Introduction to Plane Surveying

By
Rohayu Haron Narashid
 Lesson Outcomes
Describe the basic principle of surveying
Distinguish different the types of surveying
and concept of working from the whole to the
part.
Identify surveying equipment and scale, units,
polar and rectangular coordinates systems
Differentiate bearings and north directions
 Outlines
Basic principles of surveying
Types of surveying
Concept of working from the whole to the
part
Types of surveying equipment
Scale, units, polar and rectangular Coordinate
System
Bearings and north directions
 BASIC PRINCIPLES OF SURVEYING
Definition:
(Traditional)
Science, art and technology of determining the
relative position of the distinctive features on the
surface of beneath the surface of the earth.
(Modern)
Science and study of spatially related information
and is particularly concerned with the collection,
manipulation and presentation of the natural
social and economic geography of the natural and
builts environments.
 Importance of Surveying
1. Map the earth above and below sea level
2. Prepare navigational charts for use in the air, on land
and at sea
3. Establish property boundaries of private and public
lands
4. Develop data banks of land-use and natural resource
information, which aid in managing our
environmental
5. Determine facts on the size, shape, gravity and
magnetic fields of the earth
6. Prepare charts of our moon and planets
 Types of Surveying

Plane Surveying
Geodetic Surveying
 Plane Surveying
Description
The surveys in which earth surface is assumed as
a plane and the curvature of the earth is ignored
Extends only over small areas
Covering an area up to 260 sq. km and distance
18.2km.
Scope & Use
Large Scale Mapping such as engineering
project, highway layout, railways, canals, fixing
boundary pillars etc.
 Geodetic Surveying
Description
The surveys in which curvature of the earth is
taken into account ad higher degree of accuracy
in observation is achieved
Extends only over large areas
Covering an area above 260 sq. km and distance
18.2 km.
Scope & Use
Small Scale Mapping carried out to provide
control point to another field of surveying.
 Classification of Surveying
(The Function of Survey)
1. Control Surveys
2. Topographic Surveys
3. Cadastral Surveys
4. Hydrographic Surveys
5. Route Surveys
6. As-built Surveys
7. Mine Surveys
8. Industrial surveying
 Control Surveys
Establish a network of horizontal and vertical monuments
that serve as a reference framework for initiating other
surveys
Topographic Surveys
Determine location of natural and artificial features and
elevations used in map making
Cadastral Surveys
Establish property lines and property corner markers
Hydrographic Surveys
Define shorelines and depths of lakes, streams, oceans,
reseirvoirs and other water bodies.
 Route Surveys
Are made to plan, design and construct highways, railroads,
pipelines and other linear projects
As-built Surveys
Document the precise final locations and layouts of engineering,
works and record any design changes that may have been
incorporated into the construction
Mine Surveys
Are performed above and below ground to guide tunneling and
other operations associated with mining
Industrial Surveying
Is a method of making extremely accurate measurements for
manufacturing process where small tolerance are required
 Scope of Surveying

Surveying

Topographic Engineering Cadastral Strata

Surveys Surveys Surveys Surveying

Hydrographic
GIS GPS Photogrametry
Survey
 Cont..
Cadastral Surveying

1. This surveying undertaken to produce plans of property boundaries for

legal purposes. In many countries the registration of ownership of land is
based on such plans.
2. In Malaysia, cadastral surveys has been conducted by Department Of
Survey and Mapping (JUPEM) and license surveyor firm.

Boundary Mark
 Cont..

Engineering Surveying
1. Can be describe as any survey work carried out in connection with
construction and building.

2. This surveying is related with design and construction of new routes such as
roads, dam, pipeline and railways etc.

3. The important of this surveying are:

a. Produce new plan of the construction
b. Produce control point for the construction project
c. To calculate the areas and volumes of land data
d. Setting out the building same as the plan
 Cont..
Photogrammetry
Photogrammetry can be defined as advanced method to produce a map.
The photographs are taken with special cameras mounted in the fixed
wing aircraft of helicopters.
Because this is non contact technique, it is advantages to measure wide
area within limited times.
Photogrammetry Surveying

Aerial Photo of Utan Aji, Perlis

Photogrammetry Concept
Hydrographic Surveying
This is surveying in a marine environment where the traditional role for
centuries was to map the coastlines and sea bed to procedure navigation
charts.

More recently, this surveying have been carried out for offshore oil and gas
exploration and production

Navigation Chart Bathymetry Offshore

Remote Sensing Surveying

Advanced method mapping by using Satellite Spaceborne Sensor to

produce satellite image

Used widely in application such as for natural disaster monitoring,

environmental monitoring, Agriculture application, etc

Google earth imagery is good example of remote sensing application

Geographical Information System (GIS)
An organized collection of hardware, software, geographical data to capture, store,
update, manipulate, analyze an display all forms of geographically referenced
information. (ESRI, 1992)

Used widely in urban planning, agriculture management, modelling natural disaster

impact etc

ArcGIS and Mapinfo are example of GIS Software which used in government and
private sector.
Global Positioning System (GPS)
GPS capabilities of giving coordinates at point on the earth surface is an
advantages for surveying works in the large areas.
GPS can works day and night and in all weather conditions.
 CONCEPT OF WORKING FROM THE
WHOLE TO THE PART

Description
Principle in surveying work
Primary Control network must be fixed and cover whole of
area to be surveyed
High degree precision are required (geodetic method)
Secondary control network are fixed with help from primary
control network.
Advantages
Prevent accumulation of error
The minor errors are possible to be controlled and localized.
(The errors of the survey become uncontrollable if the survey
work conducted form part to the whole)
 In Malaysia, the control primary network is
triangulation point
 Classification of Survey
(Instruments employed)

Chain Survey
Compass Survey

Plane-table Survey

Theodolite Survey

Levelling Survey

Photogrammetry Survey

EDM Survey
 SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS
Angle and Bearing Measurement

Compass Theodolites Total Station

 Cont..
Linear Measurement

Chain Steel Electromannetic

distance
Band Measurement
 Cont..
Heighting Measurement

Digital Level Total Station

Level
 Cont..

Theodolite / Level
Total Station

Surveying Chain
Compass EDM Prisme
 Instrument

For traversing, the equipment that usually uses is theodolite.

But the recent technology that had been used were total station.
The difference between this both instrument were total station
used electronic distance measurement (EDM) to measure
distance while the theodolite use chainage or tape to measure
distance.
 Instrument

Prism
Tripod

Prism Pole Staff

 Measurement Method
LINEAR MEASUREMENT
Measure the area using distance only from a point to other
point.
ANGLE MEASUREMENT
Horizontal angle (X and Y plane) and Vertical angle (Z plane) are
observed.
TRIANGULATION
is the process of determining the location of a point by
measuring angles to it from known points at either end of a
fixed baseline.
TRILATERATION
Is the process of determining absolute or relative locations of
points by measurement of distances.
 Cont..
RESECTION
A technique of ascertaining the location of a point
by taking bearings from the point on two other
points of known location.
INTERSECTION
When intersecting lines of position are used to fix
the position of an unmapped feature or point by
fixing its position relative to two (or more)
mapped or known points.
 SCALE

Ratio between measured distance on the map/plan

and true on the ground of the same features.
Method to showing scale on the map
Using Word
Example : 1 centimeter represent 1 meter
: 1 inch represent 10 meter
Using Scale Bar

Using representative fraction

Example : 1 : 20000, 1: 1000, 1: 100
Large Scale and Small Scale

When 1 cm represents a small distance, it is said to be a large-

scale.
1cm = 1m

When 1 cm represents a large distance, it is called a small-

scale.
1cm=100m
 Map and Plan

Plan Map
Large scale Small scale
Small area Large area
Object with True scale Object not to scale
Shape of the building Symbol
Accurately define Descriptive information
 UNITS
Distance Measurement
1 centimeter = 10 millimeter 12 inches = 1 foot
1 meter = 100 centimeter 1 inch = 2.54 cm
1 Kilometer = 1000 meter 1 foot = 0.3048 m
Angle Measurement
1 circle = 360 (Degree)
1 = 60 (Minutes)
1 = 60 (Second)
Area
1 hectare = 10,000 m2
1 hectare = 2.47 acres
100 hectare = 1 km2
 COORDINATES SYSTEM
(Polar and Rectangular)

Polar Coordinates System

Commonly used in surveying work
Relative position
North
Bearing and Distance
B

Bearing

A
 Polar Coordinates
Line AB is a two-dimensional vector (,L) defining the horizontal position of B
relative to A.

AB denotes the azimuth from A to B

LAB denotes the horizontal distance from A to B

When AB is expressed in the form (,L) it is

referred to as the polar coordinates of B
relative to A
aAB LAB

A(XA,YA)
 Rectangular Coordinates

Note that the vector AB can also be expressed as (X,Y) - referred to as the
rectangular coordinates of B relative to A

DXAB
B(XB,YB)
DYAB

A(XA,YA)
 Rectangular Coordinates (Cont..)
Popular coordinates system
Simple Calculation
2 Major Axes ( X = East , Y= North)
Northing

S (+Ys,+Xs)
S (+Ys,-Xs)

West Easting

S (-Ys,-Xs)
S (-Ys,+Xs)

South
Polar and Rectangular Coordinates
From Polar to Rectangular

XAB = LAB sin AB

DXAB
YAB = LAB cos AB
B(XB,YB)

DYAB
aAB LAB

From Rectangular to Polar

A(XA,YA)
aAB = atan DXAB
DYAB

LAB = ((DXAB)2 + (DYAB)2)

 Compute Correct Azimuth in Inverse
Problem arises because calculator or Excel does not know the correct quadrant
of the line. This can be deduced by looking at the SIGN of DX and DY
FIRST
QUAD
DX +
DY +
2ND
QUAD
DX +
DY -

4TH
QUAD
DX -
DY +
3RD
QUAD
DX -
DY -
BEARING AND NORTH DIRECTIONS
3 types of bearing
True Bearing
Magnetic Bearing
Grid Bearing
 Bearing
Horizontal angle
Measured from North Line (North Direction)
Survey line
North

Bearing

A
 North Direction
True
North
3 type of North: Magnetic
Grid
North
True North North

Magnetic North
Grid North

Declination is differences in horizontal

angle between North Direction
 North Direction

Magnetic Declination
True True
Magnetic North North Magnetic
North North

To the West To the East

 Conclusions
The definition of surveying consists of traditional and
moden terms.
Types of surveying consists of plane and geodetic
surveying.
The classification and scope of surveying determine the
instrument to be used.
The concept of working from the whole to the part is
the principle in surveying and subjected to the control
network.
The scale, units, polar and rectangular coordinates
systems including bearings and north directionsare the
necessary elements to represent the surveying data.