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    Strain PDF

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    Aulia Kurnia Hady
    This document discusses structural geology concepts including strain ellipsoids, homogeneous and heterogeneous strain, general strain equations, Mohr circles for strain, and relating finite strain ellipses to values of strain parameters. Key aspects covered are defining linear and rotational strain using equations, describing the characteristics of homogeneous strain, relating the Mohr circle geometrically to finite strain ellipses, and calculating strain values from given finite strain data.

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    Strain PDF

    Uploaded by

    Aulia Kurnia Hady
    72 views18 pages
    This document discusses structural geology concepts including strain ellipsoids, homogeneous and heterogeneous strain, general strain equations, Mohr circles for strain, and relating finite strain ellipses to values of strain parameters. Key aspects covered are defining linear and rotational strain using equations, describing the characteristics of homogeneous strain, relating the Mohr circle geometrically to finite strain ellipses, and calculating strain values from given finite strain data.

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    This document discusses structural geology concepts including strain ellipsoids, homogeneous and heterogeneous strain, general strain equations, Mohr circles for strain, and relating finite strain ellipses to values of strain parameters. Key aspects covered are defining linear and rotational strain using equations, describing the characteristics of homogeneous strain, relating the Mohr circle geometrically to finite strain ellipses, and calculating strain values from given finite strain data.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    72 views18 pages

    Strain PDF

    Uploaded by

    Aulia Kurnia Hady
    This document discusses structural geology concepts including strain ellipsoids, homogeneous and heterogeneous strain, general strain equations, Mohr circles for strain, and relating finite strain ellipses to values of strain parameters. Key aspects covered are defining linear and rotational strain using equations, describing the characteristics of homogeneous strain, relating the Mohr circle geometrically to finite strain ellipses, and calculating strain values from given finite strain data.

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    GY403 Structural Geology

    The general equations of the Mohr Circle for strain


    Strain Ellipsoid
    A three-dimensional ellipsoid that describes the magnitude of
    dilational and distortional strain

    P Assume a perfect sphere before deformation


    P Three mutually perpendicular axes X, Y, and Z
    X
    P X is maximum stretch (SX) and Z is minimum
    stretch (SZ)
    P There are unique directions corresponding to
    values of SX and SZ, but an infinite number of Z
    Y

    directions corresponding to SY
    Strain
    The results of deformation via distortion and dilation

    P Heterogeneous strain: strain ellipsoid varies from


    point-to-point in deformed body
    P Homogenous strain: strain ellipsoid is equivalent
    from point-to-point in deformed body
    P Although hetereogenous strain is the rule in real
    rocks, often portions of a deformed body behave
    as homogenous with respect to strain
    Homogeneous Strain Ground Rules
    Characteristics of homogenous strain

    P Straight lines that exist in the non-rigid body


    remain straight after deformation
    P Lines that are parallel in the non-rigid body
    remain parallel after deformation
    P In a special case of homogenous strain termed
    Plane Strain, volume and area are conserved
    General Strain Equations
    Extension (e), Stretch (S), and Quadratic Elongation ()
    These equations measure linear strain :
    lO = original length
    lF = final length
    lF -lO
    e=
    lO lO = 5cm ouch!
    lF
    S=
    lO
    2
    lF lF = 12cm lF 12cm
    = S= = = 2.4
    lO lO 5cm
    e = (S-1) = 2.4 - 1 = 1.4
    = S2 = (2.4)2 = 5.76
    Rotational Strain Equations
    quantifying angular shear () and shear strain ()
    = angle between reference line (L) and maximum stretch (X)
    measured from X to A (clockwise=+; anticlockwise=-)
    M =-35

    L Z d=-25
    M L

    X
    X
    M
    deformation Strain ellipse

    L (perpendicular to L relative to M) = -40


    L = tan(L) = tan(-40) = -0.839
    L = d - = (-25) - (-35) = +10
    angle of internal rotation
    Mohr Circle for Strain
    General equations as a function of X, Z, and d

    1
    =

    X = quadratic elongation parallel to X axis of finite strain ellipse
    Z = quadratic elongation parallel to Z axis of finite strain ellipse

    = Z+X -Z-X cos(2d) SZ


    tan d = tan
    2 2 SX
    Z-X sin(2d)
    = = d -
    2 (internal rotation)
    Mohr Circle for Strain
    Geometric relations between the finite strain ellipse and
    the Mohr Circle for strain
    SX = (lF/lO)=(1.414/1.0)=1.414
    Z SZ = (lF/lO)=(0.816/1.0)=0.816
    0.816
    1.414 X

    A d=+30
    1.0 A Strain ellipse

    2d=60 X = (Sx)2=(1.414)2=2.0

    X= 1/= 1/2.0 = 0.5


    X 1.0 Z 2.0
    Z= (Sz)2 = (0.816)2=0.666

    -1.0 Z= 1/ = 1/0.666 = 1.50


    Mohr Circle for Strain
    Reference lines in the undeformed and deformed state

    b
    a cde
    f
    g
    h

    k SX=1.936
    m
    l SZ=0.707
    n
    srq po
    ab c d e
    f g
    h
    i

    k
    l
    n m
    sr q po
    Mohr Circle Strain Relationships
    Values of quadratic elongation (), shear strain (), original angle,
    angular shear (), and angle of internal rotation () as a function of
    d
    Line d

    a -90 0.500 -0.000 -90.0 -0.0 0.0


    SX=1.936
    b -80 0.513 -0.152 -86.3 -8.7 6.3 SZ=0.707
    c -70 0.556 -0.310 -82.4 -17.2 12.4
    d -60 0.638 -0.479 -78.1 -25.6 18.1
    e -50 0.779 -0.665 -73.0 -33.6 23.0
    f -40 1.017 -0.868 -66.5 -41.0 26.5
    g -30 1.428 -1.072 -57.7 -47.0 27.7
    h -20 2.129 -1.187 -44.9 -49.9 24.9
    i -10 3.134 -0.929 -25.8 -42.9 15.8
    j 0 3.748 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.0 ab c d e
    f g
    k 10 3.134 0.929 25.8 42.9 -15.8 h
    l 20 2.129 1.187 44.9 49.9 -24.9 i
    m 30 1.428 1.072 57.7 47.0 -27.7 j
    n 40 1.017 0.868 66.5 41.0 -26.5
    k
    o 50 0.779 0.665 73.0 33.6 -23.0
    l
    p 60 0.638 0.479 78.1 25.6 -18.1 sr q po
    n m
    q 70 0.556 0.310 82.4 17.2 -12.4
    r 80 0.513 0.152 86.3 8.7 -6.3
    s 90 0.500 0.000 90.0 0.0 0.0
    Strain Ellipse General Equation
    Values for quadratic elongation () and shear strain () as a function
    of d

    4.0

    3.0

    2.0

    1.0 l
    k m
    n
    o
    p
    0.0 q r
    a b j s
    c
    d
    -1.0 e
    f i
    g h
    -2.0
    -90 -70 -50 -30 -10 10 30 50 70 90
    d

    Strain Ellipse General Equation
    Values for angular shear () and internal rotation () as a function of d

    60

    40
    f g h
    e
    d i
    20 c
    b
    a j s
    0 r
    q
    k p
    -20 l m n o

    -40

    -60
    -100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100
    d
    Internal Rotation() Angular Shear()
    Example strain problem
    Given a finite strain ellipse of SX=1.936 and SZ=0.707,
    find for direction d=-20E values of S, , , , and
    X=(1.936)2 = 3.750; Z = (0.707)2 = 0.500; X=0.267; Z=2.0

    = 2.0+0.267 - 2.0 - 0.267 Cos(-40) = 1.133-(0.866)(0.766) = 0.470


    2 2
    = 1/ = 1/0.470 = 2.128 S = (2.128)0.5 = 1.459

    2.0-0.267
    = Sin(-40) = (0.866)(-0.643)(2.128) = -1.185
    2
    = tan-1() = tan-1(-1.185) = -49.8E
    SZ SX
    Tan(d) = tan() Tan() = tan(d) = -44.9E
    SX SZ
    = d - = (-20) - (-44.9) = +24.9E
    Application of Plane Strain
    Deformed oolids from the study of Cloos (1947)
    Assuming plane strain: no dilational component to strain, therefore, constant
    volume applies:
    VS= 4/3r3 where r is the radius of the sphere
    Ve= 4/3abc where (a,b,c) are the axial legths of the ellipsoid
    Vs=Ve
    4/3r3 = 4/3abc
    Because of plane strain r = b
    r2 = ac
    r = (ac)0.5
    Example: a=4.2mm; c=2.5mm; r=(4.2*2.5)0.5 = 3.3 Sx = 4.2/3.3 = 1.27
    Application to Deformed Strain Markers

    P Markers may be original


    spheres or ellipsoids
    P Pebbles, sand grains,
    reduction spots, ooids,
    fossils, etc.
    P Assume homogenous
    strain domain
    Measuring Length/Width Ratios (R f)

    P Measure major and minor axis of each


    strain ellipse
    P Rf = (Major/minor) (yields a unitless ratio)
    P = Angle from reference direction
    (usually foliation or cleavage), positive
    angles are clockwise, negative
    counterclockwise
    Spreadsheet setup for Rf/ analysis

    Ellipse Length Width Rf


    1 0.3066 0.1600 1.916 32.8
    2 0.0969 0.0704 1.376 51.9
    3 0.1221 0.0729 1.675 61.8
    4 0.0660 0.0389 1.697 54.6
    5 0.1735 0.1392 1.246 22.7
    6 0.0825 0.0539 1.531 76.2
    7 0.1770 0.1275 1.388 67.5
    8 0.0736 0.0347 2.121 37.6
    9 0.0937 0.0797 1.176 0.3
    10 0.1184 0.0457 2.591 10.6

    P Note: is measured relative to a chosen reference direction such


    as foliation
    Hyperbolic Net

    =+30
    P Used to plot strain N Rf=1.6
    markers that were
    originally ellipsoidal
    P Statistically the Rf ratios
    will tend to fall along one
    of the hyperbolic curves

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