Instructions These lesson notes complement ACE-Learnings video lessons. Use them as an aid as you study this topic independently. Here are some suggestions on the use of these notes: 1. Print out the notes. 2. View the lessons and as you do so, refer to the notes and fill in the blanks and empty boxes.
Contents
Section Page
Introduction
Basic Practice Question 1
Basic Practice Question 2
Example 1
Example 2
Example 3
Example 4
Example 5
Self-Reflection
ACE-Learning 1 Lesson Notes
Introduction In navigation, it is essential to describe a direction of one point relative to another point as accurately as possible.
Consider this scenario:
An enemy ship is sighted. Ship attempts to hit target but misses What if specific instruction is given: Enemy at 070 070 is the bearing of the enemy ship relative to the position of the ship.
Take a look at the four cardinal directions or points that we are familiar with: Now, given the points A, B, C and D, state their positions relative to O.
A is due North of O bearing of A from O is ______
B is due East of O bearing of B from O is ______
C is due South of O bearing of C from O is ______
D is due West of O bearing of D from O is ______
A bearing is an angle measured from the North, at reference point O, in a
clockwise direction and is always written as a three-digit number.
These four directions can also be expressed in terms of a bearing.
Lets place a 360 protractor with its centre at the origin or reference point O.
ACE-Learning 2 Lesson Notes
It is important to note that a bearing is used to represent the direction of on
point relative to another point.
In this scenario, the position of the ship can be represented as O.
Are you able to identify the bearings of the following enemy ships relative to the position of the ship using the protractor?
The bearing of ship A from O is 070.
The bearing of ship B from O is 165. The bearing of ship C from O is 240. The bearing of ship D from O is 310.
ACE-Learning 3 Lesson Notes
Basic Practice Question 1
State the bearing of points P, Q, R and S from O.
Solution:
The bearing of P from O is given by the
acute angle NO P , which is equal to 60.
The bearing of P from O is ______.
The bearing of Q from O is given by the
obtuse angle NO Q , which is equal to (90 + 45) = 135
The bearing of Q from O is ______.
The bearing of R from O is given by the
reflex angle NO R , which is equal to (270 35) = 235
The bearing of R from O is ______.
The bearing of S from O is given by the
reflex angle NO S , which is equal to
(360 40) = 320
The bearing of S from O is ______.
ACE-Learning 4 Lesson Notes
Basic Practice Question 2
State the bearing of O from P, Q, R and S respectively.
Solution:
The bearing of O from P is given by the
reflex angle N1 P O , which is equal to (180 + 60) = 240
The bearing of O from P is ______.
The bearing of O from Q is given by the
reflex angle N 2 Q O , which is equal to (270 + 45) = 315
The bearing of O from Q is ______.
The bearing of O from R is given by the
acute angle N 3 R O , which is equal to (90 35) = 55
The bearing of O from R is ______.
The bearing of O from S is given by the
obtuse angle N 4 SO , which is equal to (180 40) = 140
The bearing of O from S is ______.
ACE-Learning 5 Lesson Notes
Example 1
The following diagram shows the location of 3 points P, Q and R
on a school field. The bearing of Q from R is 120, RP Q = 68 and RP = RQ. Find the following a) The bearing of P from Q b) The bearing of P from R
Solution:
a) RQ P RP Q 68
NR Q RQ S (Alternate )
PQ S RQ S RQ P
120 68
Reflex NQ P 180 52 232
The bearing of P from Q is 232.
b) PR Q 180 (68 68) (sum of s of a )
180 136 44
NR P 120 44 164
The bearing of P from R is ______.
ACE-Learning 6 Lesson Notes
Example 2
At 1300h, Ships A and B leave the harbour, H. A sails on a bearing of 040 at a speed of 15 km/h while B sails on a bearing of 310 at a speed of 12 km/h. Calculate their distance apart at 1500h. Correct your answer to 3 significant figures.
Solution:
At 1500h, the positions of Ships A and B from harbour H
will be as such;
1500h 1300h = 2 hours
After two hours:
Ship A sailed 15 2 = km
Ship B sailed 12 2 = km
BH N 360 310
BH A 40
90
ABH is a right-angled triangle.
AB 2 24 2 30 2 Pythagoras Theorem
AB 242 302 38.4 km (Correct to 3 significant figures)
ACE-Learning 7 Lesson Notes
Example 3
On the way to Esthers house (E), Candice (C) walked 50 m from her house to a supermarket (S) to buy some snacks. She then walks another 70 m on a bearing of 085 to get to Esthers house. Given that Candices house is 205 from the supermarket, a) how far is Esthers house from hers? b) If she had walked directly to Esthers house without a trip to the supermarket, how many metres less would she have travelled? Give your answers correct to 1 decimal place.
Solution:
a) In CSE, CSE 205 85
Cosine Rule a 2 b2 c 2 2bc cos A
CE CS 2 SE 2 2(CS )(SE ) cos S
50 2 70 2 2(50)(70) cos 120
= m
Distance between Candices and Esthers House
is ______ m.
b) Distance between Candices and Esthers House
is ______ m.
Total distance travelled = 50 + 70
= 120 m
Distance saved = 120 104.40
= 15.6 m
ACE-Learning 8 Lesson Notes
Example 4
PQRSTU is a regular hexagon, with P and U being due east of a point A.
Given that SA U = 40, calculate (a) the bearing of Q from U, (b) AS T , (c) the bearing of A from R given that A, T and R are collinear.
Solution:
For an n-sided regular polygon,
(n 2) 180 each interior angle = n
For a regular hexagon (6-sided polygon),
(6 2) 180 Each interior angle = 6 = 120
(a) PQ = PU (regular sides)
PQU is an isosceles triangle.
QUP UQ P 180 120
2QUP 60 (base s of an isosceles )
QUP
The bearing of Q from U = 090 030
ACE-Learning 9 Lesson Notes
(b) HSR SA U 40 (AU // SR, corr. s)
(6 2) 180 RST 120 = 120 6
AST RST HSR 180 (adj. s on a line)
AST 120 40 180
AST 180 160 20
(c) Similar to (a),
SR T STR 180 120
2 30
HR T 90 (Complementary s)
90
60
The bearing of A from R = 180 + 060
= 240
ACE-Learning 10 Lesson Notes
Example 5
2 runners, P and Q, started running from a same point O, in two different directions. P ran at a speed of x m/s towards the north while Q ran at a speed (x + 0.5) m/s in the direction of 270. (a) Write down in terms of x, (i) the distance covered by P after 5 minutes, (ii) the distance covered by Q after 5 minutes. (b) Given that P and Q are 600 m apart after 5 minutes, form an equation in x and show that it reduces to 8x2 + 4x 15 = 0. (c) Solve this equation and find the speed of Q, correct to 3 significant figures. (d) Calculate the area of triangle OPQ formed after half an hour, leaving your answer in square kilometres.
Solution:
(a) Speed of P, S P = x m/s , Speed of Q, S Q = (x + 0.5) m/s
(i) Distance covered by P after 5 minutes
= 5 min S P = (5 60)(x)
= m
(ii) Distance covered by Q after 5 minutes
= 5 min S Q Distance = Time Speed = (5 60)(x + 0.5)
= 300(x + 0.5) m
= m
ACE-Learning 11 Lesson Notes
(b) Given: PQ = 600 m
In the right-angled OPQ:
OP 2 OQ 2 PQ 2
(300 x) 2 (300 x 150) 2 600 2
90 000 x 2 90 000 x 2 90 000 x 22 500 360 000
180 000 x 2 90 000 x 337 500 0 8x 2 4 x 15 0
(c) Solve 8x 2 4 x 15 0
4 4 2 4(8)(15) For ax 2 bx c 0 , x 2(8) b b 2 4ac x 4 496 2a
16
4 496 4 496 x or x 16 16 1.1419 1.6419 (not valid)
Hence, Speed of Q, S Q ( x 0.5) m/s
= (1.1419 + 0.5) m/s
= 1.6419 m/s
= m/s (Correct to 3 significant figures)
(d) Find the distance of P and Q from O after 30 mins
