DESIGN 1:

DESIGN OF

DC GENERATOR-
ARMATURE
 RATING AND SPECIFICATIONS

Design an armature suitable for a DC generator provided with commutating

poles, to run at 900 rpm and develop 230 volts on open circuit and 250 volts at full-load
output of 500 kW. The particulars contained in the design sheet are more than sufficient
for the needs of the practical designer; but they serve a useful purpose as a guide in
making the calculations.

The actual calculations follow the design sheet, and they are shown in sufficient
detail to be self-explanatory. The calculation of items of which the numerical values are
obviously derived from previously obtained quantities will not always be shown in detail.
 DESIGN SHEET FOR ARMATURE OF DC GENERATOR PART 1

Preliminary
Item Specifications:500kW; 230/250 volts; or Final
Symbol
No. 900 rpm assumed Values
values

Armature Core and Winding

1 Number of poles . 8 8
{
Frequency.....
60
2 Ratio of pole arc to pole pitch .................. 0.64 0.64
3 Specific loading ....
900 900
4 Apparent air-gap flux density (open
circuit) .......... 60,000 60,000
5 Line current (full load) ......... 2400
6 Type of winding Lap
7 Armature current per circuit 450
8 Output factor ( 2 )
11689.81 11689.81
9 Armature diameter, in ......... 32 32
10 Peripheral velocity, fpm...........
7538 7539
11 Total number of face conductors ... 201 201
12 Number of slots 50
13 Number of conductors per slot .. ... 4
14 Axial length of armature core; gross,
in 11.43
15 Flux per pole (open circuit) ........ 8,291873
16 Pole pitch, in . 12.6
17 Pole arc, in 8.064
18 Area covered by pole face ( ), sq in 92.17
19 Dimensions of armature conductors, 2(0.040.5)
 in units ..
20 Slot pitch, in .. 2.011
21 Slot width, in .. 0.4
22 Slot depth, in . 1.595
23 Tooth width, in
At top 1.611
At root ... 1.611
Average 1.561
24 Number of radial ventilating ducts . 2
25 Width of radial ducts, in .. 0.375
26 Net length of armature core, in .. 6.228 6.785
27 Net tooth section under pole, at
center, sq in . 19.033 20.7
28 Apparent density in teeth under pole,
at center, sq in . 134,293.07 123,200
29 Length per turn of armature coil, in ... 31.70
30 Resistance of one turn, ohms at 60C .. 0.000875
31 Resistance of armature, ohms ... 0.0075
32 drop in armature, volts 4.547
33 2 loss in armature winding, watts ... 2756.846
34 Estimated Full-load flux per pole ... 2.876106
35 Flux density in armature core below
teeth .. 73,000 72,600
36 Internal diameter of core stampings,
in 10.35
37 Weight of iron in core (without teeth),
lb 240
38 Weight of iron in teeth, lb 75
39 Total weight of armature stampings,
lb 315
DESIGN COMPUTATION

Item 1: Number of Poles and Frequency. Refer to Table 1.1. For 150Kw, six
poles might be suitable. The frequency is therefore,

= (1)
120

8 1,200
= = 60
120

Item 2: Ratio of Pole Arc to Pole Pitch. The quantity usually has a value
between 0.6 and 0.8. Since the machine will be provided with commutating poles, a
suitable value for this ratio is = 0.64.

Items 3 and 4: Specific Loading and Air-gap Density. Refer to Table 1.2 and
Table 1.3. By interpolation,

100 200 700 800

=
150 200 800

= 750

100 200 53,000 56,500

=
150 200 " 56,500

" = 54,750

These will be tentative selection and will be modified to suitable values as the design
proceeds.

Item 5: Line Current. = 150,000 / 250 = 600 amp.

Item 6: Type of Winding. Since the current per path should not exceed 250 to
300 amperes it is clear that a lap winding must be used in this case. (A simplex lap
winding with = = 16 = six (6) parallel paths would make about 600 / 6 = 100
amp.)
 Output, kW No. of poles Speed, rpm
2 or less 2 Over 1,250
2 to 75 4 900 to 1,750
75 to 200 6 Up to 1,200
200 to 500 6 or 8 Up to 1,200
500 to 1,500 8 to 12 Up to 900
1,500 to 2,500 12 or 14 Up to 500
2,500 to 5,000 14 to 24 Up to 375
Table 1.1 NUMBER OF POLES AND USUAL SPEED LIMITS OF DYNAMOS

Output, kW Q Output, kW q
5 400 750 950
10 450 1,000 1,000
20 500 1,500 1,050
30 550 2,000 1,100
40 600 2,500 1,150
50 625 3,000 1,200
100 700 4,000 1,225
200 800 5,000 1,250
300 850 7,500 1,275
400 875 10,000 1,300
500 900 Larger 1,300
Table 1.2 APPROXIMATE VALUES OF q FOR INTERPOLE DYNAMOS
(Ampere Conductors per Inch of Armature Periphery)

Output, kW B Output, kW B
5 37,000 750 61,000
10 42,000 1,000 62,000
20 45,000 1,500 62,500
30 47,000 2,000 63,000
40 48,500 2,500 63,500
50 50,000 3,000 64,000
 100 53,000 4,000 65,000
200 56,500 5,000 65,500
300 57,500 7,500 66,500
400 58,500 10,000 67,000
500 59,000 Larger 67,500
Table 1.3 APPROXIMATE VALUES OF APPARENT AIR-GAP DENSITY

Item 7: Armature Current per Circuit. The current in each armature circuit will be
one-sixth of the line current if the shunt-exciting current is neglected. Table 1.4 gives
usual values of shunt-field current, expressed as a percentage of the output current. By
interpolation,

150 100 1.2 %

=
200 100 1.2 0.9

% = 1.05%

Assuming a shunt excitation of 0.85 per cent, the full-load current in each armature
conductor will be about Ic = (600 / 6) (1+0.0105) = 101.05 amp.

Items 8, 9, and 10: Armature Diameter.

6.06 108
2 = ( ) (2)
"

150,000 6.06 108

2 = ( ) = 2882.420 2,882
1,200 54,750 750 0.64

Using rectangular pole face. Thus, = 0.71 is used in this design.

= (3)

 0.64
= = 0.472
6 0.71

3 2,860
Hence, = = 18.180 19
0.476

A rectangular pole face, with the armature length equal to about 1.4 times the
pole arc, is desirable in this design because of the comparatively. For the diameter
calculated, the peripheral velocity will be,

= (4)
12

19 1,200
= = 5,969.026 6,000
12

Before proceeding with the design, it will be well to see whether or not a number
of poles different from the number selected from the trial calculation would be
satisfactory. The following numerical quantities should be checked against the usual
values found in commercial machines.

a. The frequency = 60 Hz is near the upper permissible limit; if six poles were
selected the frequency would be 60cps, an excessive value.
b. The peripheral velocity = 6,000 fpm is reasonable from the standpoint of
mechanical stresses and good ventilation on Table 1.5.
c. From Table 1.6, the ampere-conductors per pole rarely exceed 25,000. In this
design, the approximate number of armature ampere-conductor per pole

750 19
= = = = 7,461.282 7,500
6

which is well below the upper limit. The design may, therefore, proceed on
the basis of six poles.

Item 11, 12, and 13: Number of Inductors, Slots, and Conductors per Slot.

= (5)

19 750
= = 443.025
101.05
 With six conductors per slot, this would mean a preliminary number of slots of
443.025 6 = 73.838 and a slot pitch of 19/73.838; the slot pitch will usually be
between inch in small machines and 1 inches in large machines with large air gap
and pole pitch. A very common value for the slot pitch is 1 inch, or thereabouts. And note
that this is reasonable. Next, calculating the number of slots per pole it is found to be
73.838 6 = 12.306. However, since it is desirable to have an odd integer number of
slots per pair of pole so that the slots per pole will be an integer plus , the total number
of slots will be increased to 75; thus, slots per pair of poles equal 75 3 = 25, and slots
per pole equals

Exciting current
Output of machine, kW percentage of
rated current
10 3.0
25 2.5
50 1.6
100 1.2
200 0.9
300 0.7
500 0.5
1,000 and larger 0.3 to 0.4
Table 1.4 USUAL VALUES OF SHUNT-FIELD CURRENT

HP f = 60 f = 25
per pole , in v , in V
1 4 2,400 5 1,250
2 5 3,000 6 1,560
4 6 3,600 7 1,875
8 7 4,200 8 2,190
15 8 4,800 10 2,500
25 9 5,400 11 2,810
40 10 6,000 12 3,130
 60 11 6,600 13 3,440
85 12 7,200 15 3,750
120 13 7,800 16 4,000
Table 1.5 APPROXIMATE USUAL VALES OF POLE PITCH ()

Output, kW ZIc / p
Up to 100 10,000 or less
100 to 500 10,000 to 15, 000
500 to 1,500 15,000 to 20,000
Over 1,500 Up to 25,000
Table 1.6 APPROXIMATE VALUES OF AMPERE-CONDUCTORS PER POLE

12.5. Also note that the number of slots embraced by each pole arc is an integer in this
deign, 12.5 0.64 = 8. With the final value of Z = 450, q is therefore, 450 101.0519 =
760.
Item 14: Axial Length of Armature Core. This may be determined from the final
value of the output factor laD2; since this is inversely proportional to q, it is equal to

2 = 2,885 750760 = 2,847.039 2,850

2,850
= = 7.895
(19)2

This length is, however, subject to correction if later flux density calculations
indicate that this is desirable.

Item 15: Flux per Pole (Open Circuit). Using the value of Z, determined in item
11,

60 6 108
= (6)

230 60 6 108
= = 2,555,555.556 2,556,000
6 1,200 450

Item 16, 17, and 18: Pole Pitch, Pole Arc, and Pole Area.

= (7)

19
= = 10
6

= 0.64 10 = 6.4

Note that la r = 7.895 6.4 = 1.234 instead of the value 1.4, originally assumed.

= 6.4 7.895 = 50.528 2

The apparent air-gap flux density can now be computed and compared with the
assumed value in item 4.

2,556,000
Thus, = = 50,585.814 50,585 2
50.528

Note that this is less than the assumed value as used for the calculation of the
output factor.

Item 19 to 22: Dimensions of Slots and Armature Conductors. For a well-

ventilated machine.

= + (8)
4

700,000 6,000
= + = 2,421.053 2,421 2
760 4

Whence

101.05
= = 0.042 2
2,421

It is necessary now to find by trial the best arrangement of 450 conductors, item
11, in 75 slots, item 12.

The slot pitch will usually be between inch in small machines and 1 inches in
large machines with a large air gap and pole pitch. A very common value for the slot
pitch is 1 inch, or thereabouts.

= (9)

19
= = 0.796
75

In order to determine the actual dimensions of the armature conductors, it will

first be convenient to assume a width of slot. This should be about

= 0.795 0.452 = 0.359

This is 0.3 to 0.5 of the slot pitch, which makes the ratio of tooth width to slot width

0.795 0.359
= 1.215
0.359

A reasonable value, since it is very common to make slot and tooth width the same on

the armature surface, the ratio
should be about 1.1 to 1.5. Since a wire having

an area of 0.07 in2 is rather heavy and difficult to bend and shape, it will be desirable to
use two conductors in parallel in the winding copper and to arrange them as two
conductors in parallel in the winding copper and to arrange them as shown in Figure
1.14. This arrangement suggests itself because they exists the possibility of having
either twice as many commutator segments as slots or the same number of segments as
slots.

The width of each of the four side-by-side rectangular conductors will now be
determined. The slot insulation on each side of the slot is 27 + (250 30) = 35 mils, and
the cotton covering on each conductor will add a total of about 16 mils to its thickness as
shown in Figure 1.15. The space left for each of the four copper conductors is, therefore

0.359 (3 0.016) (2 0.035)

= 0.040
6

Since the copper area of two conductors is 0.042 in2 it follows that each
conductor will have a depth of

0.042
= 0.55
2 0.040
 Finally, the slot depth can be determined. Allowing about one-third of the slot
width for the hardwood or fiber wedge, or 0.1 inch, and 35 mils for each of the insulation
spaces above, below, and between the coils,

= 0.1 + (3 0.035) + (2 0.55) = 1.325

Thus, s = 0.359 inch, and d = 1.325 inches.

Using the dimensions thus far calculated, it will be desirable to check and see if
the flux density in the teeth is not excessive (item 28).

Item 23: Tooth Dimensions. The width at the top of the tooth is

= (10)

= 0.796 0.359 = 0.437

The circumference of a circle through the bottom of the slots is [19 - 2(1.325)]
= 51.365 in; and since the slots have parallel sides, the width of tooth at the root is
(51.365 75) 0.359 = 0.326 in.

The average tooth width is, therefore, 0.382 inch.

Item 24 and 25: Ventilation Ducts. Not more than two ducts should be necessary in an
armature 9 to 11 inches long, with each duct 3/8 in wide.

Item 26: Net Length of Armature.

= 0.92( ) (11)

= 0.92 (7.895 3 0.375) = 6.228

Item 27: Net Cross Section of Teeth under Pole. The cross section of iron in the
teeth under one pole, at the midsection, is

75
6.228 0.382 0.64 = 19.033 2
6

Item 28: Flux Density in Teeth. The apparent flux density at the center of the
tooth, under open-circuit conditions, is,
 2,556,000
= 134,293.070 2
19.033

Note that this value is below the upper limit given in Table 1.7 for 60 cycles. It will,
therefore, be necessary to correct (increase) the length of the armature core to bring the
flux density down to a reasonable figure. After some preliminary calculation an armature
length = 8.5 was found to be satisfactory.

2 = 8.5 192 = 3,068.5

2,556,000
= = 46,985.294 46,985 2
6.4 8.5

= 6.4 8.5 = 54.5 2

= 0.92 (8.5 3 0.375) = 6.785

6.228
= 134,293.070 = 123,268.569 123,200 2
6.785

Item 29: Length per Turn of Armature Coil. Referring to Figure 1.16,

1.15 0.359
sin = = 0.519; cos = 0.855
0.796

2
= + 4 + 3 (12)
cos

2 10
= + 4(1.325) + 3 = 31.692 31.70
0.855

Therefore, total length per turn = 31.70 + 2(8.5) = 48.7 49 in

Item 30 to 33: Armature Resistance. Since the resistance of a conductor of a

given material at a given temperature is directly proportional to its length and inversely
proportional to its cross section, a very convenient and easily remembered rule is that
the resistance of copper is 1ohm per cir-mil inch at a temperature of 60oC. Therefore, the
resistance one turn at 60oC will be
 49
= = 0.000875
4
2(0.040 0.55) 106

there being (4/) x 106 cir mils in 1 in2. With a total of 450 2 = 225 turns divided into six
parallel paths (a six-pole lap winding), the resistance per circuit will be 0.000875 x (225 /
6) = 0.045 ohm, and the total armature resistance will be one-sixth of this, or 0.0075
ohm.

The IR drop in the armature winding is 0.045 101.05 = 4.547 volts, or 1.819 per
cent of the full load armature voltage, as stated in Table 1.8.

The watts lost in the armature windings are 4.547 (101.05 6) = 2,756.846
watts.

Item 34: Full-Load Flux. More flux must enter the armature at full load than at no
load because the speed is assumed to be constant and the terminal emf is higher.
Moreover, in addition to the specified increase in terminal voltage from 230 at no load to
250 at full load, it is necessary to develop (generate) enough voltage to overcome the
internal resistances. Assuming a brush-contact drop of 2 volts and a series-field and
commutating-field drop of about one-half in the armature winding, the total generated
voltage at full load must be.

250 + 2 + 4.547 + 2.274 = 258.821

Density in teeth
Frequency, f Density in core
(at center)
10 150,000 95,000
20 142,000 90,000
30 135,000 85,000
40 130,000 80,000
50 126,000 76,000
60 123,500 73,000
Table 1.7 UPPER LIMITSOF FLUX DENSITY IN DYNAMO ARMATURES
(maxwells per in2)
 Output, kW Per cent
10 4.0 to 5.3
30 2.8 to 3.8
50 2.4 to 3.2
100 1.8 to 2.5
200 1.4 to 2.0
300 1.0 to 1.6
500 0.8 to 1.3
1,000 0.6 to 1.2
Table 1.8 IR DROP IN THE ARMATURE OF COMMERCIAL MACHINES

The full-loaf flux must, therefore, be

258.821
2,556,000 = 2,876,570289.026 2,876,000
230

Item 35 and 36: Flux Density in Armature Core and Internal Diameter. Usual flux
densities for different frequencies are given in Table 1.7. Suitable flux density for 60 Hz
is 73,000. Bearing in mind that the air-gap flux divides into two equal parts below the
teeth, the armature-core flux is one-half of the total flux.

73,000 = (13)
2

Whence, the radial depth Rd of the armature core below the teeth is

2,876,000
= = 2.9 3
2 6.785 73,000

The internal diameter of the core stampings is, therefore,

19 (2 3) (2 1.325) = 10.35

The new flux density will be 73, 900.

Item 37: Weight of Iron in Core. The weight of a cubic inch of iron is 0.28 lb, and
the total weight of iron in the core below the teeth will, therefore, be

0.28 6.785 [(19 2.65)2 10.352 ] = 239.034 240
4
 Item 38: Weight of Iron in Teeth.

0.28 1.325 (0.382 75) 6.785 = 72.119 75

Item 39: Total Weight of Armature Stampings.

240 + 75 = 315

DESIGN SHEET FOR ARMATURE OF DC GENERATOR PART 2

Preliminary
Item Specifications: 225kW; 230/250 volts; Final
Symbol or assumed
No. 1,200 rpm Values
values
Commutator and Brushes
40 Diameter of commutator, in 13.5
41 Average volts per turn of armature winding . 6.667
42 Number of turns between bars .. 1
43 Total number of commutator bars . 225
44 Bar pitch, in ... 0.188
45 Width of copper bar (on surface), in .. 0.158
46 Radial depth of bar, in . 2
47 Current density at brush-contact surface,
amp/sq in . 40 40.8
48 Contact area per brush set, sq in .. 5.1 5
49 Brush arc (circumferential width), in .. 1
50 Axial brush length (total) per set, in .. 5
51 Number of brushes per set . 4
52 Axial length of commutator, in 7.25
53 Brush-contact drop, volts .... 2.3
54 Brush- contact loss, watts ... 1,395
55 Brush-friction loss, watts . 1,440
56 Total brush loss, watts 2,835
57 Drawing to scale giving leading dimensions
of armature and commutator Figure 1.17
 DESIGN COMPUTATION

The design will now proceed with the calculation of the dimensions of the
commutator and brushes, and other important information concerning them.

Item 40: Diameter of Commutator. A diameter of commutator not exceeding 80

per cent of the armature-core diameter is generally found practical, although a
reasonably good rule to follow is to make

= 2 + 4 (14)

= 192 + 4 = 13.5

This is 71.05 per cent of the core diameter and makes the peripheral velocity
0.7105 x 6,000 = 4,263 fpm, near the upper limit. This velocity lies between 3,000 to
10,000. This dimension is subject to correction if the thickness of the individual bars
does not work out satisfactory.

Item 41 to 43: Number of Commutator Bars. The potential difference between

adjacent commutator segments in a 250-volt machine might be anything between 4 and
12 volts. The average volts per turn of armature winding are

(15)

21

250
= 6.667
450
2(6)

If the commutator is constructed with the same number of segments as slots

there will be two turns between adjacent segments; this will mean a potential difference
of 20 volts between segments, because, for a lap winding and six effective conductors
per slot, there will be two turns per element. The width of the commutator segments will,
moreover, be excessive, as simple calculation should indicate. It will, therefore, be
desirable to use 225 commutator segments, with a resulting improvement in
commutation and a more suitable, narrower, segment.
 Item 44 and 45: Width of Commutator Segments. The bar pitch is 13.5 225
= 0.188 inch and, with mica 0.03 inch thick, the bar width is 0.188 0.03 = 0.158 inch at
the commutator surface.

Item 46: Radial Depth of Segment. The proper depth of copper in the cross
section of the commutator bar is usually determined by mechanical considerations. It
must be sufficient to prevent appreciable deflection (or bending) under the action of
centrifugal force. In large machines, with commutators of considerable in length, the
depth of the bar should, therefore, be considered in connection with peripheral velocity
and the (axial) distance between points of support. For higher peripheral speeds the
depth should be increased in proportion to the square of the velocity; for peripheral
velocities up to about 4,500 fpm the radial depth of the commutator segment should be
about

( + 15)
= (16)
15

13.5 + 15
= = 1 .9 2
15

Items 47 to 51: Dimensions of Brushes. Unless a very soft quality of carbon is

used, the current density over the brush-contact surface is about 30 to 50 amp per in2,
(see Figure 1.18). Taking 40 as a preliminary value, to be modified later if necessary to
accommodate a standard size of brush, the contact surface of one set of brushes will be
(6 101.05) / (3 40) = 5.053 5.1 in2. A 1-inch width of brush will cover a little over
three bars, which is reasonable for an armature with 225 segments and simplex-lap
winding. The total length of brushes per set, measured in a direction parallel to the axis
of the machine, will then be 5.1 1.0= 5.1 or (say) 5 inches which can be made up of four
brushes 1.25 inch x 1inch. The current density will thus be decreased slightly to 40
(5.1 5) = 40.8 amp per in2.

Item 52: Length for Commutator. In addition to the 5 inches which must be
provided for the four 1.25 inch carbon brushes, the axial length of the commutator face
must allow for the following: (a) brush holders and clearances = 4 5 16 = 1.25 inches;
(b) staggering of (+) and (-) brushes = 5 8 inch; (c) end clearance of brushes = 1 inch;
(d) end play = 3 8 inch. The total length will therefore, be Lc = 4 + 1.25 + 5/8 + 1 + 5/8 =
7.25 inches.

Item 53: Brush-Contact Drop. The brush-contact drop for hard carbon at about 40
amps per in2 is 2.08 volts. Allowing 10 per cent for roughness, chipping, and
irregularities, this drop will be about 2.3 volts.

Item 54 to 56: Brush Losses. The brush contact loss will be 2.3 x (6 x 101.05) =
1,394.45 1395 watts.

The brush friction loss will may be calculated by using this formula where,

746
= (17)
12 33,000

Using c = 0.25 for hard carbon, P = 2 lbs per sq inch for a peripheral speed lower than
4000fpm.

0.25 2 (5 6) 1,200 13.5 746

= = 1438.135 1440
12 33,000

Total brush loss = 1395 + 1440 = 2835 watts.

Item 57. The illustration (Figure 1.17) gives the leading dimensions of armature
and commutator as worked out in this deign the diameter of the shaft supporting the the
armature may be calculated by

3
0.84 (18)

3 150,000
0.84 = 4.2
1,200

SAMPLE P ROBLEMS

1. The maximum flux in the core of a 60 cycle transformer that has 1,320 primary turns
and 46 secondary turns is 3.76 X 106 maxwells. Calculate the primary and secondary
induced voltages.

SOLUTION:
 EP = 4.44 x 60 x 1,320 x 3.76 x 106 x 10-8 = 13,200 Volts
ES = 4.44 x 60 x 3.76 x106 x 10-8 = 460 Volts

2. A 4-pole dc Generator is delivering 20 ampere to a load of 10 ohms. If the armature

resistance is 0.50 ohms and the shunt field resistance is 50 ohms, calculate the induce
emf and the efficiency of the machine

VT = (20) (10)

= 200 V
ISH = 200 / 5 = 4 A
IA = 20 +4 = 24 A

IARA = (24) (0.50)

= 12 V
Brush drop = 2 V
Induce emf
= 200 + 12 +2 = 214 Volts
Useful output
= (200) (20)
= 4000 watts
Total power generated in the armature
= (214) (24)
= 5136 watts
Efficiency, ()
= 4000/ 5136
= 77.9 %

3. A four pole generator, having wave wound armature winding has 51 slots, each slot
containing 20 conductors. What will be the voltages generated in the machine when
driven at 1,500 rpm assuming the flux per pole to be 7.0 mWb?

SOLUTION:

Eg = (pZN)/(60A)
Eg =(4 X 7 [10] ^(-3) X 1,020 X 1,500) / (60 X 2)= 176.5 V

4. The no load voltage of 50 kw, 220 volts shunt generator is 232 volts and the rated
load voltage is 220 volts. The armature resistance including brushes is 0.26 ohms and
the resistance of the shunt field is 53 ohms. What is the emf of the rated load?

IL = PL / VL

= 50 000 / 220

= 227.27 A

ISH = VL / RSH

= 220 / 52

= 4.23 A

IA = IL + ISH

= 227.27 + 4.23

= 231.5 A

E = VL + IL R

= 220 + (231.5) (0.26)

= 226.02 V

5. The armature of the shunt generator has 0.05 ohms effective resistance. Each brush
has an effective resistance of 0.01 ohms. The terminal voltage is 100 volts while the
current is 40 A. calculate the efficiency.

PL = VL IL

= (100) (40)

= 4000 watts

E = VL IL + (RA + RB)

= 4000 + (0.05 + 0.02)

 = 102.8 V

PG = E IL

= (102.8) (40)

= 4112 watts

= (PL / PG) 100%

= (4000 / 4112) 100 %

= 97.3 %

6. An 8 poles d.c shunt generator with 778 wave connected armature conductors at 500
rpm supplies aload of 12.5 ohms resistance at terminal voltage of 50 V. The armature
resistance is 0.24 ohms and the field resistance is 250 ohms. Find the armature current,
the induced e.m.f and the flux per pole.

SOLUTION:

Load current = V/R

Load current = 250/12.5=20A

Shunt current = 250/250 =1A

Armature current = 20 + 1 = 21A

Induced e.m.f. = 250 + (21 X 0.24) = 255.04 V

Eg = (pNZ)/(60A)

255.04 = (8 X X 778 X 500)/(60 X 2)

= 9.83 mWb

7.A 4 pole dc generator with duplex lap winding has 4 elements per slot. The flux per
pole is 2.5 106maxwells and runs at 1500 rpm. Determine the output voltage.

E = (PNZ / 60a) 10-8

= {4 (1500) (4*48) (2.5 106) / [60(2*4)]} 10-8

 = 60 volt

8. The fields circuits of a 200 kW, 230 volts shunt generator is 8 A when running in full
load at rated terminal voltage. If the combined brush and armature resistance is 0.03
ohms. Solve for the efficiency of the generator

IL = PL / VL

= 200 000 / 230

= 869. 56 A

IA = IL + ISH

= 869.56 + 8

= 877.56 A

E = VL + IA R

= 230 / (877.56*0.03)

= 256.32 V

PG = E IA

= (256.32) ( 877.56)

= 224.936 Kw

= (PL / PG) * 100%

= (200 000) (224.936) * 100%

= 88.91%

9. A shunt generator delivers 450 ampere at 230 volts and the resistance of the shunt
field and armature are 50 ohms and 0.03 ohms respectively. Calculate the generated
emf.

Ish= 230 / 50

= 4.6 A
 Load current, IL = 450 A

Armature current,

IA = IL + ISH

450 + 4.6 = 454.6 A

Armature voltage drop, IARs

= (454.6) (0.03)

= 13.6 V

EMF is therefore,

Emf = VT +IA RS

Emf = 230 + 13.6

Emf = 243.6 V

10. A separated excited generators , when running at 1,000 rpm supplied 200 A at 125 V
. What will be the load curent when the speed drops to 800 rpm if it is unchanged?.
Given that the armature resistance = 0.04 ohms and brush drop = 2 V.

SOLUTION:

The load resistance R = 125/200 =0.625 ohms

Eg1 = 125 + 200 X 0.04 + 2 = 135 V ; N1 = 1,000 rpm

@ 800 rpm Eg2 = 135 X 800/1,000 = 108 V

If I is the new load current, then terminal voltage

V is given by:

V = 108 0.04 I 2 = 106 0.04 I

I = V/R = (106 -0.04)/0.635 ; I = 159.4 A