AUTO.
BACK
RU : 00000 (00h20m03s)
MER: 28.7 dB
PRMT
CFO: 1.02 PWR index: OK SPECT
599.25 CH 37 PR02
SYMB :06875
MOD : 64QAM M00
SPECT: INVERTED
Figure 21 Typical QAM BER & MER display
9.1.6 How to Use the QAM Card

Program the frequency as for a normal analogue channel.
To initiate QAM operations press MORE, DCP and BER if you are in MEAsuring mode, or press
DIGITAL (35), then BER if you are on SPECTrum , spectrum EXPanded or TV mode
necessary, use the attenuator engaging the lowest attenuation step which guarantees the OK reading.
Modulation and spectrum are automatically set.
The Symbol Rate can be set as follows:
PRMT.
SYMB.
Shaft encoder and, if necessary, and to set the value.
BACK to terminate.
While the OFDM card is operating it is possible to change the tuning frequency as in the case of the
UHF band in analogue, but keep in mind the fact that the response time of the instrument in the digital
mode is longer. When storing a program, Symbol Rate, Modulation and Spectrum Polarity will be
stored as well together with the other typical parameters such as such frequency, etc. by means of the
key STORE (30).
To exit the OFDM function press BACK, then EXIT. See APPENDIX B for more details.
44 EP2500 (Rev. 0)
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10 MPEG CARD
The MPEG module makes it possible to view non encrypted (free to air) digital transmissions. This,
however, is not the most useful function it performs in the instrument in which it has been fitted,
since the quality of a digital signal should not be judged by the TV-picture, but only by means of
specific measurements such as BER or the C/N ratio (although much less reliable and accurate).
The real value of this module lies in the identification of channel contents. Digital channels appear
as noise bands of variable width: a few MHz for SCPC transmissions, around 7 MHz for terrestrial
cable or aerial transmissions, approximately from 18 to 30 MHz for MCPC transmissions.
Specialized magazines supply all the information concerning satellite transmissions, but when
dealing with frequency conversion installations an exchange between channels is always possible.
The same problems may be caused by QPSK to QAM transmodulation 2.
The MPEG module receives the DTS (Data Transport Stream) coming from the QPSK, QAM or
OFDM demodulator and supplies the name of the transponder, the Network data, the television or
audio programs which are separately available, the list of audio channels associated with each video
program; if the program is not scrambled, it is decoded and may be viewed.
10.1 HOW TO USE THE MPEG CARD
1. Tune to a digital channel.

2. The instrument should be set to one of the following modes: Spectrum, Span, Measure or TV.
Press the key DIGITAL (35) on the front of the instrument. This enables the suitable digital
module to be selected automatically depending on the selected band.
3. Set the parameters necessary to lock the signal. For correct use of the digital cards see the related
section of the manual. Figure 22 shows a QPSK display.
4. Press the key MPEG. Figure 23 will appear on the display.
NOTE: Since data are transmitted cyclically, not continuously, information may be downloaded
with a certain delay, which is normally kept within 30 seconds.
NETWORK INFORMATION TABLE
NETWORK NAME: MEDIASET

O/P 19.0E LH
BACK
001 I1 VID 3200 AUD 01
002 C5 VID 3201 AUD 01
003 R4 VID 3202 AUD 01
004 TEST VID 3203 AUD 03
005 RDMT AUD 01
005 PROGRAMMES ON THE NETWORK

UP/DOWN = (Shaft Enoder) SELECT = (DIGI)
Figure 22 BER display of a QPSK signal
2
A transmodulation demodulates and decodes the channels of a digital satellite transponder, which normally occupies a
30 MHz bandwidth, into a digital terrestrial transponder containing the very same channels in a 7 MHz bandwidth.
EP2500 (Rev. 0) 45
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10.2 Description of the MPEG Network Information Table (NIT)
If present in the DTS, on top you will see the name of the Broadcaster on one line and on the
following line the information regarding the satellite and transponder :
Orbital position in degrees followed by E or W (East or West).
Polarization with indication LH (Linear Horizontal), LV (Linear Vertical), CR (Circular
right) or CL (Circular Left).
It is to be noted that the data may not be reliable due to transmodulation, satellite trasnponder
relaying or other causes.
Following this is the list of available video or radio programs, taken from the NIT or Network
Information table, and a HELP for the operations that may be carried out. Each line consists of:
A sequential number.
The name of the channel.
The video PID.
The number of audio signals available.
If more than 15 lines are needed to list all the information, then data are available on the screen
in different displays which may be scrolled via the shaft encoder. When the shaft encoder is used
for such a task, frequency selection through it is overridden.
NETWORK INFORMATION TABLE
NETWORK NAME: MEDIASET

O/P 19.0E LH
BACK
001 I1 VID 3200 AUD 01
002 C5 VID 3201 AUD 01
003 R4 VID 3202 AUD 01
004 TEST VID 3203 AUD 03
005 RDMT AUD 01
005 PROGRAMMES ON THE NETWORK

UP/DOWN = (SHAFT)
Figure 23 MPEG Network Information Table display
Broadcaster-encrypted (not free to air) programs are marked by an E close to the name of the
program.
NOTE: it may happen that you are shown an E when the program received is actually free to air
(not encrypted) or viceversa. This is because broadcasters at times do not transmit programs as
declaired.
46 EP2500 (Rev. 0)
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10.2.1 MPEG Program Monitoring
By means of the Shaft Encoder mark the desired program, then press the multifunction key F4 or
ENTER (21).
Follow the same procedure to select a radio program.
The MPEG card takes a few seconds to select the program chosen from the Data Stream and to
decompress it before displaying it on the screen.
To return to the Network Information Table then press the multifunction key F4 or ENTER (21).
To return to BER display press the multifunction key F1.
At the bottom of the display appears the name of the tuned program and the video and audio PIDs
in decimal format.
It is possible to select the various free-to-air video programs in sequence by means of the Shaft
Encoder or the multifunction keys F2 (UP) and F3 (DOWN). .
10.2.2 Audio Channel Selection
If the program being viewed contains more than one audio channel, it is possible to select them in
sequence by pressing the key SOUND (22).
10.2.3 Messages
Some informative messages about the status of the reception may appear on the screen for short
periods of time.
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11 APPENDIX A LIST OF DiSEqC COMMANDS
COMMAND DESCRIPTION Index Composition (Hex)

NAME
Tone burst Tone burst 00 --
Data burst Data burst 01 --
Power ON Power ON 02 E0 00 03
Reset Reset 03 E0 00 00
Standby Standby 04 E0 00 02
Write N0-10 SW1 OFF, l LO 05 E0 10 38 10
Write N0-01 SW1 ON, h LO 06 E0 10 38 01
Write N0-02 SW2 OFF, H 07 E0 10 38 02
Write N0-20 SW2 ON, V 08 E0 10 38 20
Write N0-40 SW3 OFF, LNB 1 09 E0 10 38 40
Write N0-04 SW3 ON, LNB 2 10 E0 10 38 04
Write N0-08 SW4 OFF, LNB 3 (Opt off) 11 E0 10 38 08
Write N0-80 SW4 ON, LNB 4 (Opt on) 12 E0 10 38 80
Write N0-10 SW5 OFF 13 E0 10 39 10
Write N0-01 SW5 ON 14 E0 10 39 01
Write N0-20 SW6 OFF 15 E0 10 39 20
Write N0-02 SW6 ON 16 E0 10 39 02
Write N0-40 SW7 OFF 17 E0 10 39 40
Write N0-04 SW7 ON 18 E0 10 39 04
Write N0-80 SW8 OFF 19 E0 10 39 80
Write N0-08 SW8 ON 20 E0 10 39 08
Set Lo l LO 24 E0 10 20
Set VR V Pol 25 E0 10 21
Set Pos A Sat Po A 26 E0 10 22
Set S0A SW Opt A 27 E0 10 23
Set Hi h LO 28 E0 10 24
Set HL H Pol 29 E0 10 25
Set Pos B Sat Po B 30 E0 10 26
Set S0B SW Opt B 31 E0 10 27
Set S1A Sel SW1 in A 32 E0 10 28
Set S2A Sel SW2 in A 33 E0 10 29
Set S3A Sel SW3 in A 34 E0 10 2A
Set S4A Sel SW4 in A 35 E0 10 2B
Set S1B Sel SW1 in B 36 E0 10 2C
Set S2B Sel SW2 in B 37 E0 10 2D
Set S3B Sel SW3 in B 38 E0 10 2E
Set S4B Sel SW4 in B 39 E0 10 2F
Write N0-F0 Po 1 V l LO 40 E0 10 38 F0
Write N0-F1 Po 1 V h LO 41 E0 10 38 F1
Write N0-F2 Po 1 H l LO 42 E0 10 38 F2
Write N0-F3 Po 1 H h LO 42 E0 10 38 F3
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COMMAND DESCRIPTION Index Composition (Hex)
NAME
Write N0-FA Po 3 H l LO 50 E0 10 38 FA
Write N0-FB Po 3 H h LO 51 E0 10 38 FB
Write N0-FC Po 4 V l LO 52 E0 10 38 FC
Write N0-FD Po 4 V h LO 53 E0 10 38 FD
Write N0-FE Po 4 H l LO 54 E0 10 38 FE
Write N1-FF Po 4 H h LO 55 E0 10 38 FF
Write N1-FA Po 3 H l LO 66 E0 10 39 FA
Write N1-FB Po 3 H h LO 67 E0 10 39 FB
Write N1-FC Po 4 - V l LO 68 E0 10 39 FC
Write N1-FD Po 4 - V h LO 69 E0 10 39 FD
Write N1-FE Po 4 - H l LO 70 E0 10 39 FE
Write N1 FF Po 4 - H h LO 71 E0 10 39 FF
USER1 User defined command 1 72 XX XX XX ...
USER2 User defined command 2 73 XX XX XX ...
Table 1
Legenda:
COMMAND NAME Name assigned to the command by the DiSEqC protocol.
DESCRIPTION Short description of the control and its effect.
Index Progressive number associated to the command.
Composition (Hex) Hexadecimal value of the bytes composing the message transmitted.
SW Switch
Po Orbital position
H Horizontal polarisation
V Vertical polarisation
h LO High Local Oscillator frequency
l LO Low Local Oscillator frequency
Pol Polarisation
Opt Option
Sel Select.
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12 APPENDIX B DVB-S DVB-C DVB-T MODULATION
12.1 INTRODUCTON
The modulation systems adopted for the transmission of digital signals have been optimized for the
different types of transmission being used: the QPSK is used for satellite signals owing to its resistance
to noise; the QAM is used for cable signals owing to its extreme efficiency in exploiting the available
band; the OFDM for terrestrial signals, since it guarantees reception even in the presence of multiple
signal paths and in case of reception from moving vehicles.
12.2 DIGITAL MODULATIONS AND THEIR PARAMETERS

A digital transmission appears as noise which covers the entire channel, normally about 30 MHz in
QPSK, 7 MHz in QAM and OFDM. To decode the signal it is necessary to know some of the
transmission parameters. Many of them are standard, but some may vary from one channel to another,
and must be programmed on the receiver. They are:
1) Channel Frequency.
Tuning may seem common a common operation at first sight but is not. The tolerance allowed in tuning
is very narrow since the transmission appears as a channel containing only noise and, as a
consequence, the channel nominal frequency is difficult to identify. The QPSK and QAM cards are
fitted with an automatic frequency control (AFC). The tuning capture range is 3MHz for the QPSK
and 0.5 MHz for the QAM. The OFDM frequency must be accurately tuned.
2) Spectrum.
Just as what happens passing from Ku to C band, the band spectrum may be either direct or inverted;
depending on whether the frequency is lower or higher than that of the reception frequency of the local
oscillator of converters that may be used on distribution. The transmodulators may also generate direct
or inverted spectra.
3) Symbol Rate (for QPSK and QAM).
This is the speed at which digital data are transmitted. Each symbol corresponds to two bits (equivalent
to the Baud Rate in telephone modems) in QPSK, from four to eight bits in QAM, and to a very high
number of bits (several thousands ) in OFDM environment. Currently, for example, the most used
Symbol Rates are 27.5 MS/s (Mega Symbol/second) in QPSK and 6.111 MS/s in QAM. The OFDM is a
particular transport coding, since a very low Symbol Rate, a few kS/s (kilo symbols per second) relates
to a high number of bits per symbol.
4) Modulation (for QAM and OFDM).
It is the number of bits transmitted each symbol, corresponding to 4 for QAM16, 5 for QAM32, 6 for
QAM64, 7 for QAM128, 8 for QAM256. The higher the number of bits per symbol transmitted, the
higher the transmission efficiency of the channel, but also the lower the robustness against any form of
interference.
5) Code Rate (for QPSK and OFDM).
This is also known as Viterbi rate (name of the correction circuit). Since the SAT signal is quite noisy,
control bits are interlaced with the actual transmission data bits to allow the receiver to identify those
received incorrectly and, if possible, to correct or eliminate them. The more control bits added, the safer
the transmission is but the lower its efficiency id est, the quantity of data that can be transmitted at the
same time. From the transponders point of view, this means fewer TV channels and/or a poorer MPEG
quality. Code Rates at 1/2, 2/3 and 3/4 are currently used, corresponding to one control bit following
one data bit, one control bit following two data bits, one control bit following three data bits. The main
purpose of the Viterbi corrector is to correct errors caused by noise, therefore it is not used in QAM
where signals distributed by cable are almost noise free.
6) Guard Interval (for OFDM).
This parameter is used only in OFDM. It may vary from 1/4 to 1/32. It indicates the percentage of
transmission time dedicated to cancelling echoes and multiple signal paths.
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7) Operating Mode or Number of Carriers (for OFDM).
This parameter is used only in OFDM. Actually, OFDM does not indicate a particular type of
modulation, but the fact that thousands of carriers are transmitted at the same time, each one with its
own modulation, which may be QPSK, 16QAM or 64QAM. Currently the standards are: two thousand
(2k) or eight thousand (8k) carriers per channel.
12.3 BER
It is fundamental and essential in the digital transmission business to adopt new methods for signal
quality evaluation, where signal quality depends mostly on the installations. Unlikely analogue
terrestrial Teletext which appears to be either noise-free or missing at all, with no conditions in-
between where increasing impairments may suggest the installer to take preventive actions before
complete signal failure the quality of the picture and sound of a digital transmission give no indication
at all of the quality of the signal, only of its presence. While the deterioration of an analogue signal in
the form of noise, interference, distortion, is gradual and, therefore, visually noticeable a welcome
condition to the installer, as we just said, for any preventive action he wishes to take a digital signal
remains perfect until the decoder is capable of reconstructing it on reception after which it goes astray
completely and abruptly. The measurement for digital signal quality is, therefore, quite difficult and
must be based on a method which is very sensitive to noise. This method is called BER or Bit Error
Ratio. BER is the measurement of the ratio between the number of bits in error found and the total
quantity of bits received. The BER is indicated by the meter in exponential form; i.e., 1 (bit in error) out
of 10 (bits total) is indicated as 1E-1, 2 out of 10 becomes 2E-1, 7.5 out of 10000 becomes 7.5E-4, etc.
The DVB Standard allows BER measurements to be taken in different parts of the demodulating chain.
We have two measuring points for QPSK and OFDM transmissions (see Figure 24 and Figure 26)
where the so called Channel BER (CH BER) and post-Viterbi BER measurements are taken. As
for the QAM, only a measuring point exists (see Figure 25) since CH BER coincides with the BER
pre Reed-Solomon, the Viterbi correcting stage being missing.
RF Signal Data output

QPSK-coded Channel BER post-Viterbi BER MPEG coded
Tuner Viterbi error

Serialize Reed-Solomon
Digitizer correction
error correction
Q
Reception chain DVB-S (QPSK)

RU
Figure 24 Simplified block diagram of an IRD DVB-S (QPSK) demodulating chain
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RF Signal Ch-BER (pre R. Solomon BER) Data output
QAM coded MPEG coded
I
Serializer Adaptation Reed Solomon
Tuner
Digitizer equalizer error corrector
Q
DVB-C (QAM) Reception chain

RU
Figure 25 Simplified block diagram of an IRD DVB-C (QAM) demodulating chain
RF Signal Ch-BER Post Viterbi BER Data output MPEG

OFDM coded coded
I
A/D Converter Viterbi Corrector Reed Solomon
TUNER Decoder
Corrector
Automatic search Constellation RU

Code Rate
No. of carriers
Guard
DVB-T (OFDM) Reception chain
Figure 26 Simplified block diagram of an IRD DVB-T (OFDM) demodulating chain
Note the following nomenclature for a better understanding of acronyms, notations and abbreviations:
Channel BER = pre Viterbi BER = BER before Viterbi

Post Viterbi BER = BER after Viterbi = BER before Reed Solomon
RC (Reed Solomon Corrected) = Errors corrected by the Reed Solomon stage
RU (Reed Solomon Uncorrected ) = Errors not corrected by the Reed Solomon stage
12.4 QPSK MEASUREMENTS
12.4.1 QPSK CH BER & POST-VITERBI BER Measurement

As far as the QPSK signal is concerned, there are two measuring points: one just before the
Convolutional Error Corrector ( or Viterbi) and, in that case, the measurement is called Channel BER
(or pre Viterbi BER), or right after the first correcting stage and, in that case, called post Viterbi BER
(or pre Reed Solomon BER, the name of the second correcting stage).
Since the two measurements are theoretically equated but yield different results, it is necessary to
understand how to weight them, what their limitations are in order to carry out a top quality
installation.
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The post Viterbi BER (pV BER) is a measurement that is taken on the far side of the correction stage
where a signal is already less severely errored that is, where it yields readings approximately from one
to one million times smaller than the Channel BER (CH BER). Because fewer errors occur at the point
where pV BER measurement is taken, its results can be less accurate than what the CH BER results can
be, given the same impaired signal. In fact, statistically the pV BER has a much more difficult
measuring task to perform than the CH BER which, thanks to its position on the measuring path, is
intrinsically more accurate for the same job. To all practical purposes, therefore, the CH BER is highly
recommended.
If, on the other hand, the value of the pV BER is, for example, 1E-12, this means that it is necessary for
the measuring system to wait for at least 1000 billion bits to pass through, to be able to measure it in a
statistically effective way.. This is equivalent to a waiting time of about a few days.
The DVB standard dictates that when a pV BER value is better than the threshold at 1E-4 (one bit in
error over 10000 bits total) the system can be considered good (at delivering its payable load of data)
and that the 1E-4 threshold can be considered Quasi Error Free. For comparison purposes, therefore, the
pV BER is highly recommended.
However:
especially in the case of communal installations ( the most critical for the QPSK Sat signal), the
pV BER may not be used because the values supplied for this parameter do not cover the
measurement range wanted and do not, therefore, provide information useful to establish whether
or not the installation is correct as far as digital signal reception is concerned.
In fact, to guarantee, in the worst hypothesis, that the pV BER is at least 1E-4, from the LNB
output (or headend) it should measure a pV BER of at least 1E-12.
However, for the above-mentioned reasons, it is impossible to measure such a value.
Fortunately, a much more significant indication is offered by the CH BER which:
Is immediately measurable with all the signals present in the installation (from best to bad).
Always supplies an indication of the margin of the reception threshold (obviously, if the
installation allows for an even minimal reception).
Is a very sensitive index regarding ambient and meteorological conditions (temperature,
humidity, cloudiness, cable efficiency, amplifiers, etc.).
The diagram in Figure 27 supplies, instead, a meaningful comparison between the CH BER, and the
pV BER over publications or diagrams dealing with digital QPSK transmissions if such parameter is
not directly measurable by the instrument.
For example, the line shows that for a CH BER of 1E-3 (10-3 or 1 out of 1000) the corresponding pV
BER lies between 1E-8 and 1E-11 approximately, depending on the programmed CODE RATE.
Technical literature supplies, in such diagrams, the X axis indicated as Eb/No which is the ratio
between the energy per bit and the noise per unit of bandwidth (Hz). The Eb/No is easily calculable,
once the C/N ratio is known, by means of the following formula :
Eb/No (in dB) = C/N 10-log[(Rs k)/Bw] where:

Eb = Energy per bit.
No = Noise energy in a 1 Hz band.
C/N = Carrier/noise ratio measured in dB.
Rs = Symbol rate in M symb/sec.
Bw = Signal band.
k = Number of bits transmitted per symbol (2 for QPSK, 4 for QAM 16, 6 for QAM 64,
7 for QAM 128, 8 for QAM 256).
Example:
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For DVB-S, QPSK with BW=33MHz, Rs=27.5 M symb/sec obtains:
Eb/No=C/N 10 log [(27.5*2)/33]
Eb/No=C/N-2.2
Figure 27 CH BER/pViterbi BER comparison in respect of Eb/No variations for a given BER
The instrument supplies both BER parameters described but actually the only parameter that is truly
useful to the installer is the CH BER.
Indicatively, for a good installation that should withstand variations throughout long periods of time
(aging of components, thermal shifts) and those provoked by changes in meteorological conditions
(weakening due to snow, rain) the initial conditions to be obtained are summarized, along general lines,
in the following table:
Measurement carried out on CH BER (pre Viterbi BER)
LNB output from 1E-5 (1 error out of 100000)

or to 1E-4 (1 error out of 10000)
Headend output
Worst users socket better than 1E-3 (1 error out of 1000)
Table 2
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12.4.2 QPSK MER Measurement

MER is the merit factor for digital signal quality. Its measuring range spreads over 5 to 20 dB. The
better the signal the higher the MER. Besides, MER is particularly useful for LNB skew and cross-
polarization optimization.
12.4.3 QPSK RU Count (Reed-Solomon Uncorrected)

This last parameter, gives an idea of the quality of the signal over long periods of time. In particular, it
is possible to observe the loss of signal blocks that appear on the TV-picture as corrupted pixels
(image pixellation) or mosaics effect.
RU (Reed Solomon Uncorrected - Identified errors that are not corrected) is a register that increases
precisely when these events occur.
Naturally, the worse the BER is, the more rapidly the RU will increase.
The value of the register is increased from 0 to 65535 and is blocked at the maximum value. It is reset to
zero each time there is a track loss of the signal, a retuning or a change in the setting of the attenuator.
This register gives an idea of the quality of the installation if controlled for long periods of time.
Its increase depends in fact on the corrections carried out in the Reed Solomon stage but these are
already numerically very low when the Channel BER is around 1E-3 (in the order of one increase
every 30 minutes).
A very simplified flow chart of the digital signal is shown in Figure 24.
12.4.4 Summary
We resume the above-mentioned points as follows:
1) There is no relationship between the quality of the picture and the quality of the digital
signal.
2) The most important and practical quality index is the CH BER.
3) The BER evaluation may be carried out only after all the phases of the receiver up to the
error corrector have tracked the signal.
4) In order that all the stages may lock the signal the variable transmission parameters (Channel
frequency, Spectrum, Symbol Rate, Code Rate) must first have been correctly set.
12.5 OFDM MEASUREMENTS

OFDM is the name of the transmission system adopted in Europe for the on air transmission of digital
data and TV signals. In synthesis, the features of this system are:
The channel frequency occupancy is the same as that of the analogue transmissions currently in use.
The possibility of transmitting various programs in different combinations on one single channel,
approximately from four good quality ones to eight of inferior quality, with different intermediate
combinations.
Reduced transmitter power requirement.
High resistance with respect to echoes and multiple paths.
The possibility of optimized transmitting for reception by installations with a fixed roof antenna,
with an internal antenna or by motor vehicles.
The facility in transmitting any type of data, such as program menus, different audio channels
simultaneously, subtitles in different languages.
The OFDM is characterized by the simultaneous transmission of an elevated number of carriers, two or
eight thousand, each one having its own digital modulation. The carriers are not really generated and
modulated individually: mathematical algorithms generate the carrier modulation, which initially is a
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single one, in order to synthesize the final complex signal. In the receiver too, an algorithm is capable of
breaking down the incoming signal into the many carriers composing it and subsequently decoding it.
12.5.1 OFDM CH BER and Post Viterbi BER Measurement

It is possible to carry out measurements on the OFDM signal received in different points of the receiver,
whose simplified block diagram is shown in the above Figure 28. In particular, there are two strategic
points: just before the Convolutional Error Corrector (or Viterbi) and in that case called Channel BER
(or pre Viterbi BER), or right after first corrector and, in this case, called post Viterbi BER (or pre Reed
Solomon BER, the name of the second corrector).
Norms establish that when a pV BER value is better than 2E-4 (one error out of 10000 bytes) the system
is to be considered good and the threshold of 2E-4 is to be considered Quasi Error Free (QEF);
therefore, apparently, it should be sufficient to control this value to consider the signal quality
acceptable. On a practical level, keep in mind which type of constellation is being received:
In the QPSK mode the modulation system itself operates so as to reduce the number of reception
errors to a minimum; the Viterbi corrector is capable of correcting many of these errors, especially
with 1/2 and 2/3 Code Rate. As a result, the number of measurable errors following this phase is so
low that it becomes difficult or impossible to carry out a measurement (in fact, it would be quite
difficult to carry out a measurement in a reasonable length of time in the presence, for example, of
one error an hour). In this case it is more convenient to use the Channel BER
In the QAM mode the number of errors in reception is higher and consequently even the post
Viterbi measurement becomes possible. It will still however be necessary to keep a good margin
with respect to the QEF value of 2E-4.
In general, for a good installation that should resist variations throughout long periods of time (aging of
components, thermal shifts) and those provoked by changes in meteorological conditions (weakening
due to snow, rain) the initial conditions to be obtained could be:
Channel BER better than 1E-3 (better than one error out of 1,000)
Post Viterbi BER better than 1E-5 (better than one error out of 100,000).
Both values should be guaranteed. It will only be a matter of reading one or the other according to the
functioning mode.
The values indicated refer to the userstaps; at the exchange output the values must necessarily be better,
roughly ten times lower.
12.5.2 OFDM MER Measurements

MER is an index for digital signal quality. The better the signal the higher the MER. MER can be
equated to baseband SNR (Signal to Noise Ratio) in an analogue signal. MER, therefore, should not be
confused with C/N (Carrier to Noise Ratio) which is taken at RF level.
12.5.3 OFDM RU Count (Reed-Solomon Uncorrected)

Another parameter, RU, gives an idea of the quality of the signal for long periods of time. In particular,
it is possible to observe the loss of signal blocks that appear on the TV-picture as corrupted pixels
(image pixellation) or mosaics effect.
RU (Reed Solomon Uncorrected -Identified errors that are not corrected-) is a counter that increases
Naturally, the worse the BER is, the faster the RU count.
The value of the counter covers from 0 to 65535 and is blocked at the maximum value. It is reset to zero
each time there is a loss of signal lock, a re-tuning or a change in the position of the attenuator.
This conter gives an idea of the quality of the installation if checked over long periods of time.
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In fact, an increase depends on the Reed Solomon corrections carried out but they may be very low in
quantity (roughly one count every 30 minutes) even when the Channel BER is in the range of 1E-3.
12.6 QAM MEASUREMENTS
12.6.1 QAM CH BER Measurement

A QAM signal will rarely have no errors; if its quality is excellent it could have an error rate of 1 out of
10 million (1E-7), while greater than 1 out of 10,000 (1E-4) the quality (of the signal, not of the
picture) must be considered poor. In this case, the converter could be on the verge of not functioning
anymore even if the picture is perfect; a slight deterioration could be enough to completely block
reception, without any warning. The BER is indicated by the instrument in an exponential form; i.e., for
example, 1 out of 1000 becomes 1E-3, 2 out of 10000 becomes 2E-4, 7.5 out of 100000 becomes 7.5 E-
5, etc.
The instrument directly supplies the Channel BER (CH BER) or PRE REED SOLOMON BER
measurement which is the most significant parameter since:
1. It is immediately measurable with all the signals present in the installation (from optimal to
mediocre).
2. It supplies an indication of the noise margin from the reception threshold (obviously, if the
installation allows for an even minimal reception).
The diagram in Figure 28 supplies a comparison between the CH BER and the quality of the signal
present in the installation.
From the diagram we can easily calculate theEb/No (a parameter for signal quality) which is the ratio
between the energy per bit and the noise content in a 1 Hz bandwidth. Once the C/N ratio is known, the
following formula is applicable for the calculation:
Eb/No (in dB) = C/N - 10*log[(Rs*k)/Bw] where:
Eb = Energy per bit.

No = Noise energy in 1Hz band.
C/N = Carrier/noise ratio measured in dB.
Rs = Symbol rate in M symb/sec.
Bw = Signal band.
K = 4 (QAM = 16), 5 (QAM = 32), 6 (QAM = 64), 7 (QAM = 128), 8 (QAM = 256)
Example:
For DVB-C, QAM 64 with BW=7MHz - Rs=6.8 M S/s obtains:
Eb/No=C/N - 10*log [(6.8*6)/7]

Eb/No=C/N-7.6
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1,00E+00
1,00E-01
1,00E-02
1,00E-03
1,00E-04 256 QAM

TASSO DI ERRORE
1,00E-05
1,00E-06
1,00E-07
1,00E-08
1,00E-09
1,00E-10
32 QAM 128 QAM
64 QAM
1,00E-11
16 QAM
1,00E-12
PEGGIORE C/N MIGLIORE
Eb/No[dB]
Figure 28 Comparison between CH BER and signal quality of the installation for a given BER
12.6.2 QAM MER Measurement

MER is an index for digital signal quality within the range 17 to 34 dB. The better the signal the higher
the MER. MER can be equated to baseband SNR (Signal to Noise Ratio) in an analogue signal. MER,
therefore, should not be confused with C/N (Carrier to Noise Ratio) which is taken at RF level.
12.6.3 QAM RU Count (Reed-Solomon Uncorrected)

The BER is actually the number of errors identified and corrected by means of a Reed Solomon
algorithm and is an almost immediate indication of the signal quality.
The RU parameter gives an idea of the quality of the signal for medium and long periods of time. In
particular, it is possible to observe the loss of signal blocks that appear on the TV-picture as corrupted
pixels (image pixellation) or mosaics effect.
RU (Reed Solomon Uncorrected - Identified errors that are not corrected) is a register that increases
Naturally, the worse the BER is, the more rapidly the RU will increase.
The value of the RU register is increased from 0 to 65535 and are blocked at the maximum value. It is
reset to zero each time there is a track loss of the signal.
The increase depends on the corrections carried out in the Reed Solomon stage but these are already
numerically very low when the Channel BER is around 1.10-4 (in the order of one increase every 30
minutes).
A very simplified flow chart of the digital signal is shown in Figure 25.
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13 CHANNEL FORMAT TABLE
Vision Vision Vision Vision

Channel Carrier Channel Carrier Channel Carrier Channel Carrier
MHz MHz MHz MHz
CCIR VHF Standard B 57 759.25 78 * 120.75
58 767.25 CCIR UHF 79 * 128.75
E2 48.25 59 775,25 80 * 136.75
E3 55.25 60 783.25 81 * 144.75
E4 62.25 61 791.25 CCIR CABLE 82 * 152.75
E5 175.25 62 799.25 83 * 160.75
E6 182.25 63 807.25 CCIR VHF Standard B 84 * 168.75
E7 189.25 64 815.25 85 * 176.75
E8 196.25 65 823.25 S 01 69.25 86 * 184.75
E9 203.25 66 831.25 S 02 76.25 87 * 192.75
E10 210.25 67 839.25 S 03 83.25 88 * 200.75
E11 217.25 68 847.25 S1 105.25 89 * 208.75
E12 224.25 69 855.25 S2 112.25 90 * 216.75
70 863.25 S3 119.25 91 * 224.75
CCIR UHF 71 871.25 S4 126.25 92 * 232.75
72 879.25 S5 133.25 93 * 240.75
21 471.25 73 887.25 S6 140.25 94 * 248.75
22 479.25 74 895.25 S7 147.25 95 * 256.75
23 487.25 S8 154.25 96 * 264.75
24 495.25 S9 161.25 97 * 272.75
25 503.25 S 10 168.25 98 * 280.75
26 511.25 ITALY S 11 231.25 99 * 288.75
27 519.25 S 12 238.25 100 * 296.75
28 527.25 A 53.75 S 13 245.25
29 535.25 B 62.25 S 14 252.25 * CCETT Channels
30 543.25 C 82.25 S 15 259.25
31 551.25 D 175.25 S 16 266.25
32 559.25 E 183.75 S 17 273.25 FOPTA
33 567.25 F 192.25 S 18 280.25
34 575.25 G 201.25 S 19 287.25 4 175.25
35 583.25 H 210.25 S 20 * 294.25 5 183.25
36 591.25 H1 217.25 S 21 * 303.25 6 191.25
37 599.25 H2 224.25 S 22 * 311.25 7 199.25
38 607.25 S 23 * 319.25 8 207.25
39 615.25 CCIR UHF S 24 * 327.25 9 215.25
40 623.25 S 25 * 335.25
41 631.25 S 26 * 343.25 CCIR UHF
42 639.25 S 27 * 351.25
43 647.25 STREAM (ITALY) S 28 * 359.25 FRANCE
44 655.25 S 29 * 367.25
45 663.25 R1 498.15 S 30 * 375.25 2 55.75
46 671.25 R2 506.15 S 31 * 383.25 3 60.50
47 679.25 R3 514.15 S 32 * 391.25 4 63.75
48 687.25 R4 522.15 S 33 * 399.25 5 176.00
49 695.25 R5 530.15 S 34 * 407.25 6 184.00
50 703.25 R6 538.15 S 35 * 415.25 7 192.00
51 711.25 R7 546.15 S 36 * 423.25 8 200.00
52 719.25 R8 554.15 S 37 * 431.25 9 208.00
53 727.25 R9 562.15 S 38 * 439.25 10 216.00
54 735.25 R10 570.15 S 39 * 447.25 11 224.00
55 743.25 R11 578.15 S 40 * 455.25
56 751.25 R12 586.15 S 41 * 463.25 CCIR UHF
EP2500 (Rev. 0) 59
UNAOHM
MHz MHz MHz MHz
SECAM - 4 (8MHz) 10 591.25 K11 217.25
11 603.25 B1 231.25
0 120 12 615.25 B2 255.25
SECAM CCETT (12 MHz) 1 128 13 627.25 B3 263.25
2 136 14 639.25 B4 271.25
2 116.75 3 144 15 651.25 B5 279.25
3 128.75 4 152 16 663.25 B6 287.25
4 140.75 5 160 17 675.25 B7 295.25
5 152.75 6 168 18 687.25 B8 306.25
6 164.75 7 176 19 699.25 B9 314.25
7 176.75 8 184 20 711.25 B10 322.25
8 188.75 9 192 21 723.25 B11 330.25
9 200.75 10 200 22 735.25 B12 338.25
10 212.75 11 208 23 747.25 B13 348.25
11 224.75 12 216 24 759.25 B14 356.25
12 236.75 13 224 25 771.25 B15 364.25
13 248.75 14 232 26 783.25 B16 372.25
14 260.75 15 240 27 795.25 B17 380.25
15 272.75 16 248 28 807.25 B18 388.25
16 284.75 17 256 29 819.25 B19 396.25
17 296.75 18 264 30 831.25
19 272 31 843.25
20 280 B-D-IL-NL1-S-CH
SECAM L (10.5MHz) 21 288
CCIR VHF Standard B
70 120.75
71 131.25 SECAM 5 (12 MHz) S1 105.25
72 141.75 S2 112.25
73 152.25 0 303.25 S3 119.25
74 161.75 1 315.25 S4 126.25
75 173.25 2 327.25 S5 133.25
76 183.75 3 339.25 S6 140.25
77 194.25 4 351.25 S7 147.25
78 204.75 5 363.25 S8 154.25
79 215.25 6 375.25 S9 161.25
80 225.75 7 387.25 S 10 168.25
81 236.25 8 399.25 S 11 231.25
82 246.75 9 411.25 S 12 238.25
83 257.25 10 423.25 S 13 245.25
84 267.75 11 435.25 S 14 252.25
85 278.25 12 447.25 S 15 259.25
86 288.75 13 459.25 S 16 266.25
87 299.25 NL2 (NETHERLAND 2) S 17 273.25
88 309.75 S 18 280.25
89 320.25 SECAM 6 (12 MHz) K2 48.25 S 19 287.25
90 330.75 K4 62.25 S 20 294.25
91 341.25 0 471.25 M1 115.25 S 21 303.25
92 351.75 1 483.25 M2 123.25 S 22 311.25
93 362.25 2 495.25 M3 131.25 S 23 319.25
94 372.75 3 507.25 M4 139.25 S 24 327.25
95 383.25 4 519.25 M5 147.25 S 25 335.25
96 393.75 5 531.25 M6 155.25 S 26 343.25
97 404.25 6 543.25 M7 163.25 S 27 351.25
98 414.75 7 555.25 K5 175.25 S 28 359.25
99 425.25 8 567.25 K7 187.25 S 29 367.25
9 579.25 K9 203.25 S 30 375.25
60 EP2500 (Rev. 0)
UNAOHM

MHz MHz MHz MHz
S 31 383.25 6 160.00 5 183.25
S 32 391.25 7 168.00 6 191.25
S 33 399.25 8 176.00 7 199.25
S 34 407.25 9 184.00 8 207.25 AUSTRALIA
S 35 415.25 10 192.00 9 215.25
S 36 423.25 11 200.00 10 223.25 0 46.25
S 37 431.25 12 208.00 11 231.25 1 57.25
S 38 439.25 13 216.00 12 247.25 2 64.25
S 39 447.25 14 224.00 13 255.25 3 86.25
S 40 455.25 15 232.00 14 263.25 4 95.25
S 41 463.25 16 240.00 15 271.25 5 102.25
17 248.00 16 279.25
CCIR UHF 18 256.00 17 287.25 5A 138.25
19 264.00 18 295.25 6 175.25
20 272.00 19 319.25 7 182.25
IRELAND 21 280.00 20 343.25 8 189.25
IA 45.75 22 288.00 21 351.25 9 196.25
IB 53.75 23 296.00 22 359.25 9A 203.25
IC 61.75 24 304.00 23 367.25 10o 209.25
ID 175.25 25 312.00 24 375.25 10n 210.25
IE 183.25 26 320.00 25 383.25 11o 216.25
IF 191.25 27 328.00 26 391.25 11n 217.25
IG 199.25 28 336.00 27 399.25 12 224.25
IH 207.25 29 344.00 28 415.25
IJ 215.25 30 352.00 29 423.25 20 471.25
CCIR UHF 31 360.00 30 431.25 21 478.25
32 368.00 U 21 471.25 22 485.25
UK0 33 376.00 U 22 479.25 23 492.25
CCIR UHF 34 384.00 U 23 487.25 24 499.25
35 392.00 U 24 495.25 25 506.25
UK1 36 400.00 U 25 503.25 26 513.25
37 408.00 U 26 511.25 27 520.25
B1 45.00 38 416.00 U 27 519.25 28 527.25
B2 51.75 39 424.00 U 28 527.25 29 534.25
B3 56.75 40 432.00 U 29 535.25 30 541.25
B4 61.75 41 440.00 U 30 543.25 31 548.25
B5 66.75 42 448.00 32 555.25
B6 179.75 43 456.00 33 562.25
B7 184.75 44 464.00 SOUTH AFRICA 34 569.25
B8 189.75 45 472.00 35 576.25
B9 194.75 46 480.00 4 175.25 36 583.25
B 10 199.75 47 488.00 5 183.25 37 590.25
B 11 204.75 48 496.00 6 191.25 38 597.25
B 12 209.75 49 504.00 7 199.25 39 604.25
B 13 214.75 50 512.00 8 207.25 40 611.25
B 14 219.75 51 520.00 9 215.25 41 618.25
52 528.00 10 223.25 42 625.25
CCIR UHF 53 536.00 11 231.25 43 632.25
54 544.00 (12) N.A 44 639.25
13 247.43 45 646.25
UK2 46 653.25
1 120.00 UK3 CCIR UHF 47 660.25
2 128.00 A 55.25 48 667.25
3 136.00 2 135.25 49 674.25
4 144.00 3 159.25 50 681.25
5 152.00 4 175.25 51 688.25
EP2500 (Rev. 0) 61
UNAOHM

MHz MHz MHz MHz
52 695.25 USA 56 723.25 USA CABLE
53 702.25 57 729.25
54 709.25 2 55.25 58 735.25 2 2 55.25
55 716.25 3 61.25 59 741.25 3 3 61.25
56 723.25 4 67.25 60 747.25 4 4 67.25
57 730.25 5 77.25 61 753.25 5A 1 73.25
58 737.25 6 83.25 62 759.25 5 5 77.25
59 744.25 7 175.25 63 765.25 6 6 83.25
60 751.25 8 181.25 64 771.25 A-5 95 91.25
61 758.25 9 187.25 65 777.25 A-4 96 97.25
62 765.25 10 193.25 66 783.25 A-3 97 103.25
63 772.25 11 199.25 67 789.25 A-2 98 109.25
64 779.25 12 205.25 68 795.25 A-1 99 115.25
65 786.25 13 211.25 69 801.25 A 14 121.25
66 793.25 14 471.25 70 807.2.5 B 15 127.25
67 800.25 15 477.25 71 813.25 C 16 133.25
68 807.25 16 483.25 72 819.25 D 17 139.25
69 814.25 17 489.25 73 825.25 E 18 145.25
70 821.25 18 495.25 74 831.25 F 19 151.25
71 828.25 19 501.25 75 837.25 G 20 157.25
72 835.25 20 507.25 76 843.25 H 21 163.25
73 842.25 21 513.25 77 849.25 I 22 169.25
74 849.25 22 519.25 78 855.25 7 7 175.25
75 856.25 23 525.25 79 861.25 8 8 181.25
24 531.25 80 867.25 9 9 187.25
25 537.25 81 873.25 10 10 193.25
NEW ZEALAND 26 543.25 82 879.25 11 11 199.25
27 549.25 83 885.25 12 12 205.25
1 45.25 28 555.25 13 13 211.25
2 55.25 29 561.25 J 23 217.25
3 62.25 30 567.25 K 24 223.25
4 175.25 31 573.25 L 25 229.25
5 182.25 32 579.25 M 26 235.25
6 189.25 33 585.25 N 27 241.25
7 196.25 34 591.25 O 28 247.25
8 203.25 35 597.25 P 29 253.25
9 210.25 36 603.25 Q 30 259.25
10 217.25 37 609.25 R 31 265.25
11 224.25 38 615.25 S 32 271.25
39 621.25 T 33 277.25
CCIR UHF 40 627.25 U 34 283.25
41 633.25 V 35 289.25
42 639.25 W 36 295.25
43 645.25 AA 37 301.25
44 651.25 BB 38 307.25
45 657.25 CC 39 313.25
46 663.25 DD 40 319.25
47 669.25 EE 41 325.25
48 675.25 FF 42 331.25
49 681.25 GG 43 337.25
50 687.25 HH 44 343.25
51 693.25 II 45 349.25
52 699.25 J 46 355.25
53 705.25 KK 47 361.25
54 711.25 LL 48 367.25
55 717.25 MM 49 373.25
62 EP2500 (Rev. 0)
UNAOHM

MHz MHz MHz MHz
NN 50 379.25 8 184.25 DIG-UHF S 32 391.25
OO 51 385.25 9 192.25 CCIR UHF + 2.75 MHz S 33 399.25
PP 52 391.25 10 200.25 S 34 407.25
QQ 53 397.25 11 208.25 SF S 35 415.25
RR 54 403.25 12 216.25 S 36 423.25
SS 55 409.25 13 471.25 S01 69.25 S 37 431.25
TT 56 415.25 14 479.25 S02 76.25 S 38 439.25
UU 57 421.25 15 487.25 S03 83.25 S 39 447.25
VV 58 427.25 16 493.25 S 40 455.25
WW 59 433.25 17 503.25 Tutti i canali della serie S 41 463.25
AAA 60 439.25 18 511.25 B-D-IL-NL1-S-CH
BBB 61 445.25 19 519.25 CCIR UHF
CCC 62 451.25 20 527.25 OIRT
DDD 63 457.25 21 535.25
EEE 64 463.25 22 543.25 R1 49.75
65 469.25 23 551.25 R2 59.25
66 475.25 24 559.25 R3 77.25
67 481.25 25 607.25 R4 85.25
68 487.25 26 615.25 R5 93.25
69 493.25 27 623.25 R6 175.25
70 499.25 28 631.25 R7 183.25
71 505.25 29 639.25 R8 191.25
72 511.25 30 647.25 R9 199.25
73 517.25 31 655.25 R 10 207.25
74 523.25 32 663.25 R 11 215.25
75 529.25 33 671.25 R 12 223.25
76 535.25 34 679.25
77 541.25 35 687.25 O1 111.25
78 547.25 36 695.25 O2 119.25
79 553.25 37 703.25 O3 127.25
80 559.25 38 711.25 O.4 135.25
81 565.25 39 719.25 O5 143.25
82 571.25 40 727.25 O6 151.25
83 577.25 41 735.25 O7 159.25
84 583.25 42 743.25 O8 167.25
85 589.25 43 751.25 O 11 231.25
86 595.25 44 759.25 O 12 239.25
87 601.25 45 767.25 O 13 247.25
88 607.25 46 775.25 O 14 255.25
89 613.25 47 783.25 O 15 263.25
90 619.25 48 791.25 O 16 271.25
91 625.25 49 799.25 O 17 279.25
92 631.25 50 807.25 O 18 287.25
93 637.25 51 815.25 O 19 295.25
94 643.25 52 823.25
53 831.25 S 21 303.25
54 839.25 S 22 311.25
CHINA 55 847.25 S 23 319.25
56 855.25 S 24 327.25
1 49.75 57 863.25 S 25 335.25
2 57.75 58 871.25 S 26 343.25
3 65.75 59 879.25 S 27 351.25
4 77.25 60 887.25 S 28 359.25
5 85.25 61 895.25 S 29 367.25
6 168.25 S 30 375.25
7 176.25 S 31 383.25
EP2500 (Rev. 0) 63
UNAOHM

MHz MHz MHz MHz
SLOVAKIA R12 223.25 POLAND S38 463.25
D11 231.25
E2 48.25 D12 239.25 C01 49.75 CCIR UHF
E3 55.25 D13 247.25 E03 55.25
E4 62.25 D14 255.25 C02 59.25
S01 69.25 D15 263.25 E04 62.25
S02 76.25 D16 271.25 C03 77.25
S03 83.25 D17 279.25 C04 85.25
SE2 112.25 D18 287.25 C05 93.25
SE3 119.25 S21 303.25 S01 111.25
SE4 126.25 S22 311.25 S02 119.25
SE5 133.25 S23 319.25 S03 127.25
SE6 140.25 S24 327.25 S04 135.25
SE7 147.25 S25 335.25 S05 143.25
SE8 154.25 S26 343.25 S06 151.25
SE9 161.25 S27 351.25 S07 159.25
B10 168.25 S28 359.25 S08 167.25
E5 175.25 S29 367.25 C06 175.25
E6 182.25 S30 375.25 C07 183.25
E7 189.25 S31 383.25 C08 191.25
E8 196.25 S32 391.25 C09 199.25
E9 203.25 S33 399.25 C10 207.25
E10 210.25 S34 407.25 C11 215.25
E11 217.25 S35 415.25 C12 223.25
E12 224.25 S36 423.25 S09 231.25
B11 231.25 S37 431.25 S10 239.25
B12 238.25 S38 439.25 S11 247.25
B13 245.25 S39 447.25 S12 255.25
B14 252.25 S40 455.25 S13 263.25
B15 259.25 S41 463.25 S14 271.25
B16 266.25 S15 279.25
B17 273.25 CCIR UHF S16 287.25
B18 280.25 S17 295.25
B19 287.25 S18 303.25
B20 294.25 S19 311.25
R1 49.75 S20 319.25
R2 59.25 S21 327.25
R3 77.25 S22 335.25
R4 85.25 S23 343.25
SR1 111.25 S24 351.25
SR2 119.25 S25 359.25
SR3 127.25 S26 367.25
SR4 135.25 S27 375.25
SR5 143.25 S28 383.25
SR6 151.25 S29 391.25
SR7 159.25 S30 399.25
SR8 167.25 S31 407.25
R6 175.25 S32 415.25
R7 183.25 S33 423.25
R8 191.25 S34 431.25
R9 199.25 S35 439.25
R10 207.25 S36 447.25
R11 215.25 S37 455.25
64 EP2500 (Rev. 0)
UNAOHM
14 WARRANTY
This Unaohm instrument is guaranteed against defects in workmanship and materials for a period of one
year. Any necessary adjustments or repairs will be provided from our works or our representatives
service centre where the instrument is to be delivered packed in adequate packing and fully insured,
AFTER an authorization for return has been received.
The owners responsibilities are to use the instrument in accordance with its written instructions, to
provide transport to and from the factory or its service centre in the event service is required, and to
provide proof of purchase if requested.
The warranty is considered void in case of tampering, changes or repairs carried out by unauthorized
personnel.
Power supply batteries are not covered by the warranty.
OUT OF WARRANTY SERVICING

We repair and service instruments of our production even once the warranty has expired if this is
economically the best solution to the customer.
The mechanical and electronic spare parts are replaceable for a five year period after production when
the circuits are assembled with discrete components; when integrated circuits are used, the supply of
spare parts is guaranteed up to the depletion of our stock and, depending on the possibility of procuring
them on the worldwide market .
The repair of instruments out of warranty is normally carried out and then the final cost is
communicated to the customer; the eventual request for an estimate of this cost prior to the actual repair
must be made at the moment the instrument is returned to the factory or local service centre. If the
estimate is not accepted, we will debit the customer for the costs incurred for the estimate evaluation.
To avoid unnecessary loss of time, it is very important that the instrument be returned to our factory or
local service centre accompanied by a proper delivery note, duly completed with all the required
information , as per the current legal dispositions in force.
Please use the specific forms included in the operators manual or attach a letter specifying the
defect found on the instrument, the name of the person to contact and the relative telephone
number to contact for further information.
MISCELLANEA
The electric block diagram and other drawings included in this manual are only indicative. We reserve
ourselves the right to make any changes that may be necessary without updating the operators manual.
EP2500 (Rev. 0) 65

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UNAOHM

1 SAFETY PRECAUTIONS & GENERAL WARNINGS............................................................4

Data in this manual, therefore, may not be up-to-date.

1 SAFETY PRECAUTIONS & GENERAL WARNINGS

This instrument is in conformity with the following standards and documents:

1.1 SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

Be extremely careful. Dangerous voltages are present.

The main features of this instrument are:

QPSK digital signal demodulator

COFDM digital signal demodulator (as an alternative to QAM card)

QAM digital signal demodulator (as an alternative to OFDM card)

Auxiliary inputs and outputs

4.1 STANDARD ACCESSORIES

4.3 ANCILLARY INSTRUMENTS

Figure 1 Front panel

Figure2 Left side panel view and

Figure 3 SCART socket

5 CONTROLS and CONNECTIONS

5.1 FRONT PANEL

1. The multifunction keys are shown inside a frame. Example: SPEC.

5.2 LEFT SIDE PANEL

5.3 RIGHT SIDE PANEL

6.1 PREPARING THE INSTRUMENT FOR USE

6.2 BATTERY REPLACEMENT

Figure 4 How to fit or change the battery

6.3 POWER SUPPLY MODES

6.3.1 Low Battery Indication

6.4 11VDC. AUXILIARY OUTPUT SOURCE OF POWER

7.1 DEFAULT CONDITIONS

Turn on, spectrum, UHF band

Figure 5 Factory setting on turn-on

7.2 ON SCREEN DISPLAY

7.2.1 Screen Saver

7.3 VOLUME, BRIGHTNESS & CONTRAST ADJUSTMENTS

7.6.1 SAT Tuning by Means of Transponder Frequency

VIDEO POLARITY (K) EXIT

Figure 6 Display for transponder freq setting

7.8 LNB. REMOTE POWER SUPPLY TO LNB

The LNB may be powered in any SAT or terrestrial band as follows:

1. Select the voltage to be applied by means of the key 13/18V (26).

7.9 22 kHz COMMAND SIGNAL

Figure 7 DiSEqC command selection display

7.10.1 How to Engage the 22 kHz Tone

1 Press the key DSQ (28). Figure 7 is displayed on the screen.

7.10.2 Transmission of a DiSEqC 1.1 Command

7.10.3 DiSEqC 1.2 for Steerable Dishes

7.10.4 User-Defined DiSEqC 1.1 Commands

gTONE BURST BACK

PAGE 1 OF 5 Figure 8 DiSEqC command selection display

7.11 MEASUREMENT BANDWIDTH.

7.13 SPECTRUM ANALYSER FUNCTION

Figure 9 Spectrum analyser display

7.13.1 Video Filter

7.14 SPECTRUM EXPANDED FUNCTION

NOTES for SPECTrum and EXPanded functions:

Figure 10 Spectrum expansion display

7.15 MEASUREMENT FUNCTION